This thesis applies the historical-structural approach to study rice industry of the development in Taiwan and stat role how to change. We through the influence cause and structure by whole international and internal circumstance, political economics, and social factors during the transferring process of rice industry after the government of R.O.C. moved to Taiwan in 1949¡Athis thesis based on the production and sale of the rice policy changing in four different and sequential stages, which is used to examine the four stages at the relationship among state¡Brice farmers and unofficial agricultural sectors in development of Taiwan Rice Industry, and also explores what kind of pressures will influence the state¡¦s role.

This dissertation focuses on two main research questions related to the effect of a factor in a local labor market. Both relate to a finding of Black et al. (2014) that married women are less likely to work in Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) with more traffic congestion. The first essay evaluates the appropriateness of an MSA as a geographical entity in estimating the effect of congestion on labor supply of married women. One concern with such aggregated data is that they do not take into account within-city variation in congestion. In order to address this issue, I replicate the works by Black et al. (2014) at smaller geographical levels. Once the coefficient on commute time at each level is estimated, I compare the coefficients from smaller geographical entities with one from the MSA to examine if they are statistically similar. I find that an MSA is a geographically proper unity when the effect of commute time on the LFP of married women is examined. Additionally, I explore whether commuting time has also a significant effect on other related to labor market issues. First, I find longer commuting time is associated with shorter weekly working time of high school educated women. Secondly, fewer married women are self-employed in the area with longer commuting time. The second essay begins with the possibility of correlation between congestion and the error term in the estimation equation by Black et al. (2014). The coefficient on congestion in their equation might be biased due to the endogeneity problem. I employ a structural approach with a multinomial logit in order to deal with the endogeneity issue. By examining the effect of congestion and its interaction term on city-specific fixed effects that can be estimated using a discrete-choice model of residential decision, I find that the negative relationship between congestion and labor supply of married women discovered by Black et al. (2014) is partially true. The effect of congestion is statistically uncertain or depends on the model specifications, with the exception of a finding that married women with children are especially responsive to the effect of traffic congestion on their willingness to work.

The South African Competition Commission has analysed most levels of the food supply chain by investigation of alleged anti-competitive behaviour by producers, input suppliers, storage companies, processors and retailers. The numbers of these cases include cartels and, to a lesser extent, restrictive vertical constraints and abuse of dominance position. Sexton (2012) states that the recent development in the agricultural market, where large companies are vertically integrating, renders the perfect competition model inappropriate. This brings doubt that the law based on perfect competition will work in oligopolistic markets. Despite the identified number of detected cartels in the grain industry, it might be possible that some cartels in other food chains are still undetected. Through the application of the market screening approach, the aim of this study is to establish whether the National Agricultural Marketing Council (“NAMC”) and the Competition Commission could have detected the bread cartel using secondary data in the absence of the information from the whistle-blower. As the first step, the study carried out a structural assessment of the bread industry. This assessment indicated that the bread market has a number of factors that may facilitate collusive behaviour. The study found that the history of information sharing played a crucial role for bakeries to coordinate their conduct. The second step was to conduct an in-depth behavioural assessment that focused on bread prices to see whether there has been a structural break in the period under investigation. The idea was to estimate the price equation of brown bread as a function of the SAFEX wheat price, petrol price (cost shifters), and 1 kg of maize meal (demand shifters). The study used the OLS to estimate three regressions using the data for the whole period and two sub-breaks (before the break point, and after the break point) to perform a Chow test. The question that the Chow test asked is: was there a structural break in March 2007, after the Competition Commission received the information from the whistle-blower? In other words, had the price of bread increased or decreased at a certain period without any changes in the demand or cost variable. The Null hypothesis states that there was no structural break, while the alternative hypothesis states that there was a structural break in March 2007. The Chow test result shows that at a 5 per cent significant level, the F-critical value is F_5, 90 = 2.68 and the F test statistics is 20.59 with a p value of 0.00. This indicates that we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude that a structural break did not occur in March 2007. The screening approached failed to prove the existence of cartel in the bread industry. Therefore, the study concludes that in the absence of the whistle-blower, it would not have been easy for the Competition Commission and the NAMC (2009) to detect a cartel by just using secondary data. This proves that screening alone cannot prove the existence of cartel without prior knowledge of the conduct and of the industry as a whole. Nevertheless, a market screening approach is important as it can be used as a warning mechanism to detect an emerging cartel, since it can flag potentially suspicious behaviour. Nevertheless, this calls for the policy makers to combine the scoping study by the Competition Commission and the monitoring of food prices by the NAMC, as this will provide the best enforcement tool in detecting cartel behaviour in the food industry. / Dissertation (MInst Agrar)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MInst Agrar / Unrestricted

It is the existence of trauma and its associated responses that categorize refugees as different from other migrants. These circumstances create significant and complex special needs which this thesis suggests should be addressed (initially) on resettlement programmes. Because of the high vulnerability of refugees as a consequence of previous losses and their exposure to sustained deprivation, empathy must be a primary requisite of teachers who are responsible for delivering these programmes. This thesis enquires whether the teaching methodology and approach for refugee resettlement programmes, however, should entail more than just an empathic disposition and indeed whether educational programmes should seek to address the unique and very special needs of refugees through the imparting of 'critical' skills and strategies. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the various educational theories and approaches that appear to have particular correspondence with the unique needs of refugees.The six-week period at the Mangere Refugee Reception Centre represents a significant moment in the lives of refugees. It is for many the turning point from their traumatic past to a future of hope. During this 'renaissance' period, the Centre for Refugee Education under the auspices of AUT University, offers an education programme for all quota refugees. It is this programme, in particular, that forms the focus of this thesis; however the principles and recommendations have wider ramifications and could (with modifications) equally apply to refugee provision in the wider sector. The broad aim of this thesis is to investigate what it is that refugees need on arrival in New Zealand and the extent to which the content and methodology of the orientation programme offered to refugees can be enhanced to better support and prepare refugees for the transition into New Zealand society. A teaching approach heavily nuanced by the post-structural appropriation of critical theory is discussed and it is proposed that this approach in conjunction with collaborative, participatory and constructivist elements could form a 'refugee-centred approach' which has the potential to more effectively and appropriately address the specific needs identified as pertaining to refugees. An oft-heard criticism of 'critical theory' and its many renderings is that it is 'too theoretical' and difficult to implement. This thesis argues that the post-structuralist interpretation can, indeed translate into practice and suggestions for its pedagogical implementation represent a key outcome of this research.

It is the existence of trauma and its associated responses that categorize refugees as different from other migrants. These circumstances create significant and complex special needs which this thesis suggests should be addressed (initially) on resettlement programmes. Because of the high vulnerability of refugees as a consequence of previous losses and their exposure to sustained deprivation, empathy must be a primary requisite of teachers who are responsible for delivering these programmes. This thesis enquires whether the teaching methodology and approach for refugee resettlement programmes, however, should entail more than just an empathic disposition and indeed whether educational programmes should seek to address the unique and very special needs of refugees through the imparting of 'critical' skills and strategies. Furthermore, the thesis investigates the various educational theories and approaches that appear to have particular correspondence with the unique needs of refugees.The six-week period at the Mangere Refugee Reception Centre represents a significant moment in the lives of refugees. It is for many the turning point from their traumatic past to a future of hope. During this 'renaissance' period, the Centre for Refugee Education under the auspices of AUT University, offers an education programme for all quota refugees. It is this programme, in particular, that forms the focus of this thesis; however the principles and recommendations have wider ramifications and could (with modifications) equally apply to refugee provision in the wider sector. The broad aim of this thesis is to investigate what it is that refugees need on arrival in New Zealand and the extent to which the content and methodology of the orientation programme offered to refugees can be enhanced to better support and prepare refugees for the transition into New Zealand society. A teaching approach heavily nuanced by the post-structural appropriation of critical theory is discussed and it is proposed that this approach in conjunction with collaborative, participatory and constructivist elements could form a 'refugee-centred approach' which has the potential to more effectively and appropriately address the specific needs identified as pertaining to refugees. An oft-heard criticism of 'critical theory' and its many renderings is that it is 'too theoretical' and difficult to implement. This thesis argues that the post-structuralist interpretation can, indeed translate into practice and suggestions for its pedagogical implementation represent a key outcome of this research.

Dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse nous nous attachons à articuler l'approche structurale des représentations sociales avec les champs des émotions et des rapports intergroupes. Ce travail se compose ainsi de deux axes de recherche. Le premier axe (n = 340) s'intéresse à l'impact de l'infirmation ou de la confirmation de cognitions centrales ou périphériques sur les émotions dans l'optique d'éclairer le rôle que pourraient jouer ces dernières dans le cadre de la dynamique représentationnelle. Les deux recherches réalisées à cette occasion nous amènent à considérer que le système périphérique serait générateur d'émotions et que celles-ci se situeraient alors au cœur du processus conduisant les individus à réagir à une modification de leur environnement immédiat. Le second axe (n = 920) se focalise sur les liens entre l'approche structurale et les rapports intergroupes. Il témoigne de l'importance de la fonction identitaire des représentation sociales en indiquant que le fait de partager ou non un élément central d'une représentation sociale agirait sur la manière dont les individus s'auto-catégorisent et catégorisent autrui comme membre du groupe. Finalement, au travers de la prise en compte de l'approche structurale, ce travail souligne l'intérêt d'une articulation entre la théorie des représentations sociales et des champs d'étude généralement appréhendés indépendamment de cette dernière. / Within the framework of this PhD thesis we attempt to articulate the structural approach of social representations with the fields of emotions and intergroup relations. Thus, this work gets organized around two main lines of research. The first part (n = 340) focuses on the impact of the invalidation or the confirmation of central or peripheral cognitions on emotions with the goal of enlightening the role that the latter might play within the representational dynamic. Both research conducted in this occasion bring us to consider that the peripheral system would generates emotions that would lie at the heart of the process leading people to react to changes in their immediate environment. The second part (n = 920) focuses on the links between the structural approach and intergroup relations. It highlights the importance of the social identity function of social representations by indicating that fact of sharing (or not) a central element of a social representation would influence the way people self-categorize and categorize others as members of the group. Finally, through the consideration of the structural approach, this work emphasizes the interest of establishing connections between the social representation theory and other fields of study that are generally considered as independant.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

The method of my thesis is "historical document analysis" whose major line is dependency theory of Marxism which I will pick up famous scholar's books or journals within. Dependency theory of Marxism consists of underdevelopment school and dependent development school. The former has A. G. Frank, T. Dos Santos and Samir Amin etc.. The latter has F. H. Cardoso, E. Faletto, Peter B. Evans, J. A Caporaso and R. H. Chilcote etc.. Dependency theory of Structuralism which is a complement to dependency theory of Marxism has Raúl Prebisch, Celso Furtado and Osvaldo Sunkel. As to state development's research of dependency theory, it includes three parts: origins, schools and prospection. First part is origins. The academic thinking of dependency theory which is one of theories about researches of colonialism and imperialism in the 1960s follows Marxism's foundation¢w¢wi.e. productivity and productive relations. Though, dependency theory on the sphere of international relation belongs to a pan-Marxism family¢w¢was is neo-Marxism. However, Marx himself also ever declared that he wasn't a Marxist, namely, that researchers who follow Marx only take a part of Marx's intelligence, not all¢w¢weven distort that. So, the first step to understand economic asymmetry relations between peripheral and central state is back to the tradition of classical Marxism¢w¢wnamely, Marx's, Lenin's and Engel's intelligence¢w¢wand searches origins of dependency theory about peripherial state. Second part is schools which follow so-called "Two Stages" of Classical dependency and Dependent development theory. In first stage, it will begin to analyse United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) school's views and turns to underdevelopment school's views. From this kind of analysis, we can understand underdevelopment school's critique of ECLA school and innovation. For these management, the thesis will be written with "inside" and "outside" relations. Before that, I will elaborate illumination of P. Baran, P. Sweezy and Prebisch on Frank's peripheral state. In second one, the thesis begines with Cardoso's, Faletto's, Caporaso's and Chilcote's views about historical-structural approach in order to emphasize methodical changes from Classical dependency theory to Dependent development theory, and show state's development problems affected by inner classes and transnational companies with Evans' "triple alliance". The last part is prospection. Dependency theory gets rise from 1950s. As time goes by, the methodology of dependency theory doesn't satisfy with academic researches in the age of globalization. So the thesis will dig out the value which is that dependency theory can countine to criticize the unfair structure of capitalism in the age of globalization from new researches of dependency theory's scholars which include dependency theory of Marxism and Structuralism.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

En se basant sur le profil des figurations humaines et sur quelques présupposés particulièrement tenaces sur un monde des masques et un animisme considérés comme proprement noir-africains, nombre des auteurs ayant traité des images rupestres du Sahara central ont confondu «culture» et «identité raciale», canons artistiques et types anthropologiques, s'appliquant à écrire une Histoire culturelle hachée que rien ne justifie a priori. Ainsi, à Ozan Ehéré, de remarquables cas de rapports explicites illustrés par des scènes montrant un anthropomorphe touchant un zoomorphe invitent à suggérer un parallèle entre des figurations en style des Têtes Rondes et des images bovidiennes (styles de Séfar - Ozan Ehéré, d’Abañher, d’Iheren), alors que ces groupes sont généralement tenus pour indépendants l’un de l’autre et cloisonnés par souci typologique. Une première approche structurale de l’art rupestre de la zone permet aussi d’ouvrir quelques pistes stimulantes quant à la nature des êtres représentés sur les parois (qui ne sont peut-être pas des humains et des animaux ordinaires vaquant à quelque occupation banale), et conduit à s’interroger sur la fonction de ces images. À la lumière de leur possible dimension féminine, quelques peintures en style des Têtes Rondes pourraient sortir du dossier des représentations énigmatiques et l’on pourrait également — sans recours à des lectures littérales — faire quelque peu quitter aux images bovidiennes le monde de la peinture décorative et celui de la chronique historiée. / Considering the face of human representations and evoking particularly firm presuppositions on a world of masks and animism considered as strictly black - African, number of the authors who studied the rupestral images of central Sahara mixed up "culture" and " racial identity ", artistic canons and anthropological kind, establishing a chopped cultural History, which is not argued. In Ozan Ehéré, remarkable cases of relationships illustrated by scenes showing an anthropomorphic touching a zoomorphic invite to suggest a parallel between representations in style of the Round Heads and the bovidians images (styles of Séfar - Ozan Ehéré, of Abañher, Iheren), while these groups are considered generally independent one of the other one and divided up by typological concern. A first structural approach of the rock art of the zone finally allows us to open stimulating ways, for example about the nature of beings represented on walls (who may not be human beings and ordinary animals attending to some commonplace occupation), and drives us to wonder about the function of these images. According to their possible feminine dimension, some Round Heads paintings could be taken out from the file of enigmatic representations. We could also get bovidians images out from the world of ornamental paintings, or of the chronicle - without appeal to literal readings.