The main aim of establishing the prison institution in all parts of the world including Nigeria is to provide a rehabilitation and correctional facility for those who have violated the rules and regulations of their society. However, the extent to which this maxim is true in practice has been a subject of controversy. A casual observation of the population that goes in and out of the prisons in Nigeria presupposes that there are some problems in the system, hence the prisons system has not been able to live up to its expected role in Nigeria. Against this background, this paper makes an argument on why reform is necessary in the Nigerian prisons. Some of these reasons include reforming the prisoners to be better than what they were before they were imprisoned, rehabilitate the prisoners in order to equip them with new skills or improve on their old ones, and seclude criminals from the rest of the society, pending when they have atoned for their “sins”. The structural-functionalist approach of the system theory for the study of human society and culture as proposed by Radcliff-Brown of the British School of social anthropology and later developed by Meyer Fortes and Max Gluckman is utilized in explaining prison environment. Main sources of information for this study are secondary materials which include, journals and official bulletin of the government. Among other issues, this discourse articulates various reforms that have already taken place and are still on-going in the Nigerian prison system. These include efforts in the decongestion process, provision of necessary infrastructure facilities and other logistics including transportation services and general skills acquisition programmes. This article also makes a critical impact appraisal of the reform processes in the system. From the appraisal, the author believes that there are more gains than pains in the system since the gradual reform processes therein. In order to deal finally with prison congestion, this paper suggests that the decongestion committee needs to be strengthened in its work by changing their periodic visit to the prisons to be more regular and frequent, more prison yards need to be built, more non-governmental organizations should be encouraged and allowed to visit the prisons to monitor the activities there, from which they can make an input in form of suggestions to the various reform committees on what to do.

Includes bibliographical references / This thesis investigates measures to ensure that sentencers introduce proportionality to sentencing and refrain from imposing penalties that infringe constitutional rights. The investigation involves two stages of analysis. First, the thesis examines the socio-historical context in which the practice of punishment evolved in England, South Africa and Nigeria in order to unveil how evolving concepts about punishment regulate or fail to regulate penal severity. Secondly, the thesis examined the normative basis of sentencing in South Africa and Nigeria, both of which are constitutional democracies and former English colonies. The analysis leads to two critical findings. First, Nigeria lacks the rich tapestry of constitutional jurisprudence that South African Courts have developed around punishment. Secondly, neither South Africa nor Nigeria has a structured system for rationalising sentencing discretion, with the result that sentencing can lead to widely disparate and disproportionate outcomes in both countries. The thesis thus proposes that Nigeria adopts constitutional provisions that restrain penal severity, and that it harmonise its pluralistic penal system, scrutinise statutory penalties in the light of constitutional norms, and, drawing on practices in England, develop guidelines that enhance proportionality and parsimony in sentencing.

Student Number : 9112588A - MA Dissertation - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / There is a concern that causal determinism might render free-will impossible. I compare some different perspectives, namely Compatibilism, Incompatibilism, Libertarianism, and Hard Determinism, and conclude that Hard Determinism is correct—we lack free-will. To further bolster the case, I consider the work of Libet, who has found neuropsychological evidence that our brains non-consciously cause our actions, prior to our being aware of it. Thus we are also not choosing consciously. I then consider Dennett’s work on the role of the conscious self. I defend his model—of a fragmented self—which could not cause our actions. Finally I argue that many things that free-will purportedly provides, eg., justification for the penal system and reactive attitudes, can be reconstructed without free-will. I then end with some speculations about why people still want free-will.

New Zealand prisons were a colonial construct established by early colonial administrations to deal with criminal behaviour occurring at the time of European settlement. Like the prison system, prison chaplaincy also had its origins in colonial experiences from the United Kingdom where chaplains were employed to meet the spiritual needs of those in institutions such as schools, hospitals, colleges, the military and legations. This thesis addressed the question of how the partnership between Church and State administrators in New Zealand for the provision of chaplaincy services developed between 1840 and 2006. Four phases were identified in the evolution of prison chaplaincy: phase one 1840-to-1950, characterised by ad hoc arrangements between clergy and local prison management; phase two 1951-to-1989 when Secretary for Justice Samuel Barnett established a formal relationship with the National Council of Churches and the Roman Catholic Church to provide chaplains for penal institutions; phase three identified as ‘prisons in change’ 1990-1999, when the Interim Chaplaincy Advisory Board and Prison Chaplaincy Advisory Board worked in tandem with the Departments of Justice and Corrections to administer the Prison Chaplaincy Service, arising from the recommendations of the Roper and Perry Reports; and phase four 2000-to-2006, a period when the Prison Chaplaincy Service of Aotearoa New Zealand was contracted to the Department of Corrections to employ prison chaplains. The research adopted a multi-faceted approach, consisting of phenomenology, ethno-methodology and hermeneutics to understand attitudes and experiences of key players and institutions in the evolution of Prison Chaplaincy. Data was collected through interviews of key informants, critical evaluation of published and unpublished material in public and private collections. The study identified six key factors that influenced the development of Prison Chaplaincy in New Zealand. These were: the nature of the Church-State interface, the impact of biculturalism, the influence of theological and ecclesiastical trends, and the impact of inter-church politics, the influence of socio economic trends and developments, and changes in Government policy. It also found that while there were tensions, the Church-State partnership had positive benefits for the spiritual outcomes for prisoners.

New Zealand prisons were a colonial construct established by early colonial administrations to deal with criminal behaviour occurring at the time of European settlement. Like the prison system, prison chaplaincy also had its origins in colonial experiences from the United Kingdom where chaplains were employed to meet the spiritual needs of those in institutions such as schools, hospitals, colleges, the military and legations. This thesis addressed the question of how the partnership between Church and State administrators in New Zealand for the provision of chaplaincy services developed between 1840 and 2006. Four phases were identified in the evolution of prison chaplaincy: phase one 1840-to-1950, characterised by ad hoc arrangements between clergy and local prison management; phase two 1951-to-1989 when Secretary for Justice Samuel Barnett established a formal relationship with the National Council of Churches and the Roman Catholic Church to provide chaplains for penal institutions; phase three identified as ‘prisons in change’ 1990-1999, when the Interim Chaplaincy Advisory Board and Prison Chaplaincy Advisory Board worked in tandem with the Departments of Justice and Corrections to administer the Prison Chaplaincy Service, arising from the recommendations of the Roper and Perry Reports; and phase four 2000-to-2006, a period when the Prison Chaplaincy Service of Aotearoa New Zealand was contracted to the Department of Corrections to employ prison chaplains. The research adopted a multi-faceted approach, consisting of phenomenology, ethno-methodology and hermeneutics to understand attitudes and experiences of key players and institutions in the evolution of Prison Chaplaincy. Data was collected through interviews of key informants, critical evaluation of published and unpublished material in public and private collections. The study identified six key factors that influenced the development of Prison Chaplaincy in New Zealand. These were: the nature of the Church-State interface, the impact of biculturalism, the influence of theological and ecclesiastical trends, and the impact of inter-church politics, the influence of socio economic trends and developments, and changes in Government policy. It also found that while there were tensions, the Church-State partnership had positive benefits for the spiritual outcomes for prisoners.

Thèse de doctorat, 30 novembre 1935, Faculté de droit de l'Université de Paris. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. [193]-194).

Esta dissertação discute as funções desempenhadas pelo psiquiatra no sistema penal brasileiro, que são a assistência aos transtornos mentais, a avaliação da responsabilidade sobre um ato delituoso e a elaboração de laudos para a concessão do benefício da libertação progressiva a presos comuns. São apresentados os impasses advindos do contato entre justiça e ciência, demonstrando-se como, nos dois últimos casos, o psiquiatra não lida com seu objeto habitual, o doente mental, mas com um outro diverso, o indivíduo perigoso. Para conhecer e controlar este novo objeto a psiquiatria forma, junto com o judiciário, um outro poder denominado, conforme Michel Foucault, normalizador que, sob uma ótica genealógica, transcende o seu objeto original, transformando-se em meio de controle de todo o corpo social. Tendo por principal referencial teórico a obra daquele pensador francês, notadamente os textos vindos à luz nos últimos anos, com a publicação da transcrição de cursos e de outros artigos dispersos, este mecanismo de controle social é analisado, discutindo-se as transformações por que vem passando nas últimas décadas. Paralelamente, é defendida a extinção da necessidade do referendo psiquiátrico à progressão do regime prisional, como forma de corrigir um sistema que não funciona satisfatoriamente. / This dissertation outlines the functions performed by psychiatrists in Brazilian penal system. These are the assistance to mentally ill prisoners, the assessment of the responsibility over a criminal conduct and the performance of exams that allow common prisoners to benefit from progressive freedom or parole, accordingly to Brazilian Law. The dilemmas posed by the contact between justice and science are presented and is demonstrated how, in the two latter instances, the psychiatrist abandons his usual subject, the mental patient, and deals with a diverse one, the dangerous individual. To know and act upon this new subject, psychiatry sets up along with the judiciary a specific kind of power named, after Michel Foucault, normalization which, under a genealogical view, transcends its subject, becoming a means of controlling society as a whole. Having as main theoretical reference the works of the French thinker, notably the texts that came to light in the last few years, with the publishing of courses and many dispersed papers, this means of control over society is analyzed, being discussed how it has been transforming itself during the last decades. In addition, this work defends the extinction of the psychiatric exams to the progression of prison regime, aiming at the correction of system which has not been working appropriately since its introduction.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-07-31T12:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_João Romano da Silva Junior.pdf: 1141475 bytes, checksum: 35e371b2eae11fe65e76097ae63ea542 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-08-02T13:00:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_João Romano da Silva Junior.pdf: 1141475 bytes, checksum: 35e371b2eae11fe65e76097ae63ea542 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-02T13:00:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_João Romano da Silva Junior.pdf: 1141475 bytes, checksum: 35e371b2eae11fe65e76097ae63ea542 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-09 / A presente dissertação pretende demonstrar a seletividade do sistema penal brasileiro a partir da análise do perfil dos indivíduos que são alcançados pelos aparatos de repressão estatal. Para aludido mister a base teórica é de caráter interdisciplinar, uma vez que, a complexidade da investigação ressente-se do estudo de mais de uma área do conhecimento para que se estabeleçam premissas para melhor compreensão do fenômeno da criminalização da pobreza. A construção do trabalho é erigida a partir da dualidade sistema penal brasileiro e pobreza, que aparentemente são categorias epistemológicas estanques entre si, que se não inter-relacionam, e por isso podem ser analisadas separadamente, mas que, no entanto, uma delas, a pobreza, será o fundamento da outra. Nesse tanto, “pobreza”, conforme sugere o título desta dissertação, transcende a sua própria significação literal, e está assentada figurativamente para delimitar a espécie de pobreza da qual se trabalhará, é dizer, o vocábulo aqui retrata a personificação de uma pobreza. Assim, o capitalismo, sobretudo na sua feição neoliberal, ante a necessidade de um mecanismo para controlar suas distorções socioeconômicas, de antemão rotula, etiqueta e direciona os alvos que serão submetidos ao seu iníquo sistema punitivo. / This work aims to demonstrate the selectivity of the Brazilian penal system from the profile analysis of individuals that are achieved by the apparatus of state repression. Mister alluded to the theoretical basis is interdisciplinary, since the complexity of the resents the study research over an area of knowledge in order to establish premises for better understanding of poverty criminalization phenomenon. The building work is erected from the dichotomy the criminal justice system and poverty, which are apparently sealed epistemological categories with each other, which is not interrelated, and thus can be considered separately, but, however, one of them, poverty, will be the foundation of another. This much, "poverty", as suggested by the title of this work transcends its own literal meaning, and sits figuratively to define the kind of poverty from which it will work, that is, the word here depicts the personification of poverty. Thus, capitalism, especially in its neoliberal feature, given the need for a mechanism to control their socioeconomic distortions in advance labels, label and directs the targets that will be submitted to his wicked punitive system.

Esta dissertação discute as funções desempenhadas pelo psiquiatra no sistema penal brasileiro, que são a assistência aos transtornos mentais, a avaliação da responsabilidade sobre um ato delituoso e a elaboração de laudos para a concessão do benefício da libertação progressiva a presos comuns. São apresentados os impasses advindos do contato entre justiça e ciência, demonstrando-se como, nos dois últimos casos, o psiquiatra não lida com seu objeto habitual, o doente mental, mas com um outro diverso, o indivíduo perigoso. Para conhecer e controlar este novo objeto a psiquiatria forma, junto com o judiciário, um outro poder denominado, conforme Michel Foucault, normalizador que, sob uma ótica genealógica, transcende o seu objeto original, transformando-se em meio de controle de todo o corpo social. Tendo por principal referencial teórico a obra daquele pensador francês, notadamente os textos vindos à luz nos últimos anos, com a publicação da transcrição de cursos e de outros artigos dispersos, este mecanismo de controle social é analisado, discutindo-se as transformações por que vem passando nas últimas décadas. Paralelamente, é defendida a extinção da necessidade do referendo psiquiátrico à progressão do regime prisional, como forma de corrigir um sistema que não funciona satisfatoriamente. / This dissertation outlines the functions performed by psychiatrists in Brazilian penal system. These are the assistance to mentally ill prisoners, the assessment of the responsibility over a criminal conduct and the performance of exams that allow common prisoners to benefit from progressive freedom or parole, accordingly to Brazilian Law. The dilemmas posed by the contact between justice and science are presented and is demonstrated how, in the two latter instances, the psychiatrist abandons his usual subject, the mental patient, and deals with a diverse one, the dangerous individual. To know and act upon this new subject, psychiatry sets up along with the judiciary a specific kind of power named, after Michel Foucault, normalization which, under a genealogical view, transcends its subject, becoming a means of controlling society as a whole. Having as main theoretical reference the works of the French thinker, notably the texts that came to light in the last few years, with the publishing of courses and many dispersed papers, this means of control over society is analyzed, being discussed how it has been transforming itself during the last decades. In addition, this work defends the extinction of the psychiatric exams to the progression of prison regime, aiming at the correction of system which has not been working appropriately since its introduction.

Sob a égide de um Direito Penal garantista, calcado, sobretudo, no respeito aos princípios constitucionais, e com o fim de coadunar o mal da pena com o cerne de todo o sistema que é a máxima da dignidade da pessoa humana, novos temas emergem da realidade social, provocando reflexões no sentido de se atualizar o Direito e seus institutos com as necessidades de uma sociedade que está cada vez mais dinâmica em suas relações. Devido à amplitude e importância de seu conceito, a culpabilidade vem sendo objeto de estudo, afinal, de acordo com a sistemática adotada pelo Código Penal brasileiro, este instituto corresponde ao cerne da Teoria do Delito. A partir dos estudos sobre a culpabilidade, surge a teoria da coculpabilidade que, por sua abrangência conceitual, hoje se considera princípio de origem constitucional. A reflexão parte da gritante desigualdade socioeconômica que se vislumbra atualmente dentro do grupo social, a qual se reforça pela omissão do Estado na efetivação das políticas públicas que possibilitam o acesso dos cidadãos aos direitos sociais, e do fato incontroverso que o meio no qual a pessoa vive condiciona a formação de sua personalidade e, consequentemente, a eleição de seus comportamentos. Atrela-se a isso o caráter seletivo que o sistema penal assume quando se verifica na realidade fenomênica sua utilização equivocada como mecanismo corretor de problemas como a incapacidade estatal de cumprir os deveres constitucionais no que atine à concreção do bem comum. A coculpabilidade, então, coloca o Estado e a sociedade para dividirem a culpabilidade pelo crime com a pessoa do delinquente, uma vez que se constate no caso concreto que esta foi privada do acesso aos seus direitos fundamentais por negligência estatal; essa divisão de responsabilidade pelo delito se dá na limitação do direito de punir. O reconhecimento do princípio da coculpabilidade como vigente no Estado Democrático de Direito apresenta-se um tanto controverso ainda na jurisprudência e na doutrina penal brasileira. Tem por objeto a presente pesquisa analisar o alcance de referido princípio e sua aptidão de atenuar ou mesmo excluir a pena, situando-o na Teoria do Delito como mecanismo eficaz para a concreção do Direito Penal mínimo. / Under the aegis of a criminal garantista law, trampled, especially in respect to constitutional principles, and consistent with the end of the of the penalty with the evil core of the whole system which is the maximum of human dignity, new themes emerge from the social reality, causing reflections in order to update the law and its institutions to the needs of a society that is increasingly dynamic in their relationship. Due to the breadth and importance of its concept, culpability has been the object of study, after all, according to the system adopted by the Brazilian Penal Code; this corresponds to the core Theory of Crime institute. Based on the studies on the guilt arises the co culpability theory which in conceptual comprehensiveness, today it is considered a constitutional principle of origin. The reflection part of whopping socioeconomic inequality that can be seen today within the social group, which is reinforced by the omission of the state in the fulfillment of public policies that enable citizens\' access to social rights, and the incontrovertible fact that the way in which a person lives affects the formation of his personality and therefore the election of their behaviors. It attaches itself to the selective character the penal system assumes that when there is in fact phenomenalistic use as mistaken a mechanism broker problems such as the inability to meet the state constitutional duties concerning the concretion of the common good. The co culpability then puts the state and society sharing culpability by crime with the person of the delinquent, since it is found in this case was deprived of access to their fundamental rights by state neglect, this division of responsibility for the crime occurs on limiting the right of punishing. The recognition of the principle of co culpability as existing in a democratic state has become somewhat controversial even in Brazilian criminal jurisprudence and doctrine. Aims at the present research to analyze the scope of this principle and its capacity to mitigate or even delete the sentence, placing it on the Theory of Crime as an effective mechanism for the concretion of minimal Criminal Law.