Ce manuscrit est consacré à l’étude de la méthode du développement en singularités (SEM) appliquée aux antennes. Dans la première partie de ce travail, trois méthodes d’extraction des pôles de résonance sont présentées et comparées : les méthodes de Prony et Matrix Pencil dans le domaine temporel et la méthode de Cauchy dans le domaine fréquentiel. Une procédure est établie pour optimiser l’extraction avec chaque méthode et une étude de robustesse montre que la méthode Matrix Pencil permet d’obtenir plus de pôles et avec une meilleure précision que les deux autres méthodes en présence de bruit. Dans un second temps, la méthode Matrix Pencil est appliquée sur des réponses d’antennes, obtenues en rayonnement et en Surface Equivalente Radar (SER), et les pôles de résonance extraits sont identiques pour les deux approches. Cette étude valide donc la possibilité d’extraire les pôles de résonance d’une antenne directement à partir de sa SER. La variation de la position des pôles de résonance en fonction des dimensions et de la charge de deux antennes est ensuite étudiée et met en évidence le lien entre l’impédance d’entrée de l’antenne et ses pôles de résonance. Enfin, les mesures de la SER de trois antennes valident expérimentalement l’extraction des pôles de résonance à partir de la SER d’une antenne. Ce travail pose donc les bases de la caractérisation d’antennes à l’aide de la SEM appliquée à la SER de l’antenne. / This manuscript deals with the Singularity Expansion Method (SEM) applied to antenna characterization. In the first part of this work, three resonant poles extraction methods are presented and compared: the Prony and Matrix Pencil methods in the transient domain and the Cauchy method in the frequency domain. A procedure is defined to optimize the extraction with each method and a robustness study shows that Matrix Pencil method allows obtaining more physical poles with a better accuracy than the two other methods in presence of noise. In a second part, the Matrix Pencil algorithm is applied on radiated and backscattered antenna responses. Extracted resonant poles from both responses are exactly the same. This study validates the possibility to extract poles directly from its backscattered response. The position of resonant poles is analyzed with respect to antenna’s dimension and its load for two different cases. This emphasizes the link between antenna poles and antenna input impedance. Finally, RCS measurements of three antennas validate antenna poles extraction directly from its RCS. This work lays the foundations of antenna characterization using the SEM applied to RCS measurements.

La caractérisation non destructive de l’adhérence des structures du type couche sur substrat est un enjeu industriel et académique important. Ce type d’échantillon est en effet utilisé pour de nombreuses applications et sa durée de vie dépend en grande partie de la qualité d’adhérence des films au substrat. Celle-ci modifie sensiblement le comportement dispersif des ondes acoustiques de surface se propageant dans de ce type de structure. Pour générer et détecter ces ondes, un dispositif Ultrasons-Laser a été privilégié. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherché à contourner les difficultés d’interprétation rencontrées habituellement dans le contrôle de l’adhérence par ondes acoustiques de surface. Les variations d’épaisseur de la couche peuvent en effet avoir une influence sur la dispersion des ondes comparable à celle due à l’adhérence. Pour ce faire, des films polymères dont l’épaisseur est quasi-constante sont employés et apposés sur un substrat en aluminium. Ces films possèdent en plus la propriété d’être transparents. Cela permet de focaliser l’impulsion laser générant les ondes acoustiques à travers le film, directement à la surface du substrat et de placer ainsi la source acoustique à l’interface film-substrat. L’influence de la position de la source sur le comportement dispersif des ondes acoustiques de surface et par conséquent sur le contrôle de la qualité d’adhérence est alors étudiée expérimentalement ainsi qu’au travers de simulations par éléments finis. Finalement, une caractérisation de l’adhérence de différents échantillons est effectuée grâce aux courbes de dispersion obtenues à l’aide de la méthode Matrix-Pencil appliquée aux résultats expérimentaux. En utilisant un algorithme d’inversion, les raideurs d’interface caractéristiques de l’adhérence des échantillons analysés sont estimées. / The non-destructive characterization of the adhesion of layer-on-substrate structures is an important issue in industrial and academic domains. This type of sample is indeed used for many applications and its lifetime depends mainly on the adhesion of the film to the substrate. This one changes significantly the dispersive behavior of the surface acoustic waves. To generate and detect these waves, a Laser-Ultrasonics setup has been used. First, we are looking to bypass the interpretation difficulties usually encountered in the control of adhesion by surface acoustic waves. Indeed, the layer thickness variations influence the dispersion of the waves in a similar way to the adhesion. Consequently, the polymer films used have a quasi-constant thickness and they are deposited directly on an aluminum substrate. In addition, these films are also transparent. It allows us to generate directly the acoustic waves on the substrate surface, at the interface between the film and the substrate, by focusing the laser pulse through the film. In this way, the influence of the source location on the dispersive behavior of the surface acoustic waves and thus on the adhesion quality control may be studied experimentally and by using finite element simulations. Finally, a characterization of the adhesion of several samples is performed using the dispersion curves obtained applying the Matrix-Pencil method to the experimental results. An inversion algorithm allows us to estimate the interfacial stiffnesses corresponding to the adhesion of the samples.

Syftet med undersökningen är att bilda mig en uppfattning om skrivverktygens betydelse för elevers lärande. Jag har valt att undersöka två förskoleklasser som jobbar med olika verktyg i skrivandet. Den ena använder iPad och den andra penna. Huvudmålet med undersökningen är att få förståelse för om metoden loggboken och den process som sker vid skrivandet av den påverkas av det verktyg som eleverna får möjlighet att använda. Vidare vill jag se om eleverna kan utvecklas under skrivandet av loggboken och om även utvecklingen är beroende av det skrivverktyg som eleven använder. Metoderna jag har valt är kvalitativa intervjuer, strukturerade observationer och en form av textanalys kring materialet loggboken. Mitt huvudmaterial är loggboken. Jag har valt ut 2 elever från varje klass vars loggböcker jag studerat från början av höstterminen tills idag. Genom att gå igenom loggböckerna över skolåret som gått kan jag se om det går att utläsa en progression. Intervjuer genomfördes med klasslärarna från respektive förskoleklass. De två utvalda eleverna från varje klass deltog även i två intervjuer. Observationerna utfördes under 8 loggboks-lektioner med stöd av ett observationsschema. Resultatet blev att eleverna utvecklas oavsett vilket verktyg de skriver med. Det jag kommit fram till är att de två verktygen hjälper till att skapa grunden för skrivandet men med olika stil. Jag kom till insikt om att skrivverktygen iPad och penna var svåra att undersöka utifrån ett av kursplanens krav som undersökningen syftar till. Inget av verktygen är mindre bra utan det handlar om att få lärare att bli medvetna om att verktygen bidrar på skilda sätt till att lära eleverna skriva enligt våra ramar. Grunden till skrivandet anläggs under de tidiga åren och eleverna behöver bearbeta skriften med hjälp av olika verktyg. Detta innebär att eleverna ska ges möjlighet att öva och pröva olika skrivverktyg för att lära sig känna trygghet i flera sätt att skapa en text. / The purpose with this study is to find myself a perception if the tools that are being used in the writing process has any meaning for students' learning. I've choosed to examine two classes in preschool who are working with different tools for writing. One of them is using iPads and the other one is using pencils. The main goal with my survey is to get an understanding whether the logbook and the process that comes with it has any affects from the different tools that are being used in the process of writing in the logbook. Furthermore, I want to see if the students can develop during the writing of the logbook and if the development is dependent on the writing tool used by the student. The methods I have chosen are qualitative interviews, structured observations and a form of text analysis around the material logbook. My main material is the logbook. I have chosen 2 students from each class whose logbooks I studied from the beginning of the autumn term until today. Interviews were conducted with class teachers from each pre-school class. The two selected students from each class also participated in two interviews. The observations were performed under 8 logbook lessons based on an observation schedule. As a result, pupils developed no matter what tool they are writing with. What I also found out is that the two tools help to create the basis for writing but with different styles. I realized that the writing tools iPad and pen were difficult to investigate based on one of the syllabus requirements that the study aims at. None of the tools are less good, but it´s about getting teachers to become aware that the tools contribute differently to teaching students writing according to our frameworks. The reason for writing is placed in the early years. This means that students in pre-school have to exercise a lot and must be given the opportunity to try different writing tools to learn to feel safe in using them.

As câmaras de ionização tipo lápis são utilizadas para dosimetria de feixes em equipamentos de tomografia computadorizada (CT). Neste estudo foi estabelecida uma nova metodologia de calibração destas câmaras, visando a adequação do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (LCI) aos atuais padrões metrológicos internacionais que tratam dos procedimentos específicos para calibração das câmaras utilizadas em CT. Primeiramente partiu-se da implantação das novas qualidades de radiação padrão RQT, que simulam feixes não atenuados usados para aplicações em CT, de acordo com a IEC 61267 da International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Após o estabelecimento dos campos padrões de radiação, foi implantada a metodologia de calibração específica para câmaras lápis segundo o Technical Report Series No. 457, da International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), que descreve as particularidades do procedimento a ser seguido pelos Laboratórios de Dosimetria Padrão Secundário (SSDLs) em termos de colimação e posicionamento em relação ao feixe de radiação. Inicialmente, foram realizadas medições de PPV (kV) e determinação das filtrações adicionais de cobre por meio dos valores de camada semi-redutora (CSR) recomendados pela norma IEC 61267, para que as qualidades de radiação de referência: RQT 8, RQT 9 e RQT 10 fossem implantadas. Para os filtros adicionais, foram utilizados alumínio e cobre de alta pureza (maior ou igual a 99,9%). Uma metodologia alternativa para determinar as filtrações adicionais também foi utilizada, através da qual se encontrou diretamente as RQTs em espessuras de filtros de cobre equivalente ao conjunto RQR (Al) + Filtração Adicional (Cu), sendo esta uma opção quando não se têm implantadas as RQRs. Com a implantação desta nova metodologia de calibração das câmaras de ionização tipo lápis, o LCI está pronto para calibrar estes instrumentos de acordo com as recentes recomendações internacionais. Permitindo assim uma melhoria na rastreabilidade das calibrações, como também na qualidade dos serviços metrológicos que o IPEN oferece para todo o País. / Pencil ionization chambers are used for beam dosimetry in computed tomography equipment (CT). In this study, a new calibration methodology was established, in order to make the Calibration Laboratory of Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (LCI) suitable to international metrological standards, dealing with specific procedures for calibration of these chambers used in CT. Firstly, the setup for the new RQT radiation qualities was mounted, in agreement with IEC61267 from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). After the establishment of these radiation qualities, a specific calibration methodology for pencil ionization chambers was set, according to Technical Report Series No. 457, from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which describes particularities of the procedure to be followed by the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs), concerning to collimation and positioning related to the radiation beam. Initially, PPV (kV) measurements and the determination of copper additional filtrations were carried out, measuring the half value layers (HVL) recommended by the IEC 61267 standard, after that the RQT 8, RQT 9 and RQT 10 radiation quality references were established. For additional filters, aluminum and copper of high purity (around 99.9%) were used. RQTs in thickness of copper filters equivalent to the set RQR (Al) + Additional Filtration (Cu) was directly found by an alternative methodology used to determine additional filtrations, which is a good option when RQRs have not the possibility of be setting up. With the establishment of this new methodology for the ionization pencil chambers calibration, the LCI is ready to calibrate these instruments according to the most recent international standards. Therefore, an improvement in calibration traceability, as well as in metrological services offered by IPEN to all Brazil is achieved.

As câmaras de ionização tipo lápis são utilizadas para dosimetria de feixes em equipamentos de tomografia computadorizada (CT). Neste estudo foi estabelecida uma nova metodologia de calibração destas câmaras, visando a adequação do Laboratório de Calibração de Instrumentos do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (LCI) aos atuais padrões metrológicos internacionais que tratam dos procedimentos específicos para calibração das câmaras utilizadas em CT. Primeiramente partiu-se da implantação das novas qualidades de radiação padrão RQT, que simulam feixes não atenuados usados para aplicações em CT, de acordo com a IEC 61267 da International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Após o estabelecimento dos campos padrões de radiação, foi implantada a metodologia de calibração específica para câmaras lápis segundo o Technical Report Series No. 457, da International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), que descreve as particularidades do procedimento a ser seguido pelos Laboratórios de Dosimetria Padrão Secundário (SSDLs) em termos de colimação e posicionamento em relação ao feixe de radiação. Inicialmente, foram realizadas medições de PPV (kV) e determinação das filtrações adicionais de cobre por meio dos valores de camada semi-redutora (CSR) recomendados pela norma IEC 61267, para que as qualidades de radiação de referência: RQT 8, RQT 9 e RQT 10 fossem implantadas. Para os filtros adicionais, foram utilizados alumínio e cobre de alta pureza (maior ou igual a 99,9%). Uma metodologia alternativa para determinar as filtrações adicionais também foi utilizada, através da qual se encontrou diretamente as RQTs em espessuras de filtros de cobre equivalente ao conjunto RQR (Al) + Filtração Adicional (Cu), sendo esta uma opção quando não se têm implantadas as RQRs. Com a implantação desta nova metodologia de calibração das câmaras de ionização tipo lápis, o LCI está pronto para calibrar estes instrumentos de acordo com as recentes recomendações internacionais. Permitindo assim uma melhoria na rastreabilidade das calibrações, como também na qualidade dos serviços metrológicos que o IPEN oferece para todo o País. / Pencil ionization chambers are used for beam dosimetry in computed tomography equipment (CT). In this study, a new calibration methodology was established, in order to make the Calibration Laboratory of Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (LCI) suitable to international metrological standards, dealing with specific procedures for calibration of these chambers used in CT. Firstly, the setup for the new RQT radiation qualities was mounted, in agreement with IEC61267 from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). After the establishment of these radiation qualities, a specific calibration methodology for pencil ionization chambers was set, according to Technical Report Series No. 457, from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which describes particularities of the procedure to be followed by the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories (SSDLs), concerning to collimation and positioning related to the radiation beam. Initially, PPV (kV) measurements and the determination of copper additional filtrations were carried out, measuring the half value layers (HVL) recommended by the IEC 61267 standard, after that the RQT 8, RQT 9 and RQT 10 radiation quality references were established. For additional filters, aluminum and copper of high purity (around 99.9%) were used. RQTs in thickness of copper filters equivalent to the set RQR (Al) + Additional Filtration (Cu) was directly found by an alternative methodology used to determine additional filtrations, which is a good option when RQRs have not the possibility of be setting up. With the establishment of this new methodology for the ionization pencil chambers calibration, the LCI is ready to calibrate these instruments according to the most recent international standards. Therefore, an improvement in calibration traceability, as well as in metrological services offered by IPEN to all Brazil is achieved.

The submitted doctoral thesis focuses on the development and transformation of the Czechoslovak pencil industry in the period after the onset of the planned economy. The major pencil manufacturer Koh-I-Noor Hardtmuth was at the heart of the analysis. The annual reports, annual financial statements, business trip reports, and minutes of the director's and production meetings formed the source base. The correspondence with individual domestic institutions or foreign business partners, memories and a company magazine were also used. The preserved image archival documents - promotional leaflets and price lists - were not left out. The work is based on the methodological basis of the business history. The organization, operation and management strategies of the pencil industry in the historical background of economic changes and reforms have become the subject to examination. The national enterprises Centropen, Gama and Logarex, which were engaged in the production of office supplies, were also included into the research in terms of the comparison. The emphasis was placed on the role of individual managers conducting entrusted enterprises next to the analysis of turnover, production level and a number of employees. Advertising and promotional activities and their importance in the socialist economy was not left behind. In this context, the impact of extensive litigation regarding the trade mark and the name of Hardtmuth, which affected the export, production and advertising sectors, have not been overlooked. The interrelationship between the manufacturing enterprise and export organizations became one of the key topics.

A prerequisite for modern radiotherapy is the ability to accurately determine the absorbed dose (D) that is given to the patient. The subject of this thesis has been to develop and evaluate efficient dose calculation models for high-energy photon beams delivered by linear accelerators. Even though the considered calculation models are general, the work has been focused on quality assurance (QA) tools used to independently verify the dose for individual treatment plans. The purpose of this verification is to guarantee patient safety and to improve the treatment outcome. Furthermore, a vital part of this work has been to explore the prospect of estimating the dose calculation uncertainties associated with individual treatment setups. A discussion on how such uncertainty estimations can facilitate improved clinical QA procedures by providing appropriate action levels has also been included within the scope of this thesis. In order to enable efficient modelling of the physical phenomena that are involved in dose output calculations it is convenient to divide them into two main categories; the first one dealing with the radiation exiting the accelerator’s treatment head and a second one associated with the subsequent energy deposition processes. A multi-source model describing the distribution of energy fluence emitted from the treatment head per delivered monitor unit (MU) is presented and evaluated through comparisons with measurements in multiple photon beams and collimator settings. The calculations show close agreement with the extensive set of experimental data, generally within +/-1% of corresponding measurements. The energy (dose) deposition in the irradiated object has been modelled through a photon pencil kernel solely based on a beam quality index (TPR20,10). This model was evaluated in a similar manner as the multi-source model at three different treatment depths. A separate study was focused on the specific difficulties associated with dose calculations in points located at a distance from the central beam axis. Despite the minimal input data required to characterize individual photon beams, the accuracy proved to be very good when comparing the calculated results with experimental data. The evaluated calculation models were finally used to analyse how well the lateral dose distributions from typical megavoltage photon beams are optimized with respect to the resulting beam flatness characteristics. The results did not reveal any obvious reasons why different manufacturers should provide different lateral dose distributions. Furthermore, the performed lateral optimizations indicate that there is room for improved flatness performance for the investigated linear accelerators.

Radiation therapy with light ions improves treatment outcome for a number of tumor types. The advantageous dose distributions of light ion beams en-able exceptional target conformity, which assures high dose delivery to the tumor while minimizing the dose to surrounding normal tissues. The demand of high target conformity necessitates development of accurate methods to calculate absorbed dose distributions. This is especially important for heavy charged particle irradiation, where the patient is exposed to a complex radia-tion field of primary and secondary ions. The presented approach combines accurate Monte Carlo calculations using the SHIELD-HIT07 code with a fast analytical pencil beam model, to pro-vide dose distributions of light ions. The developed model allows for ana-lytical descriptions of multiple scattering and energy loss straggling proc-esses of both primary ions and fragments, transported in tissue equivalent media. By applied parameterization of the radial spread of fragments, im-proved description of radial dose distributions at every depth is obtained. The model provides a fast and accurate tool of practical value in clinical work. Compared to conventional radiation modalities, an enhanced tissue response is seen after light ion irradiation and biological optimization calls for accu-rate model description and prediction of the biological effects of ion expo-sure. In a joint study, the performance of some radiobiological models is compared for facilitating the development towards more robust and precise models. Specifically, cell survival after exposure to various ion species is modeled by a fast analytical cellular track structure approach in conjunction with a simple track-segment model of ion beam transport. Although the stud-ies show that descriptions of complex biological effects of ion beams, as given by simple radiobiological models, are approximate, the models may yet be useful in analyzing clinical results and designing new strategies for ion therapy.

Le travail de recherche proposé dans ce manuscrit consiste à modéliser le rayonnement électromagnétique de conducteurs filaires. En effet l'estimation du rayonnement est un enjeu majeur et l'utilisation de modèles exacts nous semble nécessaire. On propose donc dans ce mémoire une approche analytique qui permet de quantifier les niveaux de champs électromagnétiques rayonnés par les systèmes filaires. Dans un premier temps nous proposons un modèle analytique du calcul du champ électromagnétique rayonné par un système filaire basé sur un développement approfondi des équations de Maxwell. Ce formalisme est issu de la formulation intégrale du potentiel vecteur émis par une antenne filaire dont on supposera connu la distribution de courant. Le modèle analytique ainsi obtenu permet d'estimer aisément les champs sans avoir besoin de discrétiser ni le support de transmission ni l'espace d'observation. Pour enrichir notre modèle nous avons ensuite envisagé les cas où la distribution du courant le long des conducteurs était issu, soit de la théorie des lignes soit d'une simulation numérique basée sur la théorie des antennes, soit de mesures. Dans le cas où c'est la théorie des lignes qui est à la base de la détermination des courants distribués, nous proposons un formalisme analytique du champ électromagnétique rayonné basé uniquement sur la seule connaissance des courants et de leurs dérivées aux extrémités des conducteurs. Nous avons également montré que ce formalisme s'extrapole aisément au cas d'un réseau multifilaire. Dans le cas où la théorie des antennes ou des mesures sont à la base de la connaissance des courants distribués, on identifie ce courant par quelques pôles et résidus grâce à la méthode d'identification Matrix Pencil (MP). Le champ électromagnétique rayonné s'exprime alors par une série finie de termes intégrales. Ce formalisme reste analytique et présente l'avantage d'être adapté aux approches paramétriques et d'optimisations. Nos travaux de recherche ouvrent des perspectives de reconstruction de la distribution du courant par Matrix Pencil à partir de la connaissance du courant et de ses premières dérivées spatiales aux seules extrémités des conducteurs. Le champ électromagnétique rayonné sera alors déduit de notre modèle.

Cette thèse se donne pour ambition la compréhension des mécanismes autoprésentationnels et plus particulièrement ceux liés à l‟expression de la désirabilité sociale en tant que stratégie de présentation de soi, mis en place en fonction du format de passation (i.e. papier/crayon vs. informatisé). Le format de passation informatisé est, en effet, susceptible d‟affecter la manière dont les individus s‟autoprésentent en participant à une perception spécifique du contexte de passation : celui-ci serait perçu comme plus anonymant que le format de passation traditionnel (Kiesler et Sproull, 1986). Alors que la plupart des études ont choisi d‟aborder la question de l‟équivalence des formats de passation traditionnels versus informatisés d‟un point de vue psychométrique, nous tenterons d‟y répondre en interrogeant tant des facteurs dispositionnels tels que l‟attitude envers l‟informatique (expérimentations 1, 2 et 5) que contextuels comme, par exemple, l‟anonymat (expérimentations 3,4 et 5). Deux études se focaliseront sur l‟usage des formats traditionnels et informatisés (expérimentations 5 et 6). Au sein de ce programme de recherche, nous distinguerons également les formats de passation les plus traditionnels (i.e. papier/crayon) des plus récents (i.e. formats offline et online). De manière générale, les résultats valident l‟intérêt d‟une approche psychosociale de l‟équivalence des formats de passation traditionnels versus informatisés. Indépendamment du format de passation auquel les individus sont confrontés (i.e. traditionnel, offline ou online), les stratégies d‟autoprésentation sont influencées par la manière dont les individus perçoivent la situation de passation. / The purpose of this thesis is to understand self-presentation processes and, in particular, the expression of social desirability depending on presentation paper-and-pencil versus computer-based test. Computer-based tests could affect the way respondents express self-presentation because this specific context may be perceived as more impersonal than a paper-and-pencil test (Kiesler et Sproull, 1986). While most studies choose to approach the question of the equivalence of traditional versus computer-based test through a psychometric view, we answer this problematic by questioning dispositional variables such as computer attitude (experimentations 1, 2 and 5) and contextual variables such as anonymity (experimentations 3, 4 and 5). Participants‟ use of these test formats is also studied (experimentations 5 and 6). Within this research program, we distinguish the most traditional (i.e. paper-and-pencil) from the most recent (i.e. offline and online) administration mode. The results validate the interest of a psychosocial approach for the field of equivalence of traditional versus computer-based tests. Regardless of the test version itself (i.e. paper-and-pencil, offline or online), self-presentation strategies depends of individuals‟ perception of the testing context.