No description available.

SAMMANFATTNING Det dödliga våldet i Sverige har ökat de senaste åren. Mellan åren 2006 och 2014 ökade antalet skottskador med 32 procent. Förekomsten av penetrerande våld som orsak till trauman där patienten är svårt skadad är stigande. Om patienten utsatts för en penetrerande skada mot huvud, hals, bål eller extremiteter ovan armbåge/knä aktiveras akutmottagningens traumalarm och traumateamet samlas för att påbörja omhändertagandet. Sjuksköterskan är en av flera professioner i traumateamet som deltar vid traumaomhändertagandet av patienten. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter kring traumaomhändertagandet av patienter med våldsrelaterade penetrerande skador. Metoden var en kvalitativ deskriptiv studie med induktiv ansats. Sju sjuksköterskor verksamma på en akutmottagning inkluderades och semistrukturerade intervjuer med dessa genomfördes. Intervjuerna transkriberades för att vidare analyseras utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet av sjuksköterskornas beskrivna erfarenheter presenteras i sju kategorier: förberedelser, kompetens, teamarbete, ledarskap, professionalism, otrygghet och rädsla samt reflektion. Ur sjuksköterskornas erfarenheter framkom vikten av ett välfungerande teamarbete med ett tydligt ledarskap för ett optimalt traumaomhändertagande av patienter med våldsrelaterade penetrerande skador. Med hjälp av utbildning och teamträning ansåg sjuksköterskorna att teamarbetet kunde främjas och den egna rollen stärkas. Den ofta beskrivna känslan av rädsla och otrygghet under möten med denna patientgrupp skulle kunna minskas genom närvaro av polis och annan säkerhetspersonal och var avgörande för att sjuksköterskorna skulle känna sig trygga på sin arbetsplats. Sjuksköterskorna uttryckte att möjligheten till reflektion när omhändertagandet avslutats saknades men hade varit önskvärd för att tillsammans med teamet kunna bearbeta händelsen. Sjuksköterskorna visade sig ha både positiva och negativa erfarenheter kring traumaomhändertagandet av patienter med våldsrelaterade penetrerande skador. Själva traumaomhändertagandet upplevdes inte vara annorlunda vid omhändertagandet av patienter med våldsrelaterade penetrerande skador jämfört med övriga traumapatienter men känslorna som uppstod skilde sig. Utifrån resultatet anser författarna att rutiner gällande polisens närvaro vid traumaomhändertagande av patienter med våldsrelaterade skador, fortlöpande teamträning och kompetenshöjande utbildning samt möjligheten till att efter avslutat omhändertagande gemensamt i teamet få reflektera skulle kunna var en tillgång för sjuksköterskan. Genom detta skulle omhändertagandet av patienterna kunna optimeras och sjuksköterskans trygghet på arbetsplatsen stärkas.

Bison produce trails, wallows, and trample grounds, visible in satellite imagery disturbing ~27,500 m2 at Yellowstone National Park (YNP; in USA) and ~10,700 m2 in Białowieża National Forest (BNF; in Poland and Belarus), and, without anthropogenic land change, these mega-traces persist in sand-dominated substrates for 6-26 years. The average wallow size ranges from ~17-40 m2, whereas the average trample ground varies in size from ~140-300 m2. Trail segments typically extend for ~260-380 m, but the longest trails at YNP traverse >3 km. Estimates of track volume indicate for a standard herd of 200 animals, over a daily distance of 10 km ~4000 m3 is pediturbated. Low sinuosity values of 1.16-1.10 characterize trails, and wallows display high aspect ratios >0.7, helping distinguish bison traces on the landscape. During the Holocene, as many as 40 million bison inhabited North America, so this study provides a qualitative baseline for considering the geomorphic ability of large ungulates.Caliper measurements indicate the surface expression of simulated bison tracks varies depending on the moisture content of the medium. The slope of the marginal ridges (MR) in dry (0% moisture by volume), moist (~10% moisture by volume) and wet (saturated) sand differ around the track perimeter, although the minimum slope of the marginal ridge increases with moisture content (dry sand ~10 cm, moist sand ~40 cm, wet sand ~20 cm). The maximum MR slope (~80°) occurs in a moist substrate. The aspect ratio of prints in wet sand is 0.60, reflecting the most elliptical hoofprint, whereas moist sand displayed the most circular track with an aspect ratio of 0.76. The interdigital angle decreased by ~5° with increasing moisture (dry = 56°, wet ≈ 51°). Photos document in dry sand, deformation fronts 2-3 cm in height are present, whereas in moist sand, transverse and radial cracks are present. In wet sand, debris flows form. Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) imaging reveals subsurface anomalies interpreted as undertracks and normal micro-faults. In dry sand, two poorly-defined sets of undertracks with 1 cm relief are visible 3-4 cm beneath the tracking surface. Normal faulting is absent. In moist and wet sand, 4-5 sets of detailed undertracks showing 2-3 cm of relief deform sediments 7-8 cm in depth. Several normal faults are present in moist and wet hoofprints. Combined surface and subsurface observations may indicate the moisture content of paleo-tracking surfaces, particularly if the substrate is saturated. When hoofprints are formed in an unfrozen substrate, freezing increases preservation potential. Partially thawed tracks are resistant to deflation (wind erosion), maintaining outlines of digits and the medial pocket until late stages of deflation. Billions of ungulate traces formed in aeolian periglacial settings may be preserved. Tracks exposed to aeolian action exhibit higher heavy-mineral concentrations (HMC) along marginal ridges (MR), which are detectable using low-field bulk magnetic susceptibility (MS). In situ tracks from Delaware and Virginia (USA) display marginal HMCs 3.7-10x greater than background MS, whereas in laboratory, simulated hoofprints show marginal HMCs 1.7x above background MS. HMCs readily occur in nature, so MS measurements of tracking surfaces may quantitatively indicate the length or intensity of aeolian processes. This experiment demonstrates hoofprints indented through a <1 mm thick HMC and subsequently exposed to 1 min wind gusts of 5-10 m/s form HMCs on the scale of 10’s of µSI. Billions of ungulate tracks displaying marginal HMCs are probably preserved, potentially providing a detailed regional paleo-wind record. / Geoscience

Proteins provide evidence that a given gene is expressed, and machine learning algorithms can be applied to various proteomics problems in order to gain information about the underlying biology. This dissertation applies machine learning algorithms to proteomics data in order to predict whether or not a given peptide is observable by mass spectrometry, whether a given peptide can serve as a cell penetrating peptide, and then utilizes the peptides observed through mass spectrometry to aid in the structural annotation of the chicken genome. Peptides observed by mass spectrometry are used to identify proteins, and being able to accurately predict which peptides will be seen can allow researchers to analyze to what extent a given protein is observable. Cell penetrating peptides can possibly be utilized to allow targeted small molecule delivery across cellular membranes and possibly serve a role as drug delivery peptides. Peptides and proteins identified through mass spectrometry can help refine computational gene models and improve structural genome annotations.

No description available.

Drone-mounted ground penetrating radar (GPR) has the capability to investigate terrain that is inaccessible or hazardous to humans. A linear frequency-modulated (LFM) radar with the potential for GPR applications is described based on the LimeSDR Mini software defined radio (SDR). Challenges of the LimeSDR Mini radar include the SDR's lack of support for transmitter-receiver synchronization and high bleedthrough leakage. These issues are overcome through corrective software processing techniques including deconvolution of the SDR's system impulse response and digital feed-through nulling. Feed-through nulling is effective at reducing bleedthrough leakage, achieving a 26 dB reduction in power. Although high noise can confound the identification of targets with small radar cross sections in dynamic environments, the LimeSDR Mini radar is demonstrated to display a moving target across multiple ranges. This research demonstrates the increasing accessibility of SDR radar for drone applications, as the LimeSDR Mini is lightweight and low-cost compared to high-end SDRs typically used in SDR radar.

Background: Cerebrovascular injury (CVI) is a potentially devastating complication of gunshot wounds to the head (GSWH), with yet unclear incidence and prognostic implications. Few studies have also attempted to define CVI risk factors and their role in patient outcomes. We aimed to describe 10 years of CVI from GSWH and characterize these injury patterns. Methods: Single-institution data from 2009 to 2019 were queried to identify patients presenting with dural-penetrating GSWH. Patient records were reviewed for GSWH characteristics, CVI patterns, management, and follow-up. Results: Overall, 63 of 297 patients with GSWH underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) with 44.4% showing CVI. The middle cerebral artery (22.2%), dural venous sinuses (15.9%), and internal carotid artery (14.3%) were most frequently injured. Arterial occlusion was the most prominent injury type (22.2%) followed by sinus thrombosis (15.9%). One fifth of patients underwent delayed repeat CTA, with 20.1% showing new/previously unrecognized CVI. Bihemispheric bullet tracts were associated with CVI occurrence (P = 0.001) and mortality (P = 0.034). Dissection injuries (P = 0.013), injuries to the vertebrobasilar system (P = 0.036), or the presence of ≥2 concurrent CVIs (P = 0.024) were associated with increased risk of mortality. Of patients with CVI on initial CTA, 30% died within the first 24 hours. Conclusions: CVI was found in 44.4% of patients who underwent CTA. Dissection and vertebrobasilar injuries are associated with the highest mortality. CTA should be considered in any potentially survivable GSWH. Longitudinal study with consistent CTA use is necessary to determine the true prevalence of CVI and optimize the use of imaging modalities.

Our genome operates by sending instructions, conveyed by mRNA, for the manufacture of proteins from chromosomal DNA in the nucleus of the cell to the protein synthesizing machinery in the cytoplasm. Alternative splicing is a natural process in which a single gene can encode multiple related proteins. During RNA splicing, introns are selectively removed resulting in alternatively spliced gene products. Alternatively spliced protein products can have very different biological effects, such that one protein isoform is disease-related while another isoform is desirable. Splice switching opens the door to new drug targets, and antisense oligonucleotides (asONs), designed to switch splicing, are effective drug candidates. Cellular uptake of oligonucleotides(ONs) is poor, therefore utilization of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), well recognized for intracellular cargo delivery, is a promising approach to overcome this essential issue. Most CPPs are internalized by endocytosis, although the mechanisms involved remain controversial. Here, evaluation of CPP-mediated ON delivery over cellular membranes has been performed. A protocol that allows for convenient assessment of CPP-mediated cellular uptake and characterization of corresponding internalization routes is established. The protocol is based on both fluorometric uptake measurements and a functional splice-switching assay, which in itself is based on biological activity of conveyed ONs. Additionally, splice switching ONs (SSOs) have been optimized for high efficiency and specificity. Data suggest that SSO activity is improved for chimeric phosphorothioate SSOs containing locked nucleic acid (LNA) monomers. It is striking that the LNA monomers in such chimeric constructs give rise to low mismatch discrimination of target pre-mRNA, which highlight the necessity to optimize sequences to minimize risk for off-target effects. The results are important for up-coming work aimed at developing compounds consisting of peptides and novel synthetic nucleic acids, making these entities winning allies in the competition to develop therapeutics regulating protein expression patterns.

No description available.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetometry were used at Tel Shimron, an archaeological site in Israel’s Jezreel Valley. GPR primarily measures electric properties while magnetometry measures magnetic properties, making them complementary methods for subsurface prospection. Magnetometry can be collected and processed quickly, making it an ideal landscape-scale reconnaissance tool. It takes more time to collect, process, and interpret GPR data, but the result is a higher resolution dataset. In addition, GPR often works better than magnetometry in desert environments such as the Jezreel Valley. Conventional wisdom suggests that GPR should not be used as a landscape-scale reconnaissance tool unless there is ample time to process and interpret the data. Despite this, GPR was used at Tel Shimron with standardized, semi-automated processing routines and eight field technicians to produce an end product. The GPR survey revealed more about the subsurface than magnetometry, including three potential dwellings and a Bronze Age city gate.