Two key methods of perceptually training difficult L2 contrasts are the perceptual fading (PF) technique and the high variability phonetic training (HVPT) technique, and perceptual benefits from using both of these methods have also been found to transfer to pronunciation. However, these techniques have not been compared in their classic forms (PF with one speaker vs. HVPT with multiple speakers) with regard to perceptual gains, nor have they been compared with regard to gains in pronunciation accuracy or how any improvement is retained in the long term. Furthermore, whilst a number of studies suggest that motivation, the concern for L2 pronunciation accuracy aspect in particular, along with perception and/or pronunciation training may contribute to more nativelike pronunciation in late L2 learners, this has not been examined with specific reference to these training techniques. The present work compares these techniques for training native English speaking learners of French on difficult L2 French contrasts (/u/ vs. /y/ and /ɑ˜/vs./ɔ˜/),and assesses participant concern for pronunciation accuracy in order to ascertain an optimal training technique to improve the perception and pronunciation of less able learners. Experiment 1 of this thesis compares HVPT and PF using multiple and single speakers and found that the single speaker HVPT technique was significantly less effective than the others immediately after training. Testing again after at least one month suggested that training was best retained either through using PF with one speaker or HVPT with multiple speakers, that is, the techniques in their classic forms. Experiment 2 examines the benefits of these perceptual training techniques vs. pronunciation training vs. perception AND pronunciation training for both perceptual and pronunciation improvement. Undergoing multiple speaker HVPT + pronunciation training (over the same timescale as training in a single modality) appeared to be most beneficial for perception and pronunciation. Experiment 3 examines the relationship between average pronunciation improvement and participant concern for pronunciation accuracy as measured Elliott’s (1995) Pronunciation Attitude Inventory and found that a high concern for pronunciation accuracy is only related to greater improvements when specific, perhaps more monotonous, training techniques (using only one modality and speaker) are used. Overall, the present results provided no evidence of transfer of perceptual training benefits to pronunciation, and only slight evidence of transfer of pronunciation training benefits to perception, although there was a clear link between participant perception and pronunciation ability before training commenced. This is likely to be at least partly why some training in both modalities emerged as most successful in terms of improvements in both domains. It was therefore suggested that it may be prudent to consider the relationship between perceptual and production learning as distinct from any links between perception and production in general.

La communication parlée peut être vue comme un processus interactif impliquant un couplage fonctionnel entre les systèmes moteur et sensoriel. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est de tester ces possibles liens perceptivo-moteurs, aussi bien lors de la perception que de la production de la parole, au travers de multiples paradigmes comportementaux et auprès de différentes populations de participants. Le protocole expérimental mis en place est composé de trois paradigmes expérimentaux classiques : un premier paradigme de close-shadowing,visant à explorer le format partiellement moteur de stimuli auditifs et audiovisuels de parole ; un second paradigme permettant de mettre en évidence des corrélations entre la production et la perception de voyelles ; et enfin, un dernier paradigme d’imitation consciente et inconsciente de fréquence fondamentale.Suite à la validation de notre protocole expérimental auprès d’une population contrôle de jeunes adultes normo-entendants, nous avons étudié une seconde population constituée d’adultes normo-entendants séniors, et ceci afin d’évaluer la conséquence d'un déclin des fonctions cognitives et langagières. Les résultats obtenus ont permis de suggérer une activation fonctionnelle des liens perceptivo-moteurs lors de la perception et de la production de parole chez l’ensemble des participants. La troisième population testée était constituée de patients sourds post-linguaux puis implantés, afin de déterminer l'impact d'une déprivation sensorielle ainsi que les éventuels réapprentissages liés à leur implantation sur ces liens perceptivo-moteurs. De manièresurprenante, les résultats ont mis en évidence des relations sensori-motrices actives chez ces participants, et ce même très peu de temps après l’implantation. Pris ensemble, les résultats observés avec ces trois paradigmes expérimentaux et auprès de ces trois groupes de participants attestent de la nature perceptivo-motrice de la parole. De manière importante, malgré des performances dégradées, ces interactions entre systèmes sensoriels et moteur lors de la perception et de la production de parole resteraient fonctionnelles auprès des deux populations, celle des adultes normo-entendants séniors etcelle des patients sourds post-linguaux porteurs d’un implant cochléaire. / Speech communication can be considered as an interactive process involving afunctional coupling between sensory and motor systems. The aim of this thesis was to test possible perceptuo-motor linkages during both speech perception and production, using distinct behavioral paradigms and populations. The experimental protocol was made of three classic experiments: a first paradigm of close-shadowing, aiming at exploring the partially motor format of audio and audiovisual stimuli; a second paradigm allowing to correlate production and perception of vowels; and a third paradigm of conscious and unconscious imitation of pitch. The experimental protocol was validated with a first group of young hearing adults. The second population studied was composed of elderly normal-hearing participants, in order to evaluate the consequences of both cognitive and linguistic declines. Results allowed us to suggest a functional activation of perceptuo-motor linkage during speech production and perception.The third population we tested comprised post-lingually deaf patients wearing acochlear implant. Our objective was to determine the impact of the sensorial deprivation and the re-learning processes, associated with their implantation, on perceptuo-motor linkages. Unexpectedly, results showed an active sensori-motor relationship in those participants, even shortly after the cochlear implantation. Altogether, our results confirmed the perceptuo-motor nature of speech. Importantly, in spite of degraded performances, these interactions between the sensory and the motor systems during speech production and perception remained functional in both the elderly normal-hearing population and the post-lingually deaf patients, wearing a cochlear implant.

Une des principales difficultés rencontrées par les Vietnamiens apprenants du français langue étrangère, une des plus résistantes aux enseignements de phonétique corrective, est la prononciation des groupes consonantiques intra- ou inter-syllabiques, intra- ou inter-mots du français. Quelles sont alors les véritables raisons de ces difficultés ? C'est à cette question que tente de répondre ce travail d'étude doctorale. La thèse aborde une problématique qui s'inscrit dans le cadre de recherches sur les capacités à percevoir les gestes de l'autre puisque des travaux récents montrent que la capacité à retrouver les caractéristiques du contrôle des gestes des articulateurs passe par la perception du signal qui encode ces gestes. Dans ce cadre théorique liant perception et action et à partir d'une comparaison des séquences consonantiques dans les deux langues en prenant en compte la notion de syllabe, il s'est agi d'identifier et expliquer un ensemble de facteurs acoustico-perceptifs et articulatoires responsables de la difficulté à réaliser les groupes consonantiques du français par des apprenants vietnamiens. La thèse propose un ensemble de résultats tout à fait intéressants qui sont discutés à la lumière des différentes théories et modèles d'acquisition des sons des langues étrangères. Ces résultats pourront trouver application dans le développement d'un outil de technologie éducative pour l'apprentissage du français par des Vietnamiens (et sur une échelle d'application plus large pour l'apprentissage des langues en général) capable de proposer des protocoles en phonétique corrective tels que stratégies de récupération des gestes (entraînements) et évaluation des performances des apprenants. / One of the main difficulties faced by Vietnamese learners of French as a foreign language, and one of the most resistant to repair through corrective phonetics, is the pronunciation of French consonant groups, whether within or across syllables or words. What are the real reasons for these difficulties? This study attempts to answer that question. The thesis addresses an issue raised by investigations on the capacity to perceive the others' gestures. In fact, recent works show that the ability to access the articulators' gestural control characteristics is mediated by the perception of the signal which encodes these gestures. In this theoretical framework linking perception and action, and through comparison of consonant sequences and syllable structures in both languages, this study identifies and explains a number of acoustic-perceptual and articulatory factors responsible for the difficulty of the French consonant groups for Vietnamese learners. The results of the study are discussed in light of different theories and models of sound acquisition of foreign languages. These results could be applied to the development of an educational technology tool for teaching French to the Vietnamese (or more broadly for language learning in general), a tool which could propose corrective phonetics strategies (such as gestural recovery training) and performance assessment of learners.

It has always been a ‘mystery’, why the Danish building industry stagnated after the industrial breakthrough, and never was able to adapt the industrial production, business culture, buyer perception, and leadership and management, used in nearly all other Danish industries. This study offers a new approach to understanding the problem - by analysing systemic barriers to the industry’s transformation to a seller driven industry, in the context of a widespread neglect of the need for industrialisation (a problem addressed by relatively little literature) with the building remaining a manual, craft based industry, based on the old building process and its associated business model. Industrialisation has instead taken place in the building materials industry, which in a Danish context is a separate and highly industrialised industry. To analyse the barriers for transformation in the building industry a multidimensional approach is applied: First the building industry and modern industries are compared. Two archetype models are created using the above mentioned variables; one model for the building industry and its “Buyer Controlled Procurement Model” and one for modern industries and their “Seller Driven Marketing Model” with interrelated production and sale, enabling them to sell to unknown customers. Next the statistical productivity trends and other secondary data are examined to analyse, if the Seller Driven Marketing Model is performing better. Finally a Delphi Panel Consultation is conducted to discuss future development scenarios. Michel Foucault’s principles of historical analysis and his ‘episteme’ concept are used to analyse the outcome of the Delphi Panel Consultation.

The body matters in the humanities and within social and cultural studies. It is variously understood as a knowledge store and transmitter, as a node of perception and cognition, as a site of discipline and power and as a locus of identity and agency. But how is the body integral to our concept of music? With increasing interest, Musicology is discovering the epistemological role of the body and its potential as analytical tool, pursuing avenues such as affect studies, performance studies, gender in music and musical perception and cognition. This volume of collected works draws on an international conference, held at the Department of Musicology at the University of Göttingen in 2019, that aimed to bring together various theoretical perspectives relating to the body and evaluating its present musicological relevance. It explores pathways into a fundamental debate on the body as a central musicological category and reflects on the relevance of this category in the application of diverse musical objects and practices. Composition and performance, aesthetic discourse and sociological analysis, perception and production are all discussed in relation to bodily knowledge, bodily practice and bodily norms. Historical, contemporary, analytical, ethnographic and artistic-experimental approaches reflect the richness of the musicological discipline and its forays into the musical body. The publication contains twelve different approaches to the body in music in German and English by Sylvain Brétéché, Max Ischebeck, Werner Jauk, Jasna Jovicevic, Moritz Kelber, Tobias Knickmann, Ina Knoth, Madeleine Le Bouteiller, Alastair White, Martin Winter, Stefanie Schroedter and Martin Zenck.:Abbreviations 7 Christine Hoppe, Sarah Avischag Müller: Musicological Pathways into the Body in Music 9 Moving Sounds, Moving Bodies Stephanie Schroedter: Körper und Klänge in Bewegung – Körperliche Dimensionen von Musik zwischen Embodiment und Enaction 29 Moritz Kelber: Mehr als nur berührend. Die Hand in der Musikpraxis der Frühen Neuzeit 57 Martin Zenck: Musik – eine taktile Kunst? Hand, Auge und Mund in den Dirigierlehren von Hermann Scherchen und Pierre Boulez 91 Body Discourses and Sociological Perspectives Martin Winter: Musik als Technologie der Körper. Eine Skizze der Ko-Produktionen von Klang, Körper und Subjekt 115 Max Ischebeck: Der musikalische Körper als Wunschmaschine: Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder und die Bedeutung des Leibes für die gesellschafliche Wirksamkeit der Musik 133 Ina Knoth: Körpervorstellung und Musikwahrnehmung englischer Virtuosi um 1700 155 Musical Composition – Body Images – Musical Instruments Alastair White: Material Music: Reclaiming Freedom in Spatialised Time 175 Tobias Knickmann: As if “moving a mountain” – Te Auditive, Visual and Semantic Potential of Performing Chaya Czernowin’s String Quartet and Te last leaf 195 Performance – Body – Perception Madeleine Le Bouteiller: The Body as a Musical Instrument: Reconsidering Performances with Biosignals 215 Sylvain Brétéché: ‘Body Ways’: The Extra-ordinary Music of the Deaf 229 Jasna Jovicevic: Mapping the Performative Body in the Practice of Jazz Improvisation 255 Werner Jauk: Sound-gesture und ihre Mediatisierungen – musikalische als symbolische Formen von embodied cognitions aus der Natur sonisch performativen Erlebens 273 Appendix Conference programme 295 Authors 299

Les langues ont de nombreux types de dépendances, certaines concernant des éléments adjacents et d'autres concernant des éléments non adjacents. Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont montré comment les capacités précoces générales des enfants pour traiter le langage se transforment en capacités spécialisées pour la langue qu'ils acquièrent. Ces études ont montré que pendant la deuxième moitié de leur première année de vie, les enfants deviennent sensibles aux propriétés prosodiques, phonétiques et phonotactiques de leur langue maternelle concernant les éléments adjacents. Cependant, aucune étude n'avait mis en évidence la sensibilité des enfants à des dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes, qui sont un élément clé dans les langues humaines. Par conséquent, la présente thèse a examiné si les enfants sont capables de détecter, d'apprendre et d’utiliser des dépendances phonotactiques non-adjacentes. Le biais Labial-Coronal, correspondant à la prévalence des structures commençant par une consonne labiale suivie d'une consonne coronale (LC, comme bateau), par rapport au pattern inverse Coronal-Labial (CL, comme tabac), a été utilisé pour explorer la sensibilité des nourrissons aux dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes. Nos résultats établissent qu’à 10 mois les enfants de familles francophones sont sensibles aux dépendances phonologiques non-adjacentes (partie expérimentale 1.1). De plus, nous avons exploré le niveau auquel s’effectuent ces acquisitions. En effet, des analyses de fréquence sur le lexique du français ont montré que le biais LC est clairement présent pour les séquences de plosives et de nasales, mais pas pour les fricatives. Les résultats d'une série d'expériences suggèrent que le pattern de préférences des enfants n’est pas guidé par l'ensemble des fréquences cumulées dans le lexique, ou des fréquences de paires individuelles, mais par des classes de consonnes définies par le mode d'articulation (partie expérimentale 1.2). En outre, nous avons cherché à savoir si l’émergence du biais LC était liés à des contraintes de type maturationnel ou bien par l'exposition à l’input linguistique. Pour cela, nous avons tout d’abord testé l'émergence du biais LC dans une population présentant des différences de maturation, à savoir des enfants nés prématurément (± 3 mois avant terme), puis comparé leurs performances à un groupe d‘enfants nés à terme appariés en âge de maturation, et à un groupe de nourrissons nés à terme appariés en âge chronologique. Nos résultats indiquent qu’à 10 mois les enfants prématurés ont un pattern qui ressemble plus au pattern des enfants nés à terme âgés de 10 mois (même âge d'écoute) qu’à celui des enfants nés à terme âgés de 7 mois (même âge de maturation ; partie expérimentale 1.3). Deuxièmement, nous avons testé une population apprenant une langue où le biais LC n’est pas aussi clairement présent dans le lexique : le japonais. Les résultats de cette série d'expériences n’a montré aucune préférence pour les structures LC ou CL chez les enfants japonais (partie expérimentale 1.4). Pris ensemble, ces résultats suggèrent que le biais LC peut être attribué à l'exposition à l'input linguistique et pas seulement à des contraintes maturationnelles. Enfin, nous avons exploré si, et quand, les acquisitions phonologiques apprises au cours de la première année de la vie influencent le début du développement lexical au niveau de la segmentation et de l’apprentissage des mots. Nos résultats montrent que les mots avec la structure phonotactique LC, plus fréquente, sont segmentés (partie expérimentale 2.1) et appris (partie expérimentale 2.2) à un âge plus précoce que les mots avec la structure phonotactique CL moins fréquente. Ces résultats suggèrent que les connaissances phonotactiques préalablement acquises peuvent influencer l'acquisition lexicale, même quand il s'agit d'une dépendance non-adjacente. / Languages instantiate many different kinds of dependencies, some holding between adjacent elements and others holding between non-adjacent elements. During the past decades, many studies have shown how infant initial language-general abilities change into abilities that are attuned to the language they are acquiring. These studies have shown that during the second half of their first year of life, infants became sensitive to the prosodic, phonetic and phonotactic properties of their mother tongue holding between adjacent elements. However, at the present time, no study has established sensitivity to nonadjacent phonological dependencies, which are a key feature in human languages. Therefore, the present dissertation investigates whether infants are able to detect, learn and use non-adjacent phonotactic dependencies. The Labial-Coronal bias, corresponding to the prevalence of structures starting with a labial consonant followed by a coronal consonant (LC, i.e. bat), over the opposite pattern (CL, i.e. tab) was used to explore infants sensitivity to non-adjacent phonological dependencies. Our results establish that by 10 months of age French-learning infants are sensitive to non-adjacent phonological dependencies (experimental part 1.1). In addition, we explored the level of generalization of these acquisitions. Frequency analyses on the French lexicon showed that the LC bias is clearly present for plosive and nasal sequences but not for fricatives. The results of a series of experiments suggest that infants preference patterns are not guided by overall cumulative frequencies in the lexicon, or frequencies of individual pairs, but by consonant classes defined by manner of articulation (experimental part 1.2). Furthermore, we explored whether the LC bias was trigger by maturational constrains or by the exposure to the input. To do so, we tested the emergence of the LC bias firstly in a population having maturational differences, that is infants born prematurely (± 3 months before term) and compared their performance to a group of full-term infants matched in maturational age, and a group of full-term infants matched in chronological age. Our results indicate that the preterm 10-month-old pattern resembles much more that of the full-term 10-month-olds (same listening age) than that of the full-term 7-month-olds (same maturational age; experimental part 1.3). Secondly we tested a population learning a language with no LC bias in its lexicon, that is Japanese-learning infants. The results of these set of experiments failed to show any preference for either LC or CL structures in Japanese-learning infants (experimental part 1.4). Taken together these results suggest that the LC bias is triggered by the exposure to the linguistic input and not only to maturational constrains. Finally, we explored whether, and if so when, phonological acquisitions during the first year of life constrain early lexical development at the level of word segmentation and word learning. Our results show that words with frequent phonotactic structures are segmented (experimental part 2.1) and learned (experimental part 2.2) at an earlier age than words with a less frequent phonotactic structure. These results suggest that prior phonotactic knowledge can constrain later lexical acquisition even when it involves a non-adjacent dependency.