The current study examined relations among perceptual bias, measured by comparing self performance ratings to those of an independent rater, and gender and comorbid Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Anxiety Disorder (ODD/AD) status in school-aged children with primary diagnoses of ODD. Specifically, perceptual bias of boys (N=61) and girls (N=39) with ODD with (N=43) and without comorbid AD (N=57) were examined after completing a problem solving activity with their parent(s). Measures of global functioning, executive functioning, and severity of the disorders were also examined. Based on previous findings, it was predicted that boys with ODD without AD would exhibit the greatest positive perceptual bias, followed by girls with ODD without AD, boys with ODD and AD, and, finally, girls with ODD and AD. No significant group differences emerged on the related dimensions of global functioning, executive functioning, or severity of behavioral problems. However, systematic differences in age, ADHD diagnosis, and intellectual ability were revealed among the groups, consequently they were controlled for in the final analyses. Overall, children in all groups displayed positive perceptual bias when compared to observer ratings. However, the main hypotheses were not supported. That is, children with ODD evaluated their performance higher than that of observers, independent of comorbid anxiety and gender, when controlling for the effects of age, ADHD, and intellectual ability. Implications and future directions in examining perceptual bias are discussed. / Master of Science

De nombreuses études ont relevé un biais perceptif (BP) gauche, c’est-à-dire une tendance à utiliser préférentiellement les informations issues de l’hémi-visage gauche (du point de vue de l’observateur), lors du traitement des visages. Ce BP pourrait être lié à la dominance de l’hémisphère droit pour le traitement des visages. Par ailleurs, certaines études ont mis ce BP en lien avec un biais oculomoteur (BO) gauche : l’observateur effectue des fixations en nombre et/ou en durée supérieurs sur l’hémi-visage gauche (Butler et al., 2005 ; Megreya & Havard, 2011). Au cours du vieillissement, le BP gauche semble être toujours présent, mais d’apparition plus tardive, nécessitant un temps d’exposition aux visages plus long (Butler & Harvey, 2008 ; Coolican et al., 2008). Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons étudié l’évolution de ces deux biais au cours du vieillissement au cours d’une tâche de jugement de genre, à l’aide de visages normaux et chimériques (composés de moitiés de visages d’homme et de femme) en manipulant le nombre de saccades permettant d’explorer le visage (aucune, 1, 2 et 3 saccades) et la position de présentation des visages (Haut, Bas, Centre, Gauche et Droite). Bien que dans l’ensemble, les personnes jeunes témoignent d’un BP gauche, cela n’est pas le cas des participants âgés. En outre, ce BP dépend de la position de présentation des visages (BP de proximité pour les positions latérales), mais également du nombre de saccades exécutées (BP gauche apparaissant à partir de la réalisation d’une saccade). En outre, une certaine variabilité interindividuelle est notée, certains participants présentant un BP droit et d’autre une absence de BP. Le BO dépend également de la position de présentation des visages et reste stable au cours du vieillissement. Il semble résulter d’une combinaison de l’effet du centre de gravité (Bindemann et al., 2009) et de l’effet de rang (Kapoula, 1985), la position d’arrivée se situant autour du centre du visage, orientée légèrement vers le point de fixation initial. Enfin, ce BO n’est pas affecté par le BP des participants, qu’ils soient jeunes ou âgés, l’exploration des visages étant la même qu’ils répondent en se basant sur la partie gauche ou droite des visages. Dans l’ensemble, ces résultats remettent en question l’explication jusqu’ici avancée pour ces deux biais, à savoir la dominance de l’HD pour le traitement des visages. / Previous studies demonstrated a left perceptual bias while looking at faces, observers using mainly information from the left side of a face (from the observer point of view) to make a judgment task. Such a bias is consistent with right hemisphere dominance for face processing and has been sometimes linked to a left gaze bias, i.e. more and longer fixations on the left side of the face (Butler et al., 2005; Megreya & Havard, 2011). In the course of aging, the left perceptual bias is still observed, but seems to require a longer exposure duration to faces (Butler & Harvey, 2008; Coolican et al., 2008). Here, in several experiments we recorded eye-movements during a gender judgment task, using normal and chimeric faces (made from two different half-faces of a male and a female) presented at the top, bottom, left or right relative to the central fixation point or at the center. Young and older participants performed the judgment task by remaining fixated on the fixation point or after executing one, two or three saccades. Even if young participants presented an overall left perceptual bias, it was not the case for older participants. Moreover, the perceptual bias depended on face position (a proximity bias was observed for lateral positions) and the number of allowed saccades (the perceptual bias was present when a saccade was executed). An important inter-individual variability was also observed. Indeed, some participants presented a left perceptual bias, while others presented a right perceptual bias or none at all. The gaze bias was also function of face position and is steady while growing older. This gaze bias seems to depend on the combination of two effects: the center-of-gravity effect (Bindemann et al., 2009) and the range effect (Kapoula, 1985). The saccade landing position was located around the center of the face, slightly oriented toward the initial fixation position. No apparent link between gaze and perceptual biases was found in any experiments, for both groups, meaning that a perceptual bias was not systematically coupled to saccades made toward the side of the face which was used to perform the gender judgment. Those results challenge the overall explanation put forward for those two biases that is the right hemisphere dominance for face processing.

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The present exploration of perceptual accuracy and bias in romantic relationships bridges a gap in the literature on the ability of partners to estimate one another’s level of relational and sexual satisfaction, and its impact on their own and their partner’s level of satisfaction. A sample of 50 couples, recruited internationally, in continuously monogamous relationships of at least six-months in length completed online assessments of their relationship. The degree of accuracy and bias of their perception was established by comparing actor’s estimates of their partner’s satisfaction with the partner’s actual, self-reported satisfaction scores. The actor-partner interdependence model (APIM; Kenny, Kashy, & Cook, 2006) revealed significant partner effects (but no actor effects): the underestimation of perceived partner’s sexual and relational satisfaction predicted an increase in partner’s actual sexual and relational satisfaction. Overestimation of partner’s satisfaction, on the other hand, predicted a decrease in partner’s actual satisfaction. Authors hypothesize that under-perception of partner’s satisfaction motivates corrective relationship behaviors, which, in turn, increases the experience of satisfaction of the relationship partner.

abstract: Exabytes of data are created online every day. This deluge of data is no more apparent than it is on social media. Naturally, finding ways to leverage this unprecedented source of human information is an active area of research. Social media platforms have become laboratories for conducting experiments about people at scales thought unimaginable only a few years ago. Researchers and practitioners use social media to extract actionable patterns such as where aid should be distributed in a crisis. However, the validity of these patterns relies on having a representative dataset. As this dissertation shows, the data collected from social media is seldom representative of the activity of the site itself, and less so of human activity. This means that the results of many studies are limited by the quality of data they collect. The finding that social media data is biased inspires the main challenge addressed by this thesis. I introduce three sets of methodologies to correct for bias. First, I design methods to deal with data collection bias. I offer a methodology which can find bias within a social media dataset. This methodology works by comparing the collected data with other sources to find bias in a stream. The dissertation also outlines a data collection strategy which minimizes the amount of bias that will appear in a given dataset. It introduces a crawling strategy which mitigates the amount of bias in the resulting dataset. Second, I introduce a methodology to identify bots and shills within a social media dataset. This directly addresses the concern that the users of a social media site are not representative. Applying these methodologies allows the population under study on a social media site to better match that of the real world. Finally, the dissertation discusses perceptual biases, explains how they affect analysis, and introduces computational approaches to mitigate them. The results of the dissertation allow for the discovery and removal of different levels of bias within a social media dataset. This has important implications for social media mining, namely that the behavioral patterns and insights extracted from social media will be more representative of the populations under study. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2017

abstract: Temporal-order judgments can require integration of self-generated action-events and external sensory information. In a previous study, it was found that participants are biased to perceive one’s own action-events to occur prior to simultaneous external events. This phenomenon, named the “Egocentric Temporal Order Bias”, or ETO bias, was demonstrated as a 67% probability for participants to report self-generated events as occurring prior to simultaneous externally-determined events. These results were interpreted as supporting a feed-forward, constructive model of perception. However, the empirical data could support many potential mechanisms. The present study tests whether the ETO bias is driven by attentional differences, feed-forward predictability, or action. These findings support that participants exhibit a bias due to both feed-forward predictability and action, and a Bayesian analysis supports that these effects are quantitatively unique. Therefore, the results indicate that the ETO bias is largely driven by one’s own action, over and above feed-forward predictability. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Psychology 2020

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