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Charge Transport in EumelaninJohannes De Boor Unknown Date (has links)
Melanins are a class of bio-macromolecules that are found throughout the biosphere. They fulfill various functions in human beings, which makes them a long studied substance in medicine and biology. Furthermore they possess a set of rare and special physico-chemical properties which include featureless broad band absorption in the UV-Vis spectrum and condensed phase electrical conduction. Many scientists have interpreted their findings in terms of an amorphous semiconductor model, but this was done under the a priori assumption that charge transport in melanin is electronic. However, a very strong dependence of melanin’s electrical properties on its level of hydration has recently led to speculations that the dominant charge carrier for high hydration is of protonic rather than electronic nature. This thesis will present direct evidence for electronic charge transport, found by investigating the influence of different environmental parameters on the conductivity of melanin. It will furthermore be shown that the hydration dependent conductivity of melanin can be understood in terms of a dielectric response model for an amorphous semiconductor. This establishment of the major charge carrier is an important step in the on-going effort to fully map the structure-property relationship of melanin and will help to understand its function in vivo. With the ultimate goal to make use of melanin’s fascinating properties, thin films, a new class of device has been characterized and investigated. These thin films, while exhibiting melanin’s characteristics, show improved mechanical stability, a very uniform morphology and a much faster response than standard pellet samples. They are furthermore applicable to standard polymer processing techniques which brings technological applications within reach.
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Suivi du devenir de l'eau et des nitrates sous culture de pommes de terre (Solanum tuberosum L.) à l'aide du traçage isotopique ¹⁸O, ²H et ¹⁵N et d'un échantillonnage représentatif de la microtopographieMacaigne, Peggy. January 1900 (has links) (PDF)
Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2007. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 9 mai 2008). Bibliogr.
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Transferts de fluides dans les milieux fracturés : effets d'échelle /Bour, Olivier, January 1997 (has links)
Th. univ.--Rennes 1, 1996. / Bibliogr., 15 p. Notes bibliogr. Résumé en français.
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Methods for longitudinal complex network analysis in neuroscienceShappell, Heather M. 26 January 2018 (has links)
The study of complex brain networks, where the brain can be viewed as a system with various interacting regions that produce complex behaviors, has grown tremendously over the past decade. With both an increase in longitudinal study designs, as well as an increased interest in the neurological network changes that occur during the progression of a disease, sophisticated methods for dynamic brain network analysis are needed.
We first propose a paradigm for longitudinal brain network analysis over patient cohorts where we adapt the Stochastic Actor Oriented Model (SAOM) framework and model a subject's network over time as observations of a continuous time Markov chain. Network dynamics are represented as being driven by various factors, both endogenous (i.e., network effects) and exogenous, where the latter include mechanisms and relationships conjectured in the literature. We outline an application to the resting-state fMRI network setting, where we draw conclusions at the subject level and then perform a meta-analysis on the model output.
As an extension of the models, we next propose an approach based on Hidden Markov Models to incorporate and estimate type I and type II error (i.e., of edge status) in our observed networks. Our model consists of two components: 1) the latent model, which assumes that the true networks evolve according to a Markov process as they did in the original SAOM framework; and 2) the measurement model, which describes the conditional distribution of the observed networks given the true networks. An expectation-maximization algorithm is developed for estimation.
Lastly, we focus on the study of percolation - the sudden emergence of a giant connected component in a network. This has become an active area of research, with relevance in clinical neuroscience, and it is of interest to distinguish between different percolation regimes in practice. We propose a method for estimating a percolation model from a given sequence of observed networks with single edge transitions. We outline a Hidden Markov Model approach and EM algorithm for the estimation of the birth and death rates for the edges, as well as the type I and type II error rates. / 2018-07-25T00:00:00Z
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Microstructural Explicit Simulation of Grain Boundary Diffusion in Depleted Uranium OxideJanuary 2011 (has links)
abstract: ABSTRACT The behavior of the fission products, as they are released from fission events during nuclear reaction, plays an important role in nuclear fuel performance. Fission product release can occur through grain boundary (GB) at low burnups; therefore, this study simulates the mass transport of fission gases in a 2-D GB network to look into the effects of GB characteristics on this phenomenon, with emphasis on conditions that can lead to percolation. A finite element model was created based on the microstructure of a depleted UO2 sample characterized by Electron Backscattering Diffraction (EBSD). The GBs were categorized into high (D2), low (D1) and bulk diffusivity (Dbulk) based on their misorientation angles and Coincident Site Lattice (CSL) types. The simulation was run using different diffusivity ratios (D2/Dbulk) ranging from 1 to 10^8. The model was set up in three ways: constant temperature case, temperature gradient effects and window methods that mimic the environments in a Light Water Reactor (LWR). In general, the formation of percolation paths was observed at a ratio higher than 10^4 in the measured GB network, which had a 68% fraction of high diffusivity GBs. The presence of temperature gradient created an uneven concentration distribution and decreased the overall mass flux. Finally, radial temperature and fission gas concentration profiles were obtained for a fuel pellet in operation using an approximate 1-D model. The 100 µm long microstructurally explicit model was used to simulate, to the scale of a real UO2 pellet, the mass transport at different radial positions, with boundary conditions obtained from the profiles. Stronger percolation effects were observed at the intermediate and periphery position of the pellet. The results also showed that highest mass flux happens at the edge of a pellet at steady state to accommodate for the sharp concentration drop. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Materials Science and Engineering 2011
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Resistivity and Optical Transmittance Simulation on Metal Embedded Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin FilmsJanuary 2012 (has links)
abstract: This work focuses on simulation of electrical resistivity and optical behaviors of thin films, where an Ag or Au thin layer is embedded in zinc oxide. Enhanced conductivity and transparency were earlier achieved with multilayer structured transparent conducting oxide (TCO) sandwich layer with metal (TCO/metal/TCO). Sputtering pattern of metal layer is simulated to obtain the morphology, covered area fraction, and the percolation strength. The resistivity as a function of the metal layer thickness fits the modeled trend of covered area fraction beyond the percolation threshold. This result not only presents the robustness of the simulation, but also demonstrates the influence of metal morphology in multilayer structure. Effective medium coefficients are defined from the coverage and percolation strength to obtain simulated optical transmittance which matches experimental observation. The coherence of resistivity and optical transmittance validates the simulation of the sputtered pattern and the incorporation of percolation theory in the model. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Materials Science and Engineering 2012
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Estudo do potencial contaminante do Cemitério Jardim, Botucatu - SP /Rocha, Luis Augusto Gomes, 1985. January 2016 (has links)
Orientador: Alcides Lopes Leão / Coorientador: Ivana Cesarino / Banca: Renata Cristina Batista Fonseca / Banca: Vera Lucia Mores Rall / Resumo: A expansão urbana acarreta a necessidade de mitigações ambientais, em que um planejamento do uso do solo bem como seu processo de ocupação traz a necessidade também de estudos para viabilizar tais ações. Nesse processo de expansão, os cemitérios necessitam de maior atenção, visto que estudos dessas áreas já evidenciaram indícios de contaminações no solo. Atualmente, é consenso que atividades de sepultamento são responsáveis pela contaminação do solo e aquíferos subterrâneos através da percolação do necrochorume. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as concentrações dos metais pesados cobre, cromo, zinco e chumbo no solo de três tipos de áreas presentes no cemitério: zona com sepultamento, área sem atividades cemiteriais e fragmento florestal. Para o objetivo, foram efetuadas coletas de solo através de tradagens em nove pontos e seis profundidades. Para determinação da concentração dos metais, foi utilizado espectrofotometria de absorção atômica, no Centro de Assistência Toxicológica (CEATOX), do IB/UNESP. Os valores obtidos foram comparados aos valores de referência propostos pela CONAMA nº420/2009. Com os resultados obtidos, constatou-se que nenhum dos pontos amostrados apresentou concentração acima dos valores estipulados, porém foi possível visualizar acúmulo dos metais na área onde existe atividade cemiterial e estabelecer sua relação com o fluxo superficial e sub-superficial da água. O fato de o local de estudo possuir uma área com fragmento florestal a jusant... / Abstract: Urban expansion engenders the need for environmental mitigation, in which planning the processes of land use and cover generates the need of studies to enable such actions. In that expansion process, it is imperative that more attention is paid to cemeteries, since studies in the area have already evidenced soil contamination. There is currently a consensus that burial activity is responsible for soil and aquifer contamination through cemetery leachate percolation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the concentration of four heavy metals (copper, chromium, zinc, and lead) in three different types of area found in the cemetery: the burial grounds, an area with no cemeterial activity, and a forest fragment. To achieve that objective, soil samples were collected through boreholes in nine areas and six depths. The metal concentrations were determined through atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) at the Toxicology Assistance Center (Centro de Assistência Toxicológica, or CEATOX) in the IB/UNESP campus. The values obtained were then compared to the reference values used by the National Environment Council (CONAMA) nº420/2009. The final results showed that none of the samples had concentrations higher than the established values; however, it was possible to identify a higher concentration of the metals in the burial grounds and to determine its connection to the surface and subsurface water flow. As the study environment has a forest fragment downstream, it was posible ... / Mestre
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Invasões múltiplas em meios porosos desordenados / Multiple invasions in disordered porous mediaSilva, Jorge Roberto Pereira da January 2013 (has links)
SILVA, Jorge Roberto Pereira da. Invasões múltiplas em meios porosos desordenados. 2013. 73 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2013. / Submitted by francisco lima (admir@ufc.br) on 2014-03-20T13:24:31Z
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Previous issue date: 2013 / In this dissertation, we investigate by means of numerical simulations geometrical and transport properties related with the invasion phenomena through disordered porous media in a very slow invasion regime, using two and three dimensions porous medias. Here, the porous media is modeling by means of a random structure, where each pore is represented by a random number comes from a uniform distribution. We assume that the invasion process occurs in the limit of very low viscous force, which means that the invasion process is controlled by capillary force. In this limit the invasion percolation model without trap is suitable. The new aspect incorporated here, consists basically of a multiple invasion process, where after the first invasion takes place only part of the structure of the porous, that was invaded previous, can be invaded again. We study, how the multiple invasion changes the fractal dimension of the invaded cluster. Estimated values for the fractal dimension of the invaded region reveal that the critical exponents vary as a function of the generation number G, i.e., where the number of times the invasion takes place. On base in numerical datas, we show the averaged mass M of the invaded region decreases with a power law as a function of G, M ∼ G{−β} , where the exponents β ≈ 0.59 (2D) and β ≈ 0.73 (3D). We also investigated, how the fractal dimension changes as a function of G, find that the fractal dimension of the invaded cluster changes from df = 1.89 ± 0.02 to ds = 1.22 ± 0.02 and df = 2.52 ± 0.02 to ds = 1.46 ± 0.02 for (2D) and (3D), respectively. These results confirm that the multiple invasion process follows a continuous transition from one universality class (nontrapping invasion percolation) to another (optimal path), furthermore these change are continuos for both dimensionality. Another aspect investigated, was the avalanche distribution in the invasion process. We analyzed how the distribution of avalanche changes as function of G, more precisely, how the multiple invasion process changes the exponent τ of the power law distribution. Regardless the values, we find that the behaviour of the exponents τ looks like the same for both dimensions studied. The exponents τ , initially change in a very slow way until reach a region, of certain value of G which depend on the dimension, they start to decrease in a deep way until reach the saturation value. The saturation value is close, for (2D), to one-dimension cas / Nesta dissertação, investigamos por meio de simulação computacional propriedades geométricas e de transportes relacionadas ao fenômeno de invasão em meios porosos desordenados no regime de invasão muito lento em sistemas bidimensionais e tridimensionais. O meio poroso considerado aqui é representado por meio de uma estrutura desordenada onde a cada poro que compõe este meio se associa um número aleatório obtido a partir de uma distribuição uniforme. Considerando o regime lento de invasão, onde as forças capilares dominam o escoamento em relação as forças viscosas, utilizando para a dinâmica de invasão o modelo de percolação invasiva sem aprisionamento. Introduzimos um variante no modelo de percolação invasiva, assumindo o aspecto de múltiplas invasões, onde a cada nova invasão apenas parte do substrato utilizado na invasão anterior pode ser invadido novamente. Em uma primeira parte, estudamos como o processo de múltipla invasão altera as características do agregado invadido. Valores estimados para a dimensão fractal da região invadida revelam que os expoentes críticos variam em função do número de geração G, isto é, o número de vezes que o processo de invasão foi repetido. Com base em dados numéricos, mostramos que a massa média do agregado invadido decresce na forma de uma lei de potência como função de G, M ~ G^{-β}, com o expoente β = 0.59 (2D) e 0.73 (3D). Investigamos como a dimensão fractal do agregado invadido varia em função dos repetitivos processo de invasão, mostrando que as mesmas variam de df = 1.89 ± 0.02 até ds = 1.22 ± 0.02 para o caso (2D) e df = 2.52 ± 0.02 até ds = 1.46 ± 0.02 para o caso (3D). Os resultados confirmam que o processo de múltiplas invasões segue uma transição continua entre as classes de universalidade do modelo de percolação invasiva sem aprisionamento e ótimo caminho, sendo este comportamento observado em duas e três dimensões. Um outro aspecto investigado nessa dissertação, foi o fenômeno de avalanche que ocorre durante o processo de invasão. Investigamos como a distribuição de tamanhos de avalanche, que se comporta na forma de uma lei de potência P(S, L) ~ S^{-τ} , altera-se em função das múltiplas invasões. Mais precisamente, calculamos como o expoente que governa o comportamento das avalanches se altera em função do número de geração G. Verificamos que este comportamento do expoente em função de G é semelhante para duas e três dimensões, apresentando uma região de mudança suave seguida por uma mudança mais acentuada até atingir um limite de saturação, onde o sistema se comporta de maneira parecida com o caso unidimensional.
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Local and global effects on navigation in small-world networks and explosive percolationReis, Saulo-Davi Soares e January 2012 (has links)
REIS, Saulo Davi Soares e. Local and global effects on navigation in small-world networks and explosive percolation. 2012. 86 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-16T20:35:22Z
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Previous issue date: 2012 / A significant number of real networks have well-defined local and nonlocal features. We investigate the influence of these features in the navigation through small-world networks and in explosive percolation. First, we investigate the navigation problem in lattices with long-range connections and subject to a cost constraint. Our network is built from a regular d-dimensional lattice to be improved by adding long-range connections (shortcuts) with probability $P_{ij} sim r_{ij}^{-alpha}, where $r_{ij}$ is the Manhattan distance between nodes $i$ and $j$, and a is $alpha$ variable exponent. We find optimal transport in the system for $alpha = d+1$. Remarkably, this condition remains optimal, regardless of the strategy used for navigation being based on local or global knowledge of the network structure. Second, we present a cluster growth process that provides a clear connection between equilibrium statistical mechanics and the nonlocal explosive percolation process. We show that the following two ingredients are sufficient for obtaining an abrupt transition in the fraction of the system occupied by the largest cluster: (i) the size of all growing clusters should be kept approximately the same, and (ii) the inclusion of merging bonds (i.e., bonds connecting nodes in different clusters) should dominate with respect to the redundant bonds (i.e., bonds connecting nodes in the same cluster). Finally, we introduce a generalization of the product rule for explosive percolation that reveals the effect of nonlocality on the critical behavior of the percolation process. Precisely, pairs of unoccupied bonds are chosen according to a probability that decays as a power law of their Manhattan distance, and only that bond connecting clusters whose product of their sizes is the smallest becomes occupied. Our results for d-dimensional lattices at criticality shows that the power law exponent of the product rule has a significant influence on the finite-size scaling exponents for the spanning cluster, the conducting backbone, and the cutting bonds of the system. For all these types of clusters, we observe a clear transition from ordinary to (nonlocal) explosive percolation. / Um número significativo de redes reais possui características locais ou não-locais bem definidas. Nós estudamos como estas características podem influenciar processos de navegação e processos percolativos que venham a ocorrer nas mesmas. Primeiramente, estudamos o problema de navegação em redes regulares com ligações de longo alcance e sujeitas a um vínculo de custo. Neste caso, a rede é construída a partir de uma rede regular de dimensão d a ser melhorada por meio da adição de ligações de longo alcance (atalhos) com uma probabilidade $P_{ij} sim r_{ji}^{-alpha}$ , onde $r_{ij}$ é a distância de Manhattan entre os sítios $i$ e $j$. Mostramos que a condição de navegação ótima, $alpha = d+1$, permanece ótima, independente da estratégia de navegação utilizada, seja ela baseada em um conhecimento local ou global da estrutura da rede. Em seguida, apresentamos um processo de crescimento de agregados que fornece uma clara conexão entre a Mecânica Estatística no equilíbrio e o processo percolativo não-local conhecido como Percolação Explosiva. Mostramos que dois ingredientes são suficientes para obter uma transição abrupta na fração do sistema ocupada pelo maior agregado: (i) os tamanhos de todos os agregados devem ser mantidos aproximadamente iguais durante o processo percolativo e (ii) a inclusão de ligações de fusão (i.e., ligações que conectam agregados diferentes) deve dominar o processo em detrimento de ligações redundantes (i.e., ligações que conectam sítios em um mesmo agregado). Por último, introduzimos um modelo que generaliza a regra do produto para Percolação Explosiva que revela os efeitos da não-localidade no comportamento crítico do processo de percolação. Mais precisamente, pares de ligações não ocupadas são escolhidos de acordo com uma probabilidade que decai em lei de potência com sua distância de Manhattan, e apenas a ligação que conecta agregados para os quais o produto de seus tamanho é o menor, é ocupada. Nossos resultados para redes regulares finitas em diversas dimensões sugerem que, na criticalidade, o expoente da lei de potência tem uma influência significativa nos expoentes de escala, onde observa-se uma transição nos expoentes da percolação tradicional para os expoentes da percolação explosiva (não-local) em determinados casos.
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Aspectos dinâmicos e estruturais em modelos de redes para sistemas complexos / Dynamic end Structural Aspects in Networks Models for Complex SystemsJácome, Samyr Silva Bezerra January 2009 (has links)
JÁCOME, Samyr Silva Bezerra. Aspectos dinâmicos e estruturais em modelos de redes para sistemas complexos. 2009. 95 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2009. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-18T18:53:05Z
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Previous issue date: 2009 / In this thesis we study systems where some form of disorder or non-homogeneity has a significant role at the complexity of the structural building or of the dynamics regulation of the system. First, we study the dynamics of Boolean networks, where the rules to update the state of the nodes are randomly chosen and control the global behavior of the system. At the critical threshold, and near to it, we propose that the transition to the critical regime can be characterized by the divergence of the relaxation time Tr. Based on simple scaling arguments, we show that the cumulative probability distribution of Tr decays as a power-law , with exponent iqual -1, for the annealed model at the critical region. Then, we study a novel method for network decomposition, which we apply to scale-free networks, that have the broad degree distribution as a fundamental feature. This method consists in a simultaneous and iterative remotion of groups of nodes with degree K until there are no more nodes with this degree in the network. Thus, we define new variables that characterize the process of decomposition and we obtain a set of well define exponents and parameters. From the behavior of these variables we can see, through some mathematical manipulations, that our method is self-consistent, serving as a useful tool for the study of the structural features of the network. At last, we study the backbones of the percolation cluster, where we use a network model with layers arranged in a disorderly way to represent some kind of anisotropy resistance to the percolation. Our numerical results indicate a break at the universality class on the fractal dimension and on the mass distribution of the backbones. / Nesta tese estudaremos sistemas onde alguma forma de desordem ou não-homogeneidade tem um importante papel na complexidade da formação estrutural ou da regulagem dinâmica do sistema. Primeiramente estudaremos a dinâmica das redes Booleanas, onde as regras de atualização escolhidas aleatoriamente controlam o comportamento global do sistema. Na condição crítica e próximo dela, propomos que a transição para o regime crítico pode ser caracterizado pela divergência do tempo de relaxação Tr. Baseados em simples argumentos de escalonamento, mostramos, além de outros resultados, que a probabilidade acumulativa da distribuição de Tr decai como uma lei de potência, com o expoente igual a -1, para o modelo annealed na região crítica. Em seguida estudamos um novo método de decomposição de redes aplicado às redes livres de escalas, onde a ampla distribuição de conectividade é um aspecto fundamental. O método consiste basicamente na retirada simultânea e iterativa de grupos de vértices com um determinado grau K de conectividade até que não haja mais sítios com este mesmo grau de conectividade na rede. Deste modo, definimos algumas variáveis que caractarizam o processo de decomposição e obtemos uma série de expoentes e parâmetros bem definidos. A partir do comportamento destas variáveis pudemos constatar por meio de algumas manipulações matemáticas que nosso método é auto-consistente, servindo como ótima ferramenta para estudo dos aspectos estruturais de uma rede. Por fim, estudamos os backbones, onde utilizamos um modelo de rede em que a desordem está no arranjo aleatório de camadas fáceis e difíceis à percolação. Os resultados numéricos indicam a quebra na classe de universalidade da geometria fractal e da distribuição de tamanhos de massa do backbones e também um comportamento assintótico da dimensão fractal no limite de grandes valores de massa e/ou anisotropia.
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