The PERF tool is a part of the Linux kernel since version 2.6. This tool is an event-based profiler and observability tool. It can count various event occurrences in the system, from hardware performance monitoring unit (PMU) events of the CPU at one end, to software tracepoints at the other. It can trace both kernel and userspace functions. The tool is very useful to kernel and application software developers, as well as hardware designers. This thesis aims at describing the PERF tool from the point of view of a PERF test engineer. Additionally, it is also about designing methods for verification of its correct functionality.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T14:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8976_A_Outra_Cortázar_Publicação_Ana_Catarina (nova).pdf: 2249742 bytes, checksum: 05ff21ffac9c65f5a4ef397b719fb0e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-26 / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as personagens mulheres nos contos do livro Final del juego, de Julio Cortázar, sob a ótica feminista defendida nas obras O segundo sexo: fatos e mitos e O segundo sexo: a experiência vivida, de Simone de Beauvoir e Profissões para mulheres e outros artigos feministas, de Virginia Woolf, além de outras obras contidas nas referências deste trabalho. Tal análise permite a conclusão de que algumas das historietas selecionadas retratam sem nenhuma concordância do autor uma discriminação sexista das personagens masculinas em relação às femininas, ao mesmo tempo em que apontam o comportamento destas diante do tratamento opressivo de sexo e indicam uma possível causa para esse fenômeno. A busca revela uma parte da cultura ocidental que, durante milênios, perpetuou vozes como as de Aristóteles, Platão e alguns pensadores da Igreja Católica, entre outros, que enalteceram os homens e inferiorizaram as mulheres. Com alicerce no colóquio edificado com o autor, a pesquisa ressalta aspectos da obra que auxiliaram na reflexão crítica sobre os antigos conceitos estéticos sexistas e sobre o papel das mulheres na sociedade. Palavras-chave: Julio Cortázar. Contos. Fantástico. Feminismo. Insólito.

There is a variety of tools to measure the performance of Linux systems and the applications running on them. However, the resulting performance data is often presented in plain text format or only with a very basic user interface. For large systems with many cores and concurrent threads, it is increasingly difficult to present the data in a clear way for analysis. Moreover, certain performance analysis and debugging tasks require the use of a high-resolution time-line based approach, again entailing data visualization challenges. Tools in the area of High Performance Computing (HPC) have long been able to scale to hundreds or thousands of parallel threads and help finding performance anomalies. We therefore present a solution to gather performance data using Linux performance monitoring interfaces. A combination of sampling and careful instrumentation allows us to obtain detailed performance traces with manageable overhead. We then convert the resulting output to the Open Trace Format (OTF) to bridge the gap between the recording infrastructure and HPC analysis tools. We explore ways to visualize the data by using the graphical tool Vampir. The combination of established Linux and HPC tools allows us to create an interface for easy navigation through time-ordered performance data grouped by thread or CPU and to help users find opportunities for performance optimizations.

There is a variety of tools to measure the performance of Linux systems and the applications running on them. However, the resulting performance data is often presented in plain text format or only with a very basic user interface. For large systems with many cores and concurrent threads, it is increasingly difficult to present the data in a clear way for analysis. Moreover, certain performance analysis and debugging tasks require the use of a high-resolution time-line based approach, again entailing data visualization challenges. Tools in the area of High Performance Computing (HPC) have long been able to scale to hundreds or thousands of parallel threads and help finding performance anomalies. We therefore present a solution to gather performance data using Linux performance monitoring interfaces. A combination of sampling and careful instrumentation allows us to obtain detailed performance traces with manageable overhead. We then convert the resulting output to the Open Trace Format (OTF) to bridge the gap between the recording infrastructure and HPC analysis tools. We explore ways to visualize the data by using the graphical tool Vampir. The combination of established Linux and HPC tools allows us to create an interface for easy navigation through time-ordered performance data grouped by thread or CPU and to help users find opportunities for performance optimizations.

Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFTs) are used in a wide variety of dif-ferent scientific areas. In addition, there is an ever increasing demand on fast and effective ways of computing DFT problems with large data sets. The FFTW library is one of the most common used libraries when computing DFTs. It adapts to the system architecture and predicts the most effective way of solving the input problem. Previous studies have proved the FFTW library to be superior to other DFT solving libraries. However, not many have specifically examined the cache memory performance, which is a key factor for overall performance. In this study, we examined the cache memory utilization when computing 1-D complex DFTs using the FFTW library. Testing was done using bench FFT, Linux Perf and testing scripts. The results from this study show that cache miss ratio increases with problem size when the input size is smaller than the theoretical input size matching the cache capacity. This is also verified by the results from the L2 prefetcher miss ratio. However, the study show that cache miss ratio stabilizes when exceeding the cache capacity. In conclusion, it is possible to use bench FFT and Linux Perf to measure cache memory utilization. Also, the analysis shows that cache memory performance is good when computing 1-D complex DFTS using the FFTW library, since the miss ratios stabilizes at low values. However, we suggest further examination ofthe memory behaviour for DFT computations using FFTW with larger input sizes and a more in-depth testing method. / Diskret Fouriertransform (DFT) används inom många olika vetenskapliga områden. Det finns en ökande efterfrågan på snabba och effektiva sätt att beräkna DFT-problem med stora mängder data. FFTW-biblioteket är ett av de mest använda biblioteken vid beräkning av DFT-problem. FFTW-biblioteket anpassar sig till systemarkitekturen och försöker generera det mest effektiva sättet att lösa ett givet DFT-problem. Tidigare studier har visat att FFTW-biblioteket är effektivare än andra bibliotek som kan användas för att lösa DFT-problem. Däremot har studierna inte fokuserat på minneshanteringen, vilket är en nyckelfaktor för den generella prestandan. I den här studien undersökte vi FFTW-bibliotekets cache-minneshanteringen vid beräkning av 1-D komplexa DFT-problem. Tester utfördes med hjälp av bench FFT, Linux Perf och testskript. Resultaten från denna studie visar att cache-missförhållandet ökar med problemstorleken när problemstorleken ärmindre än den teoretiska problemstorleken som matchar cachekapaciteten. Detta bekräftas av resultat från L2-prefetcher-missförhållandet. Studien visar samtidigt att cache-missförhållandet stabiliseras när problemstorleken överskrider cachekapaciteten. Sammanfattningsvis går det att argumentera för att det är möjligt att använda bench FFT och Linux Perf för att mäta cache-minneshanteringen. Analysen visar också att cache-minneshanteringen är bra vid beräkning av 1-D komplexa DFTs med hjälp av FFTW-biblioteket eftersom missförhållandena stabiliseras vid låga värden. Vi föreslår dock ytterligare undersökning av minnesbeteendet för DFT-beräkningar med hjälp av FFTW där problemstorlekarna är större och en mer genomgående testmetod används.

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The aim of this thesis is to investigate the discourse function of connectives in Chinese narratives. It is found that connectives , being a kind of cohesive ties , operate at different levels of discourse as boundary markers. The present study also points out that the occurrences of Chinese connectives are governed by semantic relatedness and discourse structure of the connected discourse units. Chinese connectives are classified on the basis of their meanings into four categories. In describing the positions of the four types of connectives in discourse , the author asserts that Chinese discourse is hierarchically composed of recursive micro-structures and macro-structures , with units occuring at a lower level exhibiting tighter connection. The four categories of connectives occur in discourse to link units at different levels. Additives , with the meaning of “in addition” , generally occur within topic chain to link micro-structures. Causals, which serve to connect expressions bearing causal relations , are mostly used at the connections of micro-structures and less frequently to link macro-structures. Adversatives, which mean "contrast" or "contrariness" , occur at the connections of macrostructures where discourse usually shifts to a different view point. Temporals , indicating temporal sequence , may be used either to link micro-structural expressions of events or actions or to mark shifts of the temporal settings at macro-structural level. The above findings are verified with a quantitive analysis of topic continuity which is proposed to be the indicator of semantic relatedness. The quantative analysis reveals that additives are associated with high topic continuity , and causals , adversatives and temporals are related to low continuity. The thesis also includes an experiment on empirical validity of the findings. The results of the test show that the conclusion proposed in this study adequately describes the native speakers ' competence in using Chinese connectives to organize discourse.

The aim of the EU BIOMOre Project is to investigate the potential to extract copper from Sandstone formations in the North-Sudetic Trough which lies along the border between Poland and Germany. A new mining concept called bioleaching shall be applied in thin and very low permeable copper mineralization zones (order of 0.2 mD). Briefly, bioleaching process is the injection of a lixiviant (sulphur acid containing ferric iron) and then extraction of a pregnant leach solution through boreholes at the ground surface. This concept requires another special technique which is called hydraulic stimulation. Cracks along a wellbore are generated by pumping large quantity of fluid under high pressure into a cased section of rock during a hydraulic stimulation. This work at hand focuses on the geotechnical methods and scientific-engineering approaches used for extracting copper from very thin mineralization zones. The geological setting with faults and in situ stress state of the exploration zone is generated using measurements, visualised by 3D CAD model (RHINO), and computed via the Discrete Element code 3DEC. The preliminary drilling (stacked dual lateral wellbore) and stimulation design (plug-and-perf completion) are selected based on comprehensive literature survey and industry-based consultancy. In order to calibrate the calculated stress state in 3D, candidate sites for the hypothetical drilling-stimulation are detected using 2D GIS map (QGIS) at CAD model (RHINO). Trend of calculated stresses is in good agreement with the measured ones (σH > σv > σh). The final decision of selecting a drilling-stimulation site is made by using both GIS map and 3D CAD model. A hypothetical drilling-stimulation can be performed up to the depth of 1564 m in the Rotliegend & Grauliegend Sandstone with shale, which is overlain by (Zechstein) Limestone. During a possible stimulation, limestone’s integrity as a caprock and as a stress barrier is of great importance in addition to connect two lateral wellbores for facilitating flow of lixiviant. The preliminary geometrical design of stimulation is set with the cluster spacing (distance between fractures) of 20 m. Subsequent to final cost estimation of selected preliminary drilling-stimulation design, it is decided to use pinpoint (1,200,000 Euro) instead of plug-and-perf completion (2,345,300 Euro) since it is more economical. A possible drilling operation is anticipated to cost approximately 9,000,000 Euro. The 3D in situ stress model is calibrated before transferring of stress state into the sub-model which is used to optimise the selected stimulation design. The results of the last (DEM) sub-model are employed to reduce costs, to enhance the connection between branches of wellbores for bioleaching and to hinder possible penetration of fractures into the caprock. The preliminary geometrical design of stimulation is then modified based on these calculation results while increasing the cluster spacing from 20 m to 40 m. This is performed due to high stress-shadows (alteration of the stresses between fractures in a stimulation) encountered at the preliminary calculations. Results showed that, after the 80 seconds injection duration of water with 0.16 m3/sec into the sandstone, two wellbore laterals are expected to be connected by three generated cracks. They exhibit average aperture and transmissivity of 4.1 mm and 5.8 . 10-8 m2/sec, respectively. Furthermore, fracture initiation pressure ranges between 30 – 35 MPa at the drilling depth. The conclusions can be drawn that through the assessment of 3D CAD, GIS, and numerical DEM modelling methods, approximately 49% of cost reduction can be achieved by employing pinpoint instead of plug-and-perf completion. That is an important proof of the systematically approach for a stimulation planning wherein all necessary phases such as in situ stress estimation, modelling and cost assessment should have been considered. This work can be considered as a milestone for studies of stimulation designs which has been newly initiated in the EU-Region as a promising method for efficiency considering unconventional ore extraction. Moreover, this dissertation revealed again the emerging importance of integrated geotechnical information systems analogous to BIM (Building Information Systems).:LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES NOMENCLATURE ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1. OUTLINE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE DISSERTATION 2. STATE OF THE ART 2.1. INTRODUCTION TO STIMULATION TECHNOLOGIES, EQUIPMENT AND DESIGNS 2.1.1. Technical instruments and frac-materials 2.1.2. Wellbore completion designs 2.1.3. Location and orientation of a wellbore 2.1.4. Fracture placement designs 2.1.5. Summary and conclusions 2.2. MEASUREMENT AND MODELLING OF UNDERGROUND STRESS FIELD 3. DETERMINATION AND MODELLING OF IN SITU STRESS FIELD IN THE NORTH SUDETIC TROUGH 3.1. GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE MODELLED REGION 3.2. SIMULATION OF THE IN SITU STRESS FIELD 3.2.1. Determination of the stress regime by measurements 3.2.2. Stepwise procedure of the stress field modelling 3D CAD assisted structural model of geological setting 3D DEM model for stress field simulations 2D GIS maps used for detection of drilling-stimulation sites 4. DRILLING AND WELLBORE DESIGN CALCULATIONS WITH COST ESTIMATION 4.1. DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS OF DRILLING AND WELLBORE 4.2. ECONOMICAL EVALUATION OF THE SELECTED DRILLING AND WELLBORE DESIGN 5. MODELLING OF THE HYDRAULIC STIMULATION AT THE SELECTED DRILLING SITE IN SANDSTONE 5.1. FINAL CALIBRATION OF THE 3D STRESS FIELD MODELS 5.2. DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELLING OF THE STIMULATION DESIGN AT THE SELECTED DRILLING SITE 5.3. DESIGN OPTIMIZATION STUDY OF THE STIMULATION MODEL AND FINAL COST ESTIMATION 6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX-A APPENDIX-B APPENDIX-C

Do you remember the first time you used an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM)? Or a pay-at-the-pump gas station? Or an airline e-ticket kiosk? How did you know what to do? Although you never received any formal instruction in how to interact with the self-service technology, you were likely able to accomplish your task (e.g., withdrawing or depositing money) as successfully as an experienced user. However, not so long ago, to accomplish that same task, you needed the direct mediation of a service professional who had been trained how to use the required complex technology. What has changed? In short, the technology is now able to compensate for the average consumer's lack of experience with the transactional system. The technology itself bridges the performance gap, allowing a novice to accomplish the same task as an experienced professional. This shift to a self-service paradigm is completely changing the dynamics of the consumer relationship with the capitalist enterprise, resulting in what is rapidly becoming the default consumer interface of the postmodern era. The recognition that the entire performance support apparatus now revolves around the end user/consumer rather than the employee represents a tectonic shift in the workforce training industry. What emerges is a homogenized consumer culture enabled by self-service technologies--a kiosk culture. No longer is the ability to interact with complex technology confined to a privileged workforce minority who has access to expensive and time-consuming training. The growth of the kiosk culture is being driven equally by business financial pressures, consumer demand for more efficient transactions, and the improved sophistication of compensatory technology that allows a novice to perform a task with the same competence as an expert. "The Kiosk Culture" examines all aspects of self-service technology and its ascendancy. Beyond the milieu of business, the kiosk culture is also infiltrating all corners of society, including medicine, athletics, and the arts, forcing us to re-examine our definitions of knowledge, skills, performance, and even humanity. The current ubiquity of self-service technology has already impacted our society and will continue to do so as we ride the rising tide of the kiosk culture.