<p>The major climatic problem has been worsening extremely rapidly over the last decades and if no measures are taken soon, we will experience severe consequences over the years to come. It is therefore imperative to take instant actions to slow down the climatic changes that are also causing crucial health problems in different parts of the planet. The basis of this thesis is that both Energy Performance Certification (EPC), and Green Building (GB) aim to reduce carbon dioxide emission within the building sector which accounts for more than 40% of the total energy use both locally and globally. This thesis discusses and compares the environmental impacts made by Green Building and Energy Performance Certification in order to evaluate how different or similar they are in terms of energy performance efficiency of buildings.</p><p> </p><p>In order to accumulate as much facts and resources possible, research was done to find reliable internet sources and relevant books which took approximately two weeks. The rest of the ten weeks that were assigned for this project were spent writing this thesis while taking practical part in an Energy Performance Certification process and evaluation. There are three questions that this thesis is aimed to answer, which are:</p><p>-               How is Energy Performance Certification beneficial for our community welfare?</p><p>-               Why should owners/occupiers choose to transform their houses/buildings to Green Building certified constructions?</p><p>-               Is there a way of combining Energy Performance Certification with Green Building?</p><p> </p><p>There are many benefits that our Swedish and European Community can gain from applying Energy Performance Certification of building according to the Directive, including reducing carbon dioxide emission and introducing alternative and renewable sources of energy. As to whether GB is better than EPC or vice versa, there is ultimately a very fine line that divides the two. When comparing new constructions of EPC with new constructions of GB the only benefits that can be gained from GB are firstly that the buildings are guaranteed to be completely environmental friendly, and secondly that the owner/occupier may choose between four different levels of certifications. Other than that, they both have many similar beneficial factors which make it difficult to a state if one of them is better than the other.</p><p> </p><p>Lastly, it is very possible to combine the two into one complete standard, but only for new constructions. The energy performance of old existing buildings is much more difficult to improve due to e.g. the high costs involved or the cultural value of the constructions. Nevertheless, this may very well change in the further future when the rapidly improving technology within the building sector will hopefully contribute to finding cost- and energy-efficient solutions for existing buildings that will consequently contribute to GB and EPC being able to combine their regulations and make one single standard that can be applied in all the Member States, or if possible in the entire European Union Community.</p> / <p>De allvarliga klimatproblemen har förvärrats i oerhört snabb takt under de senaste decennierna och om inget görs snart, kommer vi att få uppleva allvariga konsekvenser under de kommande åren. Det är därför absolut nödvändigt att agera snabbt för att bromsa ner klimatförändringarna som också orsakat allvarliga hälsoproblem i många delar av jorden. Utgångspunkten för detta examensarbete är att både Energideklarationen och Green Building strävar efter att minska koldioxidutsläpp inom byggsektorn, som ansvarar för mer än 40 % av den totala energiförbrukningen i Sverige och utomlands. Detta arbete diskuterar och jämför Green Buildings och Energideklarationens påverkan på miljön för att sedan kunna evaluera hur pass lika eller olika de är när det gäller energiprestandaeffektiviteten av byggnader.</p><p> </p><p>För att kunna samla så mycket information som möjligt gjordes en undersökning för att hitta pålitliga Internetkällor och relevanta böcker. Undersökningen tog ungefär två veckor. Resten av de tio veckorna som var tilldelade för detta examensarbete användes för att skriva denna rapport samt praktiskt delta i en Energideklarationsprocess samt värdering. Det finns tre frågor som detta examensarbete syftar på att besvara, som är:</p><p>-               Hur viktig är Energideklaration för vårt samhälles välbefinnande?</p><p>-               Varför ska fastighetsägare välja att bygga/omvandla sina hus till Green Building?</p><p>-               Finns det något sätt att kombinera Energideklaration med Green Building?</p><p> </p><p>Det finns många fördelar för det svenska samt europeiska samhället med att tillämpa Energideklaration enligt Direktivet. Fördelarna inkluderar minskning av koldioxidutsläppen samt introducering av alternativa förnybara energikällor i byggnader. Dock är det i slutändan små faktorer som skiljer Green Building och Energideklaration åt och det är därför svårt att säga om den ena är bättre än den andra. Vid jämförelse av nya EPC konstruktioner med nya GB konstruktioner är den enda fördelen med GB först och främst att byggnaden är garanterad att vara helt miljövänlig samt att ägaren har möjligheten att välja mellan fyra olika certifieringsnivåer. Förutom detta, har båda två många likheter som gör det svårt att bedöma om den ena av dem är effektivare än den andra.</p><p> </p><p>Det är dessutom mycket möjligt att kombinera dessa två till en enda komplett standard, dock endast för nya konstruktioner. Gamla befintliga byggnaders energiprestanda är mycket svårare att förbättra på grund av t.ex. för höga kostnader eller det kulturella värdet av byggnaderna. Å andra sidan kan detta mycket väl ändras i framtiden då den snabbt utvecklade teknologin inom byggsektorn förhoppningsvis kan bidra till att hitta kostnads- och energieffektiva lösningar för befintliga byggnader som kan i sin tur leda till att GB och EPC kombineras till en enda standard som kan tillämpas i alla Medlemsstater, eller även i hela Europa om möjligt.</p>

The major climatic problem has been worsening extremely rapidly over the last decades and if no measures are taken soon, we will experience severe consequences over the years to come. It is therefore imperative to take instant actions to slow down the climatic changes that are also causing crucial health problems in different parts of the planet. The basis of this thesis is that both Energy Performance Certification (EPC), and Green Building (GB) aim to reduce carbon dioxide emission within the building sector which accounts for more than 40% of the total energy use both locally and globally. This thesis discusses and compares the environmental impacts made by Green Building and Energy Performance Certification in order to evaluate how different or similar they are in terms of energy performance efficiency of buildings.   In order to accumulate as much facts and resources possible, research was done to find reliable internet sources and relevant books which took approximately two weeks. The rest of the ten weeks that were assigned for this project were spent writing this thesis while taking practical part in an Energy Performance Certification process and evaluation. There are three questions that this thesis is aimed to answer, which are: -               How is Energy Performance Certification beneficial for our community welfare? -               Why should owners/occupiers choose to transform their houses/buildings to Green Building certified constructions? -               Is there a way of combining Energy Performance Certification with Green Building?   There are many benefits that our Swedish and European Community can gain from applying Energy Performance Certification of building according to the Directive, including reducing carbon dioxide emission and introducing alternative and renewable sources of energy. As to whether GB is better than EPC or vice versa, there is ultimately a very fine line that divides the two. When comparing new constructions of EPC with new constructions of GB the only benefits that can be gained from GB are firstly that the buildings are guaranteed to be completely environmental friendly, and secondly that the owner/occupier may choose between four different levels of certifications. Other than that, they both have many similar beneficial factors which make it difficult to a state if one of them is better than the other.   Lastly, it is very possible to combine the two into one complete standard, but only for new constructions. The energy performance of old existing buildings is much more difficult to improve due to e.g. the high costs involved or the cultural value of the constructions. Nevertheless, this may very well change in the further future when the rapidly improving technology within the building sector will hopefully contribute to finding cost- and energy-efficient solutions for existing buildings that will consequently contribute to GB and EPC being able to combine their regulations and make one single standard that can be applied in all the Member States, or if possible in the entire European Union Community. / De allvarliga klimatproblemen har förvärrats i oerhört snabb takt under de senaste decennierna och om inget görs snart, kommer vi att få uppleva allvariga konsekvenser under de kommande åren. Det är därför absolut nödvändigt att agera snabbt för att bromsa ner klimatförändringarna som också orsakat allvarliga hälsoproblem i många delar av jorden. Utgångspunkten för detta examensarbete är att både Energideklarationen och Green Building strävar efter att minska koldioxidutsläpp inom byggsektorn, som ansvarar för mer än 40 % av den totala energiförbrukningen i Sverige och utomlands. Detta arbete diskuterar och jämför Green Buildings och Energideklarationens påverkan på miljön för att sedan kunna evaluera hur pass lika eller olika de är när det gäller energiprestandaeffektiviteten av byggnader.   För att kunna samla så mycket information som möjligt gjordes en undersökning för att hitta pålitliga Internetkällor och relevanta böcker. Undersökningen tog ungefär två veckor. Resten av de tio veckorna som var tilldelade för detta examensarbete användes för att skriva denna rapport samt praktiskt delta i en Energideklarationsprocess samt värdering. Det finns tre frågor som detta examensarbete syftar på att besvara, som är: -               Hur viktig är Energideklaration för vårt samhälles välbefinnande? -               Varför ska fastighetsägare välja att bygga/omvandla sina hus till Green Building? -               Finns det något sätt att kombinera Energideklaration med Green Building?   Det finns många fördelar för det svenska samt europeiska samhället med att tillämpa Energideklaration enligt Direktivet. Fördelarna inkluderar minskning av koldioxidutsläppen samt introducering av alternativa förnybara energikällor i byggnader. Dock är det i slutändan små faktorer som skiljer Green Building och Energideklaration åt och det är därför svårt att säga om den ena är bättre än den andra. Vid jämförelse av nya EPC konstruktioner med nya GB konstruktioner är den enda fördelen med GB först och främst att byggnaden är garanterad att vara helt miljövänlig samt att ägaren har möjligheten att välja mellan fyra olika certifieringsnivåer. Förutom detta, har båda två många likheter som gör det svårt att bedöma om den ena av dem är effektivare än den andra.   Det är dessutom mycket möjligt att kombinera dessa två till en enda komplett standard, dock endast för nya konstruktioner. Gamla befintliga byggnaders energiprestanda är mycket svårare att förbättra på grund av t.ex. för höga kostnader eller det kulturella värdet av byggnaderna. Å andra sidan kan detta mycket väl ändras i framtiden då den snabbt utvecklade teknologin inom byggsektorn förhoppningsvis kan bidra till att hitta kostnads- och energieffektiva lösningar för befintliga byggnader som kan i sin tur leda till att GB och EPC kombineras till en enda standard som kan tillämpas i alla Medlemsstater, eller även i hela Europa om möjligt.

No que toca à avaliação de sistemas construtivos, a análise dos sistemas existentes para certificação ambiental de edifícios revela que há raras ferramentas que avaliam desempenho ambiental objetiva e holisticamente por Análise do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), predominando o reconhecimento de atributos de produtos e, desta forma, perdendo-se a noção global do impacto. Dentre as principais dificuldades encontradas para o uso da ACV em sistemas construtivos, encontra-se a escassez de dados de inventário disponíveis para sistemas construtivos no cenário brasileiro, o que torna a aplicação da metodologia ainda mais complexa e demorada. Por outro lado, bancos de dados internacionais dispõem de uma quantidade considerável de informações, as quais são muitas vezes utilizadas para estudos realizados dirigindo-se ao contexto brasileiro. Assim, esta pesquisa buscou responder às seguintes questões: a) se coletados para processos idênticos, os dados disponíveis em bases de dados internacionais validadas devem levar a resultados similares àqueles obtidos por estudos baseados em dados primários coletados no contexto brasileiro?; b) As metodologias de avaliação de impacto disponíveis na atualidade são capazes de avaliar de forma completa e consistente os principais potenciais de impacto derivados do ciclo de vida de materiais de construção tradicionais? Com isso o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a sensibilidade dos resultados de um estudo comparativo de ACV à utilização de dados secundários (provenientes de bases de dados europeias) ou dados primários (coletados no contexto brasileiro), assim como à utilização de diferentes metodologias de Avaliação de Impacto de Ciclo de Vida (AICV), identificando as categorias de impacto de contribuição mais significativa na avaliação de sistemas construtivos tradicionais, pela aplicação da metodologia em um estudo de caso. Os resultados demonstraram que o escopo geográfico das fontes de dados, assim como as possibilidades de escolha entre diferentes metodologias de AICV constituem pontos de grande sensibilidade dos estudos de ACV, os quais devem ser detalhadamente avaliados e descritos, de forma a se evitar resultados enganosos. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de categorias direcionadas especificamente aos impactos das atividades de mineração apresentou-se como uma importante demanda para futuros desenvolvimentos. / Regarding the evaluation of building systems, the analysis of existing buildings environmental certification systems reveals that there are few tools to evaluate environmental performance objectively and holistically through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) predominating the product attributes recognition and thus losing the global perspective of impacts. Among the main difficulties encountered in the application of LCA in building systems, lies the lack of inventory data available for building systems in the Brazilian scene, which makes the application of the methodology even more complex and time consuming. In the other hand, international databases provide a considerable amount of information, which are often used for studies addressing the Brazilian context. Thus, this research aimed to answer the following questions: a) whether collected for identical processes, the data available in the international validated databases would lead to results similar to those obtained by studies based on primary data collected in the Brazilian context? b) Are the impact assessment methodologies currently available able to fully and consistently evaluate the main potential impacts derived from the lifecycle of traditional building materials? Therefore, the objective of this research was to perform a sensitivity analysis of the results of a comparative LCA case study to the use of secondary data (provided by European databases) or primary data (collected in the Brazilian context), as well as the use of different Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) methodologies, identifying the impact categories of most significant contribution in the evaluation of traditional construction systems, through the application of the methodology in a case study. The results showed that the geographic scope of the data sources and the choice among different LCIA methods are points of high sensitivity of LCA studies, which must be evaluated and described in detail to avoid misleading conclusions. Furthermore, the development of an LCIA category addressing impacts of mining activities was presented as the main demand for future developments.

O concreto armado, sistema estrutural mais utilizado no mundo, consome grandes quantidades de matérias-primas, em sua maioria compostas por materiais não renováveis, além de enormes quantidades de água e depende de grande quantidade de energia para o seu beneficiamento, além de emissões de gases e produção de resíduos perigosos. As decisões de projeto, enter elas a localização das obras, a definição do produto a ser construído, o partido arquitetônico e a especificação de materiais e componentes, afetam diretamente o consumo de recursos naturais e de energia, tal consumo é afetado também pela otimização ou não da execução e pelo efeito global no seu entorno, sem falar nos impactos estéticos e urbanísticos mais amplos. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o uso da metodologia da Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) no auxílio da tomada de decisões em projetos estruturais de concreto armado, visando a melhoria do desempenho ambiental parte-se da hipótese de que é possível obter a melhoria por meio da análise, durante a fase de projeto, da utilização de diferentes classes de resistência do concreto, por meio de alterações (reduções) nas dimensões dos elementos estruturais bem como do consumo dos materiais componentes da estrutura. Discute-se primeiramente o conceito de desempenho ambiental, seguido do impacto ambiental da construção civil e seus materiais. Posteriormente foi apresentada a metodologia da ACV e sua aplicação na construção civil com uma revisão bibliográfica. O desenvolvimento experimental efetuado foi o projeto estrutural de edifício com 6 classes de resistência característica à compressão do concreto do grupo I de resistência, à partir da classe C25 até a C50. Os resultados apresentaram que s classes C40, C45 e C50 obtiveram os C25 até a C50. OS resultados apresentaram que as classes C40, C45 e C50 obtiveram os melhores resultados em quase todos os quesitos avaliados. Especificamente a C40 se apresentou como a melhor opção para a unidade funcional avaliada com o melhor desempenho. O desenvolvimento experimental demonstrou a viabilidade do uso da ACV neste tipo de avaliação porém verifica-se a carência de maiores informações para execução de inventários e metodologia dirigida à realidade brasileira. Por fim , foram fornecidas orientações a todos os agentes intervenientes no projeto estrutural e execução da obra com a finalidade de ser alcançado o melhor desempenho ambiental das estruturas de concreto armado. / The reinforced concrete, most widely used structural system in the world, which consumes large amounts of raw materials, mostly composed of non-renewable materials, and huge amounts of water, depends on lot of energy for its processing, and gas emissions and hazardous waste generation. design decisions, such as location of works, the product definition to be built, the architectural party and specification of materials and components directly affect the consumption of natural resources and energy, as well as the optimization or not the execution and overall effect on its surroundings, not to mention the broader aesthetic and urbanistic impact. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of the methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to aid decision-making in structural design of reinforced concrete in order to improve the environmental performance starting from the hypothesis that can- yield improvement by analyzing, during the design stage, the use of different grades of concrete strength through changes (decreases) the dimensions of structural elements as well as the consumption of the component materials of the structure. At work was first discussed the concept of environmental performance, followed by the environmental impact of construction and its materials. The methodology of LCA and its application in construction with a literature review was presented later. The experimental development was made the building structural design with 6 classes of resistance characteristic of the group I concrete compressive strength, the class from the C25 to C50. The results showed that the C40 classes, C45 and C50 have the best results almost all the variables evaluated and specifically the C40 presented as the best option for the functional unit evaluated with the best performance. Experimental development demonstrated the feasibility of using ACV in this type of evaluation but still in need of more information for the execution of inventories and methodology will run Brazilian reality. Finally they were provided guidance to all actors involved in the structural design and execution of the work in order to be achieved the best environmental performance of reinforced concrete structures.

Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre et analyser les échanges thermiques qui ont lieu entre un bâtiment et son environnement en présence de parois végétalisées « intensives ». Nous présentons dans ce manuscrit, une démarche numérique et expérimentale sur l’évaluation de l’incidence thermique de ces Murs Végétalisés (MV). Une plateforme constituée de trois prototypes identiques (3 mini-laboratoires thermiques) sous conditions climatiques réelles a été conçue et instrumentée. Dans un premier temps, deux écrans permettant une variation rapide et graduelle des taux de couvertures de 10 à 100% ont été ajoutés devant les prototypes. Ainsi, plusieurs séries de mesures ont été effectuées et des réductions significatives au niveau des températures et des flux de chaleur ont été enregistrées et interprétées. Cette démarche expérimentale avait pour premier objectif de mettre en oeuvre une occultation artificielle et donc maîtrisée. Un premier modèle a été développé sur la base de l’écriture des équations de bilan des échanges thermiques entre la paroi à occultation variable et son environnement climatique. Ce modèle confronté aux résultats fournis par l’expérimentation apermis de valider les approches théoriques au niveau des transferts radiatifs et convectifs. Dans un deuxième temps, le premier modèle qui a été développé dans ce travail a été adapté au cas d’une occultation « réelle » par de la végétation (lierre ou vigne vierge) puis validé expérimentalement. Il a été finalement implémenté dans un code de simulation thermique dynamique de bâtiment (TRNSYS), et ainsi l’incidence thermique des murs végétalisés simples (intensifs) a pu être évaluée à l’échelle réelle d’un bâtiment. Les résultats de simulations pour un climat tempéré montrent que la présence des plantes à feuilles persistantes a un impact négatif sur la demande énergétique hivernale. A l’inverse, en période estivale, les résultats montrent que les murs végétalisés ont un intérêt au niveau de la limitation des surchauffes. Leur présence réduit alors notablement la consommation énergétique nécessaire pour « climatiser » le bâtiment et améliore ainsi le confort thermique intérieur. / This PhD thesis aims to understand and analyse the heat exchanges that occur between a building and its environment in the presence of intensive vegetated walls. In this manuscript, a numerical and experimental approach to evaluate the thermal impact of green walls is presented. A platform composed of three identical prototypes (3 thermal mini-laboratories) under real weather conditions has been designed and instrumented. As a first step, two screens permitting a rapid and gradual variation of coverage rate from 10 to 100% were added to the prototypes. Thus, several series of measurements were performed and significant reductions in temperature and heat flow were recorded and interpreted. The primary objective of this experimental approach was to implement an artificial shading and thus controlled. A first model was developed based on the writing of heat exchanges energy balance equations between the wall with variable coverage rate and its climatic environment. This model confronted to the experimental results allowed the validation of the theoreticalapproaches at the level of radiative and convective heat transfer. Secondly, the first model that was developed in this work has been adapted to the case of a "real" occultation by vegetation (Ivy or Virginia creeper) then validated experimentally.It was finally implemented in a dynamic thermal simulation code (TRNSYS), and thus the thermal impact of green walls were evaluated at the real scale of a building. Simulation results in a temperate climate show that the presence of evergreen plants has a negative impact on winter energy demand. Conversely, in summer, the results show that green walls have an interest in limiting overheating. Their presence significantly reduces energy consumption needed to cool the building and improves the indoor thermal comfort.

Presented theses dealing with the complex influence of human activity on the environment. Particularly provides the calculation of carbon footprint volume consumed during manufacturing of raw materials used for a normal and a low-energy house. The calculation of the energy performance certificate for both variants is also included. To evaluate of economical demanding investment to both mentioned houses including carbon dioxide disposal, the theoretical calculation of the price of carbon footprint equivalent has to be determined. The aim of this study is an investigation of carbon footprint in construction industry focusing on the production of carbon dioxide during the realization of a normal and low-energy house.

This thesis sloves assessment and project insulation of a firehouse, on the expenses related to its operation.Firehouse is situated in Hruba Vrbka nr.138. The building is partly basement, has free floors and is based on concrete foundation girders. Roofing is by the tent roof. In the first part of the thesis is a theoretical introduction in the legislature, energy prices and the posibility of insulation. In the practical part of the thesis is an assessment coefficient of firehouse, evaluation of individual variants insulation and calculated simple payback period.

The aim of the thesis is the economic evaluation of return of the different variants of thermal insulation for residential building in Slavičín. In the first part are described the topics, which is related to the issue. Further, it is written the entire range of insulations, which currently are appear on the domestic market. In the practical part is described the residential house and are performed by the proposals of the variants of thermal insulation. Further, they are processed energy performance certificates for buildings, the cost to implement the options chosen. In conclusion, the evaluated individual variants and determined their economic return.

The aim of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the energy assessment and elaboration of energy performance certificates of the building. The building is an apartment building in Vítkov. The theoretical part deals with centralized heat supply. The calculation part contains a more detailed description of individual relationships and calculation procedures that are used to process energy performance certificates of the building. Furthermore, proposals for measures to improve the energy performance of buildings. In this part there is also a proposal of individual equipment of the new boiler room and thermographic measurement. In the project part there is an energy assessment assessing the building in two variants with individual heat sources. The evaluation is carried out from an energy, economic and environmental aspect.

This thesis examines the impacts of possible climate change on selected buildings. For simulations in program BSim the author uses climatic data of SRES scenarios, specifically models B1, A1B and A2. It also includes a research on global warming, design and optimization of the measurement and control system at the production hall and a part of the energy audit for the office building.