Dans notre recherche on a essayé de découvrir quelle est la position de la Moldavie, sur le marché touristique interne et externe et dans quelle mesure sa périphéricité joue un rôle positif dans le développement touristique.On a vu que l’espace de la recherche se confronte avec une triple périphéricité, qui agit à tous les niveaux : périphérie spatiale de l’Union Européenne, périphérie économique et décisionnelle de la Roumanie, et dernièrement une périphérie figée qui agit dans l’intérieur de la région entre les centres urbains et les zones rurales. On a observé que la région présente une concentration plus dense de ressources potentielles touristiques dans sa partie occidentale, montagneuse. Les départements de Suceava, Neamţ, Bacău et Vrancea bénéficient pleinement de leur disposition dans un cadre plus attractif, le tourisme de montagne ayant un grand succès en Roumanie. De nos jours, la Moldavie présente un retard du point de vue touristique par rapport à la moyenne nationale, retard qui se traduit par le nombre de places de logements, l’indice d’occupation, les arrivées ou les nuitées. Malgré tout ça, la région a connu une évolution foudroyante des unités de logement dans les dernières décennies. Sur le fond de la popularisation du tourisme rural et de ses différentes formes, la pension rurale devient de plus en plus perceptible. La dynamique des arrivées et des nuitées touristiques de l’espace rural moldave dessine plusieurs zones distinctes en Moldavie. Le département de Suceava est le plus dynamique, sa croissance se basant sur quelques centres régionaux auxquels l'on ajoute des communes mono-destination. Le département de Neamţ enregistre une dynamique positive basée sur quelques centres locaux à spécifique diffèrent, ce qui la positionne en deuxième position comme importance touristique en Moldavie. Le département de Bacău se remarque par la chute des activités touristiques de Slănic Moldova et Târgu-Ocna, anciens centres touristiques pendant la période communiste, mais descendus de nos jours à cause de la mauvaise gestion après 1990. L’enquête appliquée auprès des touristes a identifié un profil contrastant du visiteur de la zone rurale moldave. Ces contrastes sont une conséquence de la période communiste et du manque d’implication (organisationnelle, affective, décisionnelle) du touriste dans l’organisation des voyages. / The aim of our research was to discover the position of Moldavia region on the internal and international tourism market and how his peripheral feature acts on its tourism development.We observed that research area is confronted with a three times peripheral feature, each one acting on a different spatial level: spatial periphery of European Union, economical and decision-making periphery of Romania, and finally, a frozen periphery which acts inside the region itself between the urban centers and the rural zones.We observed also that the region shows a bigger density of potential tourism resources in its western, mountainous part. The counties of Suceava, Neamț, Bacău and Vrancea take fully advantage of their position in a more attractive environment, the mountainous tourism being very popular and appreciate in Romania.In our days, Moldavia has a tourism delay compared with the national mean, delay translated in accommodation places, occupation rate, tourist arrivals or overnight stays. Nevertheless, the region knew an astonishing evolution of accommodation units in the last two decades. The rural boarding house become more and more visible, its development being based on the rural tourism’s popularization and its uncountable forms, The dynamic of tourism arrivals and overnight stays draws several distinct tourism zones in Moldavia. Suceava County is by far the most dynamic, its growth being based on some regional centers and mono-destination villages. Neamț County recorded a positive dynamic based on few local centers, each one with a different uniqueness, fact that put this county on the second step as tourism importance in Moldavia. Bacău County is noticed by its tourism fall, especially in the ancient resorts from communist era, Slănic Moldova and Târgu Ocna. After 1990 this destinations knew a decrease of their tourism weight because of the bad management.The investigation made among the visitors of the Moldavian rural area showed a changing profile for the usual Moldavian tourist, marked by several contrasts. These contrasts are a consequence of the communist era and the lack of implication (organizational, decision-making) from the tourist in its own trip planning.

Um dos campos mais ativos da Psicologia Social brasileira hoje é a comunidade, definida aqui no contexto territorial de sua existência. Este trabalho tem como base uma pesquisa de campo realizada com moradores de um território específico, o Jardim Chácara Bananal, situado no distrito do Jardim Ângela, zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. A população que habita esse espaço é predominantemente de migrantes que, atraídos pelo processo de industrialização da região de Santo Amaro e da marginal do Rio Pinheiros, instalaram-se de maneira precária nas áreas periféricas; posteriormente foram empurrados para regiões mais distantes do centro da Cidade, em razão da especulação imobiliária. Esses espaços, que não foram planejados e, por isso, não contavam com infraestrutura para abrigar esses habitantes, são áreas de manancial do município de São Paulo; sua ocupação atribui a seus moradores o status de irregulares. A própria ideia de irregularidade confere a eles um tratamento de exceção no que diz respeito às regras aplicadas aos considerados regulares, desaplicando-se aos encerrados naquela condição. O que pretendo é revelar como as pessoas que vivem nesse lugar compreendem-se na condição de irregular. Nesse sentido, descobri no território mais do que uma delimitação ou inscrição em mapas: um espaço de vida, de sociabilidade e, consequentemente, um lugar de constituição e transformação de subjetividades. Essas pessoas têm suas subjetividades afetadas pela irregularidade. Assim, são marcadas pelo medo de serem removidas de suas casas, pela própria definição como sujeitos irregulares pelo poder público; também o são pela forma de se comunicarem, pelas táticas de sobrevivência e pela relação patrimonialista com alguns políticos, dentre outros aspectos decorrentes. Por outro lado, são também subjetividades de pessoas que se veem como cidadãos de direitos, que acreditam na solidariedade e que lutam para ser reconhecidos como pertencentes à cidade. O material que será apresentado é fruto de observações de campo e de entrevistas com esses moradores. O território é revelador de significativas alternativas de enfrentamento de adversidades. As narrativas e histórias de vida de seus moradores estão marcadas por essas alternativas. É importante que elas sejam reconhecidas e consideradas pelos gestores públicos ao se conceberem políticas e intervenções em áreas vulneráveis socialmente, visando levar dignidade ao povo que as habita / Nowadays, one of the most active fields of the Brazilian Social Psychology is the community, defined here in the territorial context of its existence. The basis of this dissertation is a fieldwork done with people living in a specific territory called Jardim Chácara Bananal, which is in Jardim Ângela district, southern area of São Paulo city. The people living there are mainly migrants who were attracted by the industrialization process both in Santo Amaro district and Pinheiros River marginal road, and this is why they installed themselves precariously in the peripheral area. Later on they were pushed to areas further from the center of the city, because of estate speculation. Such areas, which were not planned and, therefore, did not have any infrastructure to take in those inhabitants, are fountainheads of São Paulo city, which gives their inhabitants an irregular status. The very idea of irregularity provides them with a treatment of exception as to the rules applied to the ones who are considered regular. What I intend to do is to show how the people living in those areas see themselves in the condition of being irregular. In the territory studied, I found out more than a border or a reference in a map: it is a space of life, of sociability, and, therefore, it is a place where subjectivity is constituted and transformed. Such people´s subjectivity is affected by irregularity. They are marked by the fear of being taken from their houses, by the very definition of being irregular from the government´s point of view, as well as by the very way they communicate, by their survival tactics and the patrimonial relationship with some politicians. On the other hand, it is the subjectivity of people who see themselves as citizens who have rights, who believe in solidarity and who strive to be recognized as belonging to the city. The material presented here comes from field observations and interviews with the inhabitants of the territory studied. The territory reveals significant alternatives to face adversities. Both the narratives and the stories of its inhabitants´ lives are marked by those alternatives. It is important that public managers recognize and take them into account when they conceive policies and interventions for socially vulnerable areas, so as to give dignity to the people who live there

Um dos campos mais ativos da Psicologia Social brasileira hoje é a comunidade, definida aqui no contexto territorial de sua existência. Este trabalho tem como base uma pesquisa de campo realizada com moradores de um território específico, o Jardim Chácara Bananal, situado no distrito do Jardim Ângela, zona sul da cidade de São Paulo. A população que habita esse espaço é predominantemente de migrantes que, atraídos pelo processo de industrialização da região de Santo Amaro e da marginal do Rio Pinheiros, instalaram-se de maneira precária nas áreas periféricas; posteriormente foram empurrados para regiões mais distantes do centro da Cidade, em razão da especulação imobiliária. Esses espaços, que não foram planejados e, por isso, não contavam com infraestrutura para abrigar esses habitantes, são áreas de manancial do município de São Paulo; sua ocupação atribui a seus moradores o status de irregulares. A própria ideia de irregularidade confere a eles um tratamento de exceção no que diz respeito às regras aplicadas aos considerados regulares, desaplicando-se aos encerrados naquela condição. O que pretendo é revelar como as pessoas que vivem nesse lugar compreendem-se na condição de irregular. Nesse sentido, descobri no território mais do que uma delimitação ou inscrição em mapas: um espaço de vida, de sociabilidade e, consequentemente, um lugar de constituição e transformação de subjetividades. Essas pessoas têm suas subjetividades afetadas pela irregularidade. Assim, são marcadas pelo medo de serem removidas de suas casas, pela própria definição como sujeitos irregulares pelo poder público; também o são pela forma de se comunicarem, pelas táticas de sobrevivência e pela relação patrimonialista com alguns políticos, dentre outros aspectos decorrentes. Por outro lado, são também subjetividades de pessoas que se veem como cidadãos de direitos, que acreditam na solidariedade e que lutam para ser reconhecidos como pertencentes à cidade. O material que será apresentado é fruto de observações de campo e de entrevistas com esses moradores. O território é revelador de significativas alternativas de enfrentamento de adversidades. As narrativas e histórias de vida de seus moradores estão marcadas por essas alternativas. É importante que elas sejam reconhecidas e consideradas pelos gestores públicos ao se conceberem políticas e intervenções em áreas vulneráveis socialmente, visando levar dignidade ao povo que as habita / Nowadays, one of the most active fields of the Brazilian Social Psychology is the community, defined here in the territorial context of its existence. The basis of this dissertation is a fieldwork done with people living in a specific territory called Jardim Chácara Bananal, which is in Jardim Ângela district, southern area of São Paulo city. The people living there are mainly migrants who were attracted by the industrialization process both in Santo Amaro district and Pinheiros River marginal road, and this is why they installed themselves precariously in the peripheral area. Later on they were pushed to areas further from the center of the city, because of estate speculation. Such areas, which were not planned and, therefore, did not have any infrastructure to take in those inhabitants, are fountainheads of São Paulo city, which gives their inhabitants an irregular status. The very idea of irregularity provides them with a treatment of exception as to the rules applied to the ones who are considered regular. What I intend to do is to show how the people living in those areas see themselves in the condition of being irregular. In the territory studied, I found out more than a border or a reference in a map: it is a space of life, of sociability, and, therefore, it is a place where subjectivity is constituted and transformed. Such people´s subjectivity is affected by irregularity. They are marked by the fear of being taken from their houses, by the very definition of being irregular from the government´s point of view, as well as by the very way they communicate, by their survival tactics and the patrimonial relationship with some politicians. On the other hand, it is the subjectivity of people who see themselves as citizens who have rights, who believe in solidarity and who strive to be recognized as belonging to the city. The material presented here comes from field observations and interviews with the inhabitants of the territory studied. The territory reveals significant alternatives to face adversities. Both the narratives and the stories of its inhabitants´ lives are marked by those alternatives. It is important that public managers recognize and take them into account when they conceive policies and interventions for socially vulnerable areas, so as to give dignity to the people who live there

This thesis main topic is the social-economic polarization in Czech Republic and its development process within past two decades. The main aim is to define growth poles with positive social-economic development and peripheric areas with stagnating or negative development. Consequently the secondary aim of this thesis is to confirm or disprove hypothesis resulting from Myrdal's theory of cumulative causation: "Growth poles grow faster over time and conversly peripheric areas decline further over years." In next step growing and peripheric regions are described and the possible causes of develepment within this areas are interpreted. Leading theories of regional development focusing on social-economic growth polarization are described in the theoretical part. The emphasis is on core -- periphery theories with main focus on theory of cummulative causation by Gunnar Myrdal.

La connaissance de la biodiversité surtout végétale est nécessaire à la base des aménagements nécessaires à la restauration de l'environnement. La présente étude a pour objectif d’analyser la dynamique de la flore et de la végétation ligneuse à la périphérie du Parc National de Waza et en tirer des enseignements pour améliorer la conservation et la gestion durable des ressources ligneuses de ce parc.La méthodologie est une combinaison des approches botaniques et géographiques. Trois unités paysagères caractérisent le PNW et sa zone périphérique : la savane herbeuse, la savane arbustive et la savane arborée. Les caractéristiques de la flore et de la végétation sont différentes dans les trois unités paysagères. L’inventaire floristique a permis de recenser un total de 52 espèces ligneuses. La densité absolue moyenne de toute la zone est de 81 individus / ha. Cette densité diminue suivant un gradient décroissant, de l’extérieur vers l’intérieur du parc, sauf dans le cas où certains facteurs comme l’intrusion du bétail dans le parc inverse ce gradient. La structure verticale montre que les tiges les moins représentées sont les tiges d’avenir et les tiges de régénération. Au niveau de la dynamique temporelle, on assiste à une régression du couvert végétal ligneux. Chaque année 478 ha de ce couvert disparaissent et 319 ha de sols se dégradent. Pour faire face aux changements observés qui sont d’origine anthropiques, naturels, bioécologiques ou politico-institutionnels, des options d’aménagement ont été proposées parmi lesquelles : le zonage, la mise en œuvre d’un projet REDD+, la restauration des terres, la gestion participative et l'écodéveloppement. / Environmental restoration development facilities require knowledge of biodiversity (especially of vegetation. In addition, conservation remains a major challenge, hence the need to find new solutions. The current study aims at analyzing the dynamics of flora and timber trees surrounding the Waza National Park and consolidating lessons to improve conservation and sustainable management of timber resources. The methodology used is a combination of botanical and geographical approaches. Three landscape units characterize the WNP and its peripheral zone: savanna grassland, shrub savanna and wooded savanna. Flora and vegetation characteristics are different in the three landscape units. Floristic inventory identified 52 woody species. The mean absolute density of the whole zone is 81 individuals / ha. This density decreases with a decreasing gradient, from outside the park to inside. This gradient depends on the human pressure gradient which also decreases from the external to the internal park area, except when the gradient is reversed by certain factors such as cattle intrusion. The vertical structure shows that the least represented stems are stems for future planting and regeneration stems, with a very large difference from other stems. Regarding temporal dynamics, there is a regression of woody/timber vegetation cover. Each year, 478 ha of this cover disappear and 319 ha of soil degrade. To cope with the observed changes that are of anthropic, natural, bioecological or politico-institutional origin, management options have been proposed among which: zoning, implementation of a REDD + project, restoration land degraded, participatory management and eco-development.