Cette thèse comporte une édition critique, une traduction et un commentaire de l'Ad martyras, de l'Ad Scapulam et du De fuga in persecutione de Tertullien. Notre édition s’appuie sur une lecture à nouveaux frais des cinq manuscrits principaux transmettant ces textes, sur les éditions humanistes et modernes ainsi que sur les notes de travail d’éditeurs humanistes. Les trois textes évoquent, de trois points de vue différents, les persécutions. Dans l’Ad martyras, où Tertullien s’adresse à des chrétiens emprisonnés, la persécution apparaît comme une épreuve ; dans l’Ad Scapulam, adressé au proconsul de Carthage, il s’agit de détourner la persécution des chrétiens. Enfin, le De fuga in persecutione vise à encourager les chrétiens à s'y soumettre sans se laisser tenter par la fuite. Nous avons été attentives au discours que Tertullien construit à la fois ad extra pour détourner les autorités des persécutions antichrétiennes, et, ad intra, pour encourager les chrétiens dans l'épreuve. / This dissertation consists in the critical edition, French translationand commentary of Tertullian’s Ad Martyras, Ad Scapulam and De fuga in persecutione. The edition is based on a new reading of five of the main manuscripts which contain the texts, on early and modern critical editions and on the readings of lost manuscripts given by humanist sources. The three texts deal with the antichristian persecutions. In the Ad martyras, where Tertullian writes to emprisoned Christians, persecution is seen as a trial ; in the Ad Scapulam, addressed to the Carthaginian proconsul, Tertullian intends to prevent him from persecuting Christians. At last, the treatise De fuga in persecutione encourages Christians to accept persecution even if they can flee it. We paid attention to the speech Tertullian elaborates both ad extra to deter Roman authorities from persecuting and ad intra to support Christians in trial.

In late medieval Europe, suspicions arose that minority groups wished to destroy the Christian majority by poisoning water sources. These suspicions caused the persecution of different minorities by rulers, nobles and officials in various parts of the continent during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The best-known case of this kind of persecution was attacks perpetrated against Jewish communities in the German Empire between 1348 and 1350. At this time, the Black Death devastated the continent, and Jews were accused of intentionally spreading the disease by poisoning wells. A series of terrifying massacres ensued, destroying many of the major Jewish communities in Europe. This was not, however, the only case in which such charges led to persecution. In 1321, lepers in south-western France were accused of attempting to spread their particular illness by poisoning water sources. These accusations evolved to include the idea that the plot was initiated by Muslim rulers and aided by the Jews of France. As a consequence, both Jews and lepers suffered violent fates, from expulsion or isolation to execution by fire. Similar, albeit less widespread, cases can be traced up until the fifteenth century. Often Jews were the victims, but lepers, Muslims, paupers, mendicants and foreigners also fell victim to persecution justified by allegations of well poisoning. This dissertation presents a thorough analysis of the subject of well-poisoning accusations and describes why and how they were adopted in the late Middle Ages. The study describes the origins of this phenomenon, how it spread through medieval Europe and its eventual decline. It asserts that in order to explain this process, one must first understand the factors within medieval society, culture and politics that made the idea of a well-poisoning threat convincing. It shows that these accusations were created to justify and drive the persecution and marginalization of minorities. At the same time, it claims that well-poisoning accusations could not have caused such major political and social shifts unless contemporaries genuinely believed the charges were plausible, convincing and threatening.

This period of the history of the Jews in the Yemen was selected for study on account· of the richness of the material which is available. The sources used in this research for the study of the political, economic and social situation of the Jews in the Yemen may be divided into the following groups: 1. The MSS. A - Hebrew MSS. B Arabic MSS. The printed sources A - Hebrew printed B - Arabic printed sources c - European printed sources Trave1lers A - Contemporary travellers B - Modern travellers In addition to the Hebrew and Arabic sources we have a series of eye-witness reports from travellers who visited the Yemen during the last three centuries, and whose observations have had remarkable and enduring results. The information obtained from these sources is plentiful and of great interest and importance for the history of the Yemen in general and supplies us with personal observations on the people, both Arabs and Jews. Such journevs increased the volume of knowledge and broadened its horizons owing to the opportunities taken for study and investigation. Although these sources have been mentioned in both the footnotes and the bibliography, it would be worth mentioning them here to estimate their relative informative value. One of the most essential Hebrew sources on which we have relied most in this dissertation is Korot Ha-Zman, written by Habshush. All we can learn about Habshush must be gleaned from his own writings. He was primarily a coppersmith by profession and it was only in his later years that he took up writing. In the Spring of 1893, Habshush was occupied in writing his Hebrew account of the history of the Jews'in the Yemen. The Autumn of the same year he spent writing his account about his journey with Halevy.1 His decision to write his own works was perhaps partly due to the influence of the European travellers who spread culture among the Jews in the Yemen in the nineteenth century. But his method of writing and his bitter complaints against the treatment of Ha1evy.

Doctor of Philosophy / This regional study documents the life and the destruction of the Jewish community of Magdeburg, in the Prussian province of Saxony, between 1933 and 1945. As this is the first comprehensive and academic study of this community during the Nazi period, it has contributed to both the regional historiography of German Jewry and the historiography of the Shoah in Germany. In both respects it affords a further understanding of Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Commencing this study at the beginning of 1933 enables a comprehensive view to emerge of the community as it was on the eve of the Nazi assault. The study then analyses the spiralling events that led to its eventual destruction. The story of the Magdeburg Jewish community in both the public and private domains has been explored from the Nazi accession to power in 1933 up until April 1945, when only a handful of Jews in the city witnessed liberation. This study has combined both archival material and oral history to reconstruct the period. Secondary literature has largely been incorporated and used in a comparative sense and as reference material. This study has interpreted and viewed the period from an essentially Jewish perspective. That is to say, in documenting the experiences of the Jews of Magdeburg, this study has focused almost exclusively on how this population simultaneously lived and grappled with the deteriorating situation. Much attention has been placed on how it reacted and responded at key junctures in the processes of disenfranchisement, exclusion and finally destruction. This discussion also includes how and why Jews reached decisions to abandon their Heimat and what their experiences with departure were. In the final chapter of the community’s story, an exploration has been made of how the majority of those Jews who remained endured the final years of humiliation and stigmatisation. All but a few perished once the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’ reached Magdeburg in April 1942. The epilogue of this study charts the experiences of those who remained in the city, some of whom survived to tell their story.

Doctor of Philosophy / This regional study documents the life and the destruction of the Jewish community of Magdeburg, in the Prussian province of Saxony, between 1933 and 1945. As this is the first comprehensive and academic study of this community during the Nazi period, it has contributed to both the regional historiography of German Jewry and the historiography of the Shoah in Germany. In both respects it affords a further understanding of Jewish life in Nazi Germany. Commencing this study at the beginning of 1933 enables a comprehensive view to emerge of the community as it was on the eve of the Nazi assault. The study then analyses the spiralling events that led to its eventual destruction. The story of the Magdeburg Jewish community in both the public and private domains has been explored from the Nazi accession to power in 1933 up until April 1945, when only a handful of Jews in the city witnessed liberation. This study has combined both archival material and oral history to reconstruct the period. Secondary literature has largely been incorporated and used in a comparative sense and as reference material. This study has interpreted and viewed the period from an essentially Jewish perspective. That is to say, in documenting the experiences of the Jews of Magdeburg, this study has focused almost exclusively on how this population simultaneously lived and grappled with the deteriorating situation. Much attention has been placed on how it reacted and responded at key junctures in the processes of disenfranchisement, exclusion and finally destruction. This discussion also includes how and why Jews reached decisions to abandon their Heimat and what their experiences with departure were. In the final chapter of the community’s story, an exploration has been made of how the majority of those Jews who remained endured the final years of humiliation and stigmatisation. All but a few perished once the implementation of the ‘Final Solution’ reached Magdeburg in April 1942. The epilogue of this study charts the experiences of those who remained in the city, some of whom survived to tell their story.

I analyze the behavior of Jews imprisoned in the Treblinka, Sobibór, and Birkenau extermination camps in order to illustrate a systematic process of deception and psychological conditioning, which the Nazis employed during World War II to preclude Jewish resistance to the Final Solution. In Chapter I, I present resistance historiography as it has developed since the end of the war. In Chapter II, I delineate my own argument on Jewish behavior during the Final Solution, limiting my definition of resistance and the applicability of my thesis to behavior in the extermination camp, or closed, environment. In Chapters III, IV, and V, I present a detailed narrative of the Treblinka, Sobibór, and Birkenau revolts using secondary sources and selected survivor testimony. Finally, in Chapter VI, I isolate select parts of the previous narratives and apply my argument to demonstrate its validity as an explanation for Jewish behavior.

男同志愛滋病患者的心理狀態一直是美國愛滋病研究的邊疆區域。大多數的國家政策多著重於此一族群的身體狀況以及疾病本身的研究。這些政策往往忽略了自我和解對於男同志愛滋病患者來說的重要性，殊不知自我和解是男同志愛滋病患者對抗全景式迫害的重要策略之一。賴瑞克萊默《正常心》及《我的命運》處處顯示對於此一策略以及國家社會對於男同志愛滋病患之迫害的關注。透過主人公奈得從愛滋鬥士到染病再到自我和解的過程，這兩齣戲劇重砲抨擊了國家社會不公，並同時點出受迫害者對抗這些不公不義的必要性。在此之下，傅科對於權力以及抗拒的討論適足為本論文的理論出發點。本論文藉助傅科的觀點來討論國家社會迫害男同志愛滋病患背後的深層因素，並進一步探討這些被迫害者中可能產生的抗拒策略。本論文分成四個部份：除了導論和結論外，第二章著重美國國家社會對於男同志愛滋病患者的歧視及壓迫，以及形成這些迫害的原因，並進一步檢視《正常心》及《我的命運》裡男同志愛滋病患者的困境。第三章討論這些被迫害者不同的反壓迫策略，以及這些策略對於男同志愛滋病患者身心的影響。 / The psychological condition of the HIV-positive is always peripheral to the governmental studies of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Compared with the governmental studies, Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart (1985) and The Destiny of Me (1992) lay more emphases on the psychological conditions and transformations of the HIV/AIDS patients. These two plays demonstrate the homophobic disciplines and regulations performed against the homosexual HIV-positives in the discourse of HIV/AIDS. In addition, through Ned Weeks's transformation and resistance, these two plays illuminate on the lesson, self-knowledge, and self-reconciliation that empower the diseased gay men to survive in the crisis of HIV/AIDS. This thesis makes resort to the studies of Michel Foucault, particularly his concepts of anatomo-politics and biopolitics as well as his exegeses of the dynamics between the persecutor and the persecuted. Foucault's theories are insightful in understanding the underlying homophobia behind the policies in a normalizing society. His studies envision the possibilities of resistance alongside these homophobic panoptic persecutions. This thesis is divided into four chapters. The second chapter examines the disciplines and regulations over the diseased homosexuals in The Normal Heart and The Destiny of Me. The third chapter focuses on the transformations of Ned from a polemicist to a reconciliationist as well as his resistance to the panoptic persecutions. The concluding chapter reconfirms that the lesson and growth of a gay HIV-positive patient rests on self-reconciliation.

This thesis compares the different trauma received at the three major hiding places for Jewish children in Belgium during the Holocaust: Christian establishments, private families, and Jewish orphanages. Jewish children hidden at Christian establishments received mainly religious trauma and nutritional, sanitary, and medical neglect. Hiding with private families caused separation trauma and extreme hiding situations. Children staying at Jewish orphanages lived with a continuous fear of being deported, because these institutions were under constant supervision of the German occupiers. No Jewish child survived their hiding experience without receiving some major trauma that would affect them for the rest of their life. This thesis is based on video interviews at Shoah Visual History Foundation and Blum Archives, as well as autobiographies published by hidden children.

L’exigence de l’ordre public interne et internationale justifie une limitation du droit fondamental à l’asile. Le Code de l’entrée et du séjour des étrangers et du droit d’asile, la convention de Genève du 28 juillet 1951et la législation européenne dessinent les contours de cette clause d’ordre public. Pourtant, le candidat à l’asile ou le bénéficiaire d’une protection peuvent craindre d’être persécutés en cas de retour dans leur pays d’origine. Comment dès lors comprendre un refus de protection ou le retrait d’un statut protecteur et la mise en œuvre de cette clause ? / The requirement of the internal and international public order justifies a limitation of the basic right to asylum. The Code of the entry and the stay from abroad and the right of asylum, the Geneva Convention of July 28th, 1951 and the EU law draw contours of this clause of public order. However, the candidate with asylum or the recipient of a protection can fear to be persecuted in the event of return in their country of origin. How consequently to understand a refusal of protection or withdrawal of a protective statute and the implementation of this clause?

This thesis seeks to answer the question of how Joseph Smith—History found in The Pearl of Great Price developed into a part of the canon of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. When the prophet Joseph Smith first dictated the text to his scribes it seems he had not intended for the work to become scripture, but simply to follow the Lord's divine mandate to keep a record. Additionally he provided the purpose in his document to "disabuse the public mind, and put all inquirers after truth in possession of the facts, as they transpired." The format he proposed for the Manuscript History illustrates how it was originally not purposed for scripture. The compiling of that history took the efforts of many men and women and spanned the length of almost twenty years to complete. Joseph Smith had begun the dictation to his scribe George Robinson in 1838, but it was unfinished. Joseph later began the dictation anew to his scribe James Mulholland, first having the man rewrite what he had told to Robinson and then picking up the dictation from there. While the prophet had started and stopped histories before, this particular dictation began the enduring effort. The Manuscript History was developed from the original 59 pages that were scribed by Mulholland. By the efforts of other scribes, but mostly Willard Richards, the history was completed. The official statement of Brigham Young and Orson Pratt upon its completion said nothing of extracting portions for canon. But Mulholland's work seemed destined for a different purpose than the rest of the Manuscript History. It was printed serially in the Times and Seasons, and a few apostles seemed to catch a vision of what the manuscript could do for potential converts and members of the Church. Orson Pratt was especially a proponent of communicating certain key events as illustrated in his missionary tract "Remarkable Visions." A later apostle, Franklin D. Richards, would see the benefit of using the official history to distribute the history of the restoration of the Church to others. He extracted portions from Mulholland's text that covered certain main events in Joseph's life and printed them in his missionary tract The Pearl of Great Price. This pamphlet would eventually be canonized by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1880. Joseph Smith-History's inclusion in the reclamation of revelation that occurred in 1880 was deserved. This is evidenced by examining the process of canonization and the guiding principles of canonization employed by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It was canonized at the same time as many other revelations and at a General Conference saturated with many important events. Consequently it is difficult to gauge the reaction to its inclusion in canon, except in how it has been used since its canonization. After its inclusion into scripture the text has become a foundational piece of literature for the Church. The impact the text has had can be seen in the culture, missionary work, and doctrine of the Church. The focus of this thesis is to map the text's journey from birth to canonization.