La présence avérée de produits pharmaceutiques et de soin personnels (PPSP) dans le milieu aquatique est principalement due à leur élimination incomplète dans les stations d’épuration (STEP). Ces molécules sont susceptibles de générer des effets néfastes sur les organismes vivants du milieu naturel. Une évaluation préalable des risques qui peuvent être engendrés par les PPSP est nécessaire pour qu’ils puissent être gérés correctement et sûrement par les principaux acteurs du cycle de l’eau tels que les pouvoirs publics et les grandes entreprises de l’environnement, dont fait partie Veolia. La démarche d’évaluation des risques nécessite d’avoir accès à des données sur les processus de biodégradation des PPSP dans l’environnement. Actuellement, les données disponibles sont qualitatives ou semi-quantitatives en raison de l’absence d’outils de mesure quantitatifs adéquats. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a ainsi consisté à développer des outils pour quantifier spécifiquement les processus de biodégradation des PPSP in situ à des concentrations environnementales. Deux outils complémentaires ont été sélectionnés pour être évalués : le fractionnement énantiomérique, dans le but de quantifier la biodégradation des PPSP chiraux, et le fractionnement isotopique, limité à celui du chlore, dans le but de mesurer la biodégradation des PPSP chlorés. Pour évaluer ces outils, des analyses d’occurrence sur le terrain et des études cinétiques et mécanistiques en laboratoire ont été réalisées sur cinq molécules modèles : deux produits pharmaceutiques chiraux (un bêtabloquant, le métoprolol et un antidépresseur, la venlafaxine) et trois PPSP chlorés (deux biocides, le triclocarban et le triclosan, et un anti-inflammatoire non stéroïdien, le diclofénac). Nos travaux ont démontré que l’utilisation du fractionnement isotopique du chlore seul est peu adaptée à l’étude quantitative de la biodégradation des PPSP chlorés. Une approche isotopique multiéléments serait plus propice pour quantifier les processus de biodégradation. Par ailleurs, les expériences réalisées ont permis d’approfondir l’état des connaissances sur les voies et mécanismes de biodégradation des PPSP étudiés. La déchloration du triclosan dans les sédiments en aval des STEP a été mise en évidence pour la première fois. Concernant le triclocarban, cette réaction était déjà connue mais les mécanismes réactionnels de déchloration sous-jacents ont été élucidés en milieux aérobie et anaérobie. Les résultats obtenus sur l’outil énantiomérique sont très encourageants. Ils démontrent, à l’aide du métoprolol, l’existence d’une relation linéaire entre biodégradation et variations énantiomériques à la fois en conditions contrôlées et dans les STEP. Le fractionnement énantiomérique constitue donc un bon outil quantitatif de la biodégradation du métoprolol. Des études supplémentaires sont néanmoins nécessaires pour étendre ces résultats à d’autres molécules. D’autre part, l’analyse des concentrations et de la stéréochimie des produits de transformation du métoprolol a confirmé que ce composé se biodégrade stéréosélectivement en métoprolol acide et un mécanisme réactionnel a été proposé pour expliquer ces observations. Les cinétiques associées aux réactions de dégradation des PPSP étudiés doivent être mesurées in situ pour évaluer la capacité du milieu naturel à éliminer ces composés, d’où l’importance de rendre opérationnels les indicateurs quantitatifs étudiés au cours de la thèse. Croisées avec des données d’écotoxicité, les informations quantitatives sur la biodégradation peuvent aider les pouvoirs publics à cibler les PPSP qui nécessitent d’être régulés en priorité. Elles peuvent également aider les opérateurs privés à orienter leurs stratégies de réduction d’émission à la source et l’optimisation des procédés de traitement des eaux afin que ces derniers éliminent en priorité les micropolluants les plus à risque. / The widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCP) in surface waters, due to their incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), is of concern since these compounds may be harmful to living organisms. Environmental risks associated with the presence of PPCP in aquatic environment have to be evaluated in order to help the main actors involved in the water cycle such as public authorities and environmental companies, including Veolia, to manage them properly. Quantitative and qualitative assessment of in situ biodegradation of PPCP is a major need in the context of risk assessment. Quantitative information remains scarcely available due the lack of appropriate methods. The objective of this work was then to develop tools able to quantify specifically in situ biodegradation of PPCP at trace levels. Two different tools have been selected to be evaluated, namely enantiomeric fractionation dedicated to chiral compounds and isotopic fractionation limited to chlorine-isotope analysis dedicated to chlorinated PPCP. To evaluate these tools, environmental occurrence studies and in vitro mechanistic and kinetic studies were together performed using five probe compounds : two chiral PPCP (a beta-blocker, the metoprolol and an antidepressant, the venlafaxine) and three chlorinated PPCP (two biocides, the triclocarban and the triclosan, and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the diclofenac). These experiments demonstrated that chlorine isotope fractionation can hardly provide quantitative information on in situ biodegradation of chlorinated PPCP. Multi-dimensional isotopic fractionation might be better adapted to quantify biodegradation. Furthermore, through the experiments, new insights on biodegradation pathways and mechanisms of the studied compounds have also been gained. Dechlorination of triclosan within sediment has been evidenced for the first time. Concerning triclocarban, dechlorination of this compound in environment had already been reported in previous studies but aerobic and anaerobic dechlorination mechanisms have been elucidated in the present study. Results obtained on enantiomeric fractionation demonstrated that this tool is very promising. Experiments using metoprolol as probe compound showed existence of a linear relationship between enantiomeric enrichment and the extent of biodegradation both under controlled conditions and within WWTP. Enantiomeric enrichment might then constitute a good indicator of in situ biodegradation of metoprolol. Supplementary studies are needed to extrapolate these results to other micropollutants. In addition, stereoselective degradation of metoprolol in acid metoprolol within WWTP and under controlled conditions has been observed similarly to other studies and one degradation mechanism has been proposed to explain the reaction stereochemistry. In situ kinetics associated with degradation pathways of the studied PPSPs have to be measured to assess the ability of the environment to eliminate these compounds, hence the importance of making operational the quantitative indicators studied in this thesis. Crossed with ecotoxicity data, quantitative information on biodegradation can help public authorities to target PPCPs that need to be regulated first. They can also help private operators to direct their source reduction strategies and their water treatment process optimization so that they eliminate in priority the most risked micropollutants.

5 Abstract Five substances from the group of so-called personal care products, known for their low degradability and regular environmental detection, were tested for toxicity using two fish tissue lines (RTgill-W1 a RTG-2) isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus miykiss). The tested substances were hexadecylpyridinium chloride (HDP), chlorhexidine (CHX), octenidine (OCT), thymol (THM) and triclosan (TCS). A cell viability assay was performed with each of these compounds using Alamar Blue ™ (AB), 5-carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM) and neutral red (NR) protocols. The results were used to construct dose-response curves along with an EC50 value for each of these substances. The EC50 values ranged from 0,51 (HDP) to 33,75 µg.ml-1 (THM) for RTgill-W1 and from 0,31 (HDP) to 33,37 µg.ml-1 (THM) for RTG-2. The theoretical LC50 estimation was calculated according to Tanneberger et al. (2013). For all substances, cytochrome P450 1A activity was monitored using 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD), four out of five tested chemicals were statistically positive for EROD, the highest EROD response was observed for the most toxic compound - HDP. Only TCS did not show statistically significant cytochrome P450 1A activity. In addition, oxidative stress was measured with the fluorescent dye...

Untreated human sewage pollution in surface water is of concern because it contributes to the degradation of aquatic ecosystems and it could be a potential hazard to human health. Also, any pollution of surface water, which ultimately supplies drinking water, may affect the drinking water quality. Improper operation and maintenance of separate storm sewer systems are prominent contributors of untreated sewage to source waters, resulting from illicit connections, leakage of sewers, or cross-connections. This thesis studied anthropogenic markers to track untreated sewage in an urban watershed with separate storm sewer system, under dry weather conditions. The main feature of these chemical markers is their degradation behavior at municipal wastewater treatment plants: some markers are completely removed (labile markers), whereas others show only partial or no removal at all (conservative markers). A set of ubiquitous chemical markers with practical analytical detection limits was selected to exploit the labile vs conservative distinction, and determine if untreated human sewage was discharged from stormwater outfalls. The presence of labile markers alone was not enough to confirm the occurrence of untreated sewage in stormwater outfalls. The concentration ratios between labile and conservative markers from several chemical groups (pharmaceuticals and personal care products, over-the-counter medications, artificial sweeteners, and human metabolites) created a chemical fingerprint of untreated sewage, and it was statistically demonstrated to track untreated human sewage in local stormwater outfalls. / Civil Engineering

Pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs) and other trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) encompass a diverse group of chemicals that are not currently monitored or regulated in US drinking water or wastewater. Researchers have found low levels of TOrCs in aquatic and terrestrial environments all over the globe, and observed negative effects on impacted biota. The primary source of TOrCs in the environment is domestic wastewater discharges. Centralized wastewater treatment plants present greater risks on a global scale, but on a local scale, onsite treatment systems may have more potent impacts on resources that are invaluable to residents, including groundwater, surface waters, and soils. The objective of this thesis is to identify and characterize promising treatment technologies for onsite TOrC remediation. Receptors who could be impacted by TOrC discharges are assessed, and applications that may require alternative treatment are identified. The best treatment technologies are recognized as those that protect sensitive environmental receptors, provide permanent removal pathways for as many TOrCs as possible, and are not prohibitively expensive to install or maintain. Findings from a pilot study show increased removal of conventional pollutants and TOrCs in an aerobic treatment unit (ATU), two types of biofilter, and a hybrid constructed wetland, all relative to septic tank effluent. The constructed wetland achieved the highest nutrient removals with TN concentrations below 10 mg/L throughout the study. A system with an ATU and peat biofilters achieved the highest removals of persistent pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and lamotrigine (>85% and >95%, respectively). / Master of Science / Trace organic contaminants (TOrCs) are chemicals found in pharmaceuticals, laundry detergents, shampoo, flame retardants, food preservatives, and many other products used in a typical home, which are not currently monitored or regulated in US drinking water or wastewater. Researchers have found low levels of TOrCs in waters and soils all over the globe, and observed negative effects on the plants and animals that live in those environments. The primary source of TOrCs in the environment is treated wastewater from centralized wastewater treatment plants, which is usually released to rivers, lakes, and other surface waters. People in rural communities also have TOrCs in their wastewater, which is normally treated using a septic system. Water released in the septic field can add TOrCs to septic field soils, groundwater sources, or nearby surface water sources, and from there these chemicals have the potential to impact human health, soil fertility, livestock health, or fish and other living things in surface waters. The objective of this thesis is to identify and characterize promising treatment technologies that would prevent or limit TOrC impacts to these important resources, which are called “receptors.” Receptors who could be impacted by TOrC discharges are assessed, and the situations in which these treatment technologies would be necessary are identified. The best treatment technologies are recognized as those that protect sensitive environmental receptors, remove as many TOrCs as possible, and are affordable to install or maintain. An experiment was designed to compare the performance of three different technologies that could remove TOrCs from septic tank effluent, including a peat filter and a constructed wetland. The constructed wetland removed the most nitrogen (total nitrogen <10 mg/L throughout the study), and a system with a peat filter removed the greatest amounts of persistent pharmaceuticals carbamazepine and lamotrigine (averaging >85% and >95%, respectively).

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-04-26T20:25:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMS.pdf: 4210213 bytes, checksum: de15a2cacf15c1179f470589ca57169b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-02T20:20:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMS.pdf: 4210213 bytes, checksum: de15a2cacf15c1179f470589ca57169b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-02T20:20:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMS.pdf: 4210213 bytes, checksum: de15a2cacf15c1179f470589ca57169b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T18:02:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissTMS.pdf: 4210213 bytes, checksum: de15a2cacf15c1179f470589ca57169b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Patent document is a technological information source, internationally standardized and of great relevance to increase the business potential of competitiveness and innovation. The present research analyses the patent databases Derwent Innovations Index e Espacenet in order to contribute to studies in competitive intelligence through patent analysis related to nanotechnology applications in cosmetics and personal care products. Derwent Innovations Index and Espacenet databases are web accessible databases, with international coverage in all fields of technology. Thus, this study intends to elucidate the features and resources available in each of those databases and contribute to the optimization of the information search and retrieval for patent documents analysis. Based on the proposal, the research is exploratory and descriptive and quantitative and qualitative approach, which aims identify the features offered by each databases and then elaborate patents analysis using softwares and resources for this purpose. As results, Derwent Innovations Index and Espacenet are different in some aspects and those two databases can be used alone or in a complementary manner depending on the objectives, and ultimately, concludes that Derwent Innovations Index is the most suitable database according to the criteria evaluated. / O documento de patente é uma fonte de informação tecnológica padronizada internacionalmente e de grande relevância para o aumento do potencial competitivo e de inovação das empresas. Esta pesquisa analisa as bases de dados de patentes Derwent Innovations Index e Espacenet com o intuito de contribuir com estudos de inteligência competitiva por meio da análise de patentes sobre aplicações da nanotecnologia em cosméticos e produtos de higiene pessoal. A Derwent Innovations Index e a Espacenet são bases de dados acessíveis por meio eletrônico, com abrangência internacional e cobertura de todos os campos tecnológicos. Assim, o presente estudo visa delinear as características e recursos disponíveis em cada uma das bases de acordo com critérios de avaliação adotados e contribuir com a otimização da busca e recuperação da informação para análise dos documentos de patentes. Com base no objetivo proposto, a pesquisa é exploratória e descritiva e com abordagem quantitativa e qualitativa, no qual visa identificar os recursos oferecidos por cada uma das bases de dados e, em etapa posterior, elaborar análises de patentes com a utilização de softwares e recursos para esta finalidade. Com base no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa, pode-se afirmar que a Derwent Innovations Index e a Espacenet são bases de dados diferentes em alguns aspectos e estas duas bases de dados podem ser utilizadas de maneira complementar ou isoladamente dependendo dos objetivos e, por fim conclui-se que a a Derwent Innovations Index é a base de dados a mais indicada de acordo com os critérios avaliados.

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T20:01:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ghiselli_Gislaine_D.pdf: 7893135 bytes, checksum: 77abd572fbade3721ea074ed0616e34b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Doutorado / Quimica Analitica / Doutor em Quimica

Neste estudo, investigou-se a ocorrência de fármacos (naproxeno, paracetamol, diclofenaco, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazina, sulfadimetoxina e sulfatiazol) e produto de cuidados pessoais (metilparabeno) em amostras de água superficial do Rio Itapecuru (MA), do Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) e do Rio Monjolinho e seus tributários (SP). As águas dos rios foram caracterizadas por parâmetros físicos e químicos e os analitos foram isolados e pré-concentrados por meio da extração em fase sólida (SPE) e, subsequentemente, analisados por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). O método desenvolvido foi validado e mostrou-se linear na faixa de 50 a 400 &micro;g L-1, com coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação para todos os analitos foram 16 e 50 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente, os valores de recuperação variaram entre 50 e 99%, a precisão intradia variou entre 0,26 e 6,99% e a exatidão variou entre 88,45 e 103,07%. Nas amostras provenientes do Rio Monjolinho e de seus tributários as concentrações máximas de paracetamol, naproxeno e metilparabeno foram 143,97, 75,90 e 56,18 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. Nas amostras coletadas no Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) o metilparabeno e o naproxeno foram apenas detectados, bem como o metilparabeno no Rio Itapecuru (MA), uma vez que suas concentrações, apresentaram-se abaixo do limite de quantificação do método. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e carbono orgânico total (TOC) estão altamente correlacionadas com as elevadas concentrações dos fármacos e metilparabeno encontradas nas amostras, assim como explicou o efeito da variabilidade espaço-temporal nas concentrações. As curvas de distribuição da sensibilidade das espécies (SSD) foram construídas e indicaram que sensibilidades distintas são obtidas dependendo das espécies e do analito ao qual esta foi exposta, evidenciando que a presença dos fármacos e do metilparabeno no ambiente aquático podem provocar desequilíbrio na cadeia alimentar. Portanto, este estudo traz informações analíticas e ecotoxicológicas importantes sobre os contaminantes emergentes em ambiente aquático, que podem ser utilizadas como base de dados para a criação de novas legislações que restrinjam a entrada desses compostos nos corpos aquáticos. / In this study, we investigated the occurrence of pharmaceuticals (naproxen, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole) and personal care product (methylparaben) in surface water samples from the Itapecuru River (MA), Mogi Guaçu River (SP) and the Monjolinho River and its tributaries (SP). The river waters were characterized by physical and chemical parameters, the analytes were isolated and preconcentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). The chromatographic method presented coefficients of determination higher than 0.99 and linear ranges of 50 - 400 &micro;g L-1. The limits of detection and quantification were 16 &micro;g L-1 and 50 &micro;g L-1, respectively, for all the analytes. Recovery values were 50 - 99 %, intraday precision were 0.26 - 6.99%, and accuracy were 88.45 - 103.07%. In the samples from Monjolinho River and its tributaries the maximum concentrations of paracetamol, methylparaben and naproxen were 143.97, 75.90, and 56.18 &micro;g L-1, respectively. In the samples collected in Mogi Guaçu River (SP), methylparaben and naproxen were only detected, as well as methylparaben in the Rio Itapecuru (MA), since their concentrations were below the limit of quantification of the method. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the variables dissolved oxygen (OD) and total organic carbon (TOC) are highly correlated to the high concentrations of drugs and methylparaben found in the samples, as well as explaining the spatio-temporal variability in the concentrations. Species sensitivity distribution curves (SSD) were built and they indicated that different sensitivities are obtained depending on the specie and the analyte which it was exposed, evidencing that the presence of pharmaceuticals and methylparaben in the aquatic environment can cause imbalance in the food chain. Therefore, this study provides important analytical and ecotoxicological informations on emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment, which can be used as a database for the elaboration of a new legislation to restrict the entry of these compounds into aquatic bodies.

Neste estudo, investigou-se a ocorrência de fármacos (naproxeno, paracetamol, diclofenaco, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazina, sulfadimetoxina e sulfatiazol) e produto de cuidados pessoais (metilparabeno) em amostras de água superficial do Rio Itapecuru (MA), do Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) e do Rio Monjolinho e seus tributários (SP). As águas dos rios foram caracterizadas por parâmetros físicos e químicos e os analitos foram isolados e pré-concentrados por meio da extração em fase sólida (SPE) e, subsequentemente, analisados por cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas de alta resolução (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). O método desenvolvido foi validado e mostrou-se linear na faixa de 50 a 400 &micro;g L-1, com coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,99. Os limites de detecção e quantificação para todos os analitos foram 16 e 50 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente, os valores de recuperação variaram entre 50 e 99%, a precisão intradia variou entre 0,26 e 6,99% e a exatidão variou entre 88,45 e 103,07%. Nas amostras provenientes do Rio Monjolinho e de seus tributários as concentrações máximas de paracetamol, naproxeno e metilparabeno foram 143,97, 75,90 e 56,18 &micro;g L-1, respectivamente. Nas amostras coletadas no Rio Mogi Guaçu (SP) o metilparabeno e o naproxeno foram apenas detectados, bem como o metilparabeno no Rio Itapecuru (MA), uma vez que suas concentrações, apresentaram-se abaixo do limite de quantificação do método. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e carbono orgânico total (TOC) estão altamente correlacionadas com as elevadas concentrações dos fármacos e metilparabeno encontradas nas amostras, assim como explicou o efeito da variabilidade espaço-temporal nas concentrações. As curvas de distribuição da sensibilidade das espécies (SSD) foram construídas e indicaram que sensibilidades distintas são obtidas dependendo das espécies e do analito ao qual esta foi exposta, evidenciando que a presença dos fármacos e do metilparabeno no ambiente aquático podem provocar desequilíbrio na cadeia alimentar. Portanto, este estudo traz informações analíticas e ecotoxicológicas importantes sobre os contaminantes emergentes em ambiente aquático, que podem ser utilizadas como base de dados para a criação de novas legislações que restrinjam a entrada desses compostos nos corpos aquáticos. / In this study, we investigated the occurrence of pharmaceuticals (naproxen, paracetamol, diclofenac, 17&beta;-estradiol, sulfametazine, sulfadimethoxine and sulfathiazole) and personal care product (methylparaben) in surface water samples from the Itapecuru River (MA), Mogi Guaçu River (SP) and the Monjolinho River and its tributaries (SP). The river waters were characterized by physical and chemical parameters, the analytes were isolated and preconcentrated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and subsequently analyzed using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QqTOF/MS). The chromatographic method presented coefficients of determination higher than 0.99 and linear ranges of 50 - 400 &micro;g L-1. The limits of detection and quantification were 16 &micro;g L-1 and 50 &micro;g L-1, respectively, for all the analytes. Recovery values were 50 - 99 %, intraday precision were 0.26 - 6.99%, and accuracy were 88.45 - 103.07%. In the samples from Monjolinho River and its tributaries the maximum concentrations of paracetamol, methylparaben and naproxen were 143.97, 75.90, and 56.18 &micro;g L-1, respectively. In the samples collected in Mogi Guaçu River (SP), methylparaben and naproxen were only detected, as well as methylparaben in the Rio Itapecuru (MA), since their concentrations were below the limit of quantification of the method. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that the variables dissolved oxygen (OD) and total organic carbon (TOC) are highly correlated to the high concentrations of drugs and methylparaben found in the samples, as well as explaining the spatio-temporal variability in the concentrations. Species sensitivity distribution curves (SSD) were built and they indicated that different sensitivities are obtained depending on the specie and the analyte which it was exposed, evidencing that the presence of pharmaceuticals and methylparaben in the aquatic environment can cause imbalance in the food chain. Therefore, this study provides important analytical and ecotoxicological informations on emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment, which can be used as a database for the elaboration of a new legislation to restrict the entry of these compounds into aquatic bodies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6522.pdf: 11813930 bytes, checksum: 7b3b28c9003cd9b02191060694246535 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Three different classes of emerging contaminants were analyzed in surface water samples, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments from the Jundiaí River Basin - SP. The hormones 17-&#946;-estradiol and 17-&#945;-ethinylestradiol were the only compounds that were not detected in the matrices studied. Caffeine was the compound detected with the highest concentrations for water samples, with values up to 25000 &#956;g/L, while in sediment samples and MPS, triclosan was the compound that had the highest concentrations, with 0.90 &#956;g/g 79.1 g/g, respectively. Other compounds more often detected included atenolol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, propranolol and triclosan, with mean concentrations up to 17 ng/L in samples from Piraí Creek and greater than 120 ng/L for samples from Jundiaí River. A seasonal effect was observed in the concentrations of the compounds and the higher values for all of these were obtained for samples from a sampling point located downstream of a sewage treatment plant. It was found a high correlation between the concentrations of detected compounds and the electrical conductivity, which allowed suggesting the use of new contamination markers by sewage. The occurrence of studied compounds was widespread among samples from Rio Jundiaí, showing the high level of environmental impact to which this water body is exposed. / Três diferentes classes de contaminantes emergentes foram analisadas em amostras de água superficial, material particulado suspenso (MPS) e sedimentos provenientes da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jundiaí - SP. Os hormônios 17-&#946;- estradiol e 17-&#945;-etinilestradiol foram os únicos compostos não detectados nas matrizes estudadas. A cafeína foi o composto detectado com as maiores concentrações para as amostras de água, com valores de até 25000 &#956;g/L, enquanto nas amostras de sedimento e MPS, o triclosan foi o composto que apresentou as maiores concentrações, atingindo 0,90 &#956;g/g e 79,1 &#956;g/g, respectivamente. Outros compostos mais frequentemente detectados incluíram o atenolol, a carbamazepina, o diclofenaco, o propranolol e o triclosan, com concentrações médias de até 17 ng/L nas amostras do Ribeirão Piraí e superiores a 120 ng/L para o Rio Jundiaí. Observou-se um efeito sazonal nas concentrações dos compostos e os valores mais elevados para todos estes foram obtidos no ponto amostral localizado a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos. Verificou-se uma alta correlação entre as concentrações dos compostos detectados e a condutividade elétrica, o que possibilitou sugerir a utilização de novos marcadores de contaminação por esgotos. A ocorrência dos compostos em estudo foi generalizada para as amostras do Rio Jundiaí, demonstrando o alto nível de impacto ambiental a que esse corpo aquático está exposto.

The City of Cape Town's (CoCT) wastewater management system discharges effluent from households, industries and other sources into the Atlantic Ocean through deep-water marine outfalls in Green Point, Camps Bay and Hout Bay. At total capacity, these three outfalls discharge 55.3 megalitres (Ml) into marine receiving environments daily. With minimal pre-treatment that amounts to screening and sieving, this results in microbial and chemical pollution of the sea (including chemicals of emerging concern), marine organisms, recreational beaches, and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). This research focuses on contestations over evidence of that pollution in Hout Bay. The study documents the work of independent scientists seeking to provide evidence of coastal pollution obtained via microbial and chemical analyses of water (coastal and inland) and marine organisms (Mytilus galloprovincialis) samples. It also presents accounts of pollution obtained via ethnographic research with local residents, fishers, frequent water users and river activists who have observed and experienced poor coastal water quality. However, the form of evidence that is considered and informs decision-making processes by the CoCT has consistently sought to invalidate these forms of evidence, from both independent scientists and the public. Debates around knowledge of water and contests over evidence that highlight the entanglements of science, politics, and ways of knowing make visible a consistent pattern in coastal water-quality governance by the City, which results in inaction regarding the ever-growing issue of coastal pollution in Cape Town.