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Hoy en día, no solo las mujeres se preocupan por el cuidado de la piel sino también los hombres. Sumado a esta nueva tendencia, se puede observar el ascenso de la preferencia en productos de origen natural que contribuyen al aporte de beneficios a la piel y a la reducción del daño ocasionado por los químicos. En este sentido, se ha encontrado un mercado potencial, los hombres específicamente del estilo de vida sofisticado, una parte de la población, definida por Arellano Marketing, como preocupados por el status, la moda y la imagen. Partiendo de la imagen, es sabido que en la actualidad el mercado de productos estéticos para hombres se encuentra en crecimiento desde hace algunos años habiendo generado hasta S/1,000 millones en el año 2018. Es por ello que “Spartan Man Care” busca abordar el negocio de los productos naturales especializados en hombres que se preocupan por su aspecto físico. Además, es importante resaltar que hoy en día a pesar del mercado potencial existente en los hombres, no existe una variedad de productos dirigidos a ellos, por lo que hay una oportunidad de negocio latente para trabajar. Actualmente, el total de hombres considerados sofisticados en Lima dentro del rango de 25 a 39 años es de 121, 392. De este total el 14% compra productos de higiene con regularidad, representado por 16,995 habitantes y S/3, 976,830 en soles. Finalmente, se determinó que la ganancia del proyecto, calculada a través del VAN, será de S/126, 316 de retorno sobre la inversión. / Today, not only women care about skin care but also men. In addition to this new trend, you can see the rise in preference in products of natural origin that contribute to providing benefits to the skin and reducing the damage caused by chemicals. In this sense, a potential market has been found, men specifically for the sophisticated lifestyle, a part of the population, defined by Arellano Marketing, as concerned about status, fashion and image. Based on the image, it is known that currently the market for men's cosmetic products has been growing for some years, having generated up to S / 1,000 million in 2018. That is why "Spartan Man Care" seeks to address the business of natural products specialized in men who care about their physical appearance. Furthermore, it is important to note that today despite the potential market for men, there is no variety of products for them, so there is a latent business opportunity to work. Currently, the total of men considered sophisticated in Lima within the range of 25 to 39 years is 121, 392. Of this total, 14% purchase hygiene products regularly, represented by 16,995 inhabitants and S / 3,976,830 in soles. Finally, it was determined that the project's profit, calculated through the NPV, will be S / 126, 316 of return on investment. / Trabajo de investigación

Thesis(MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Background: The National Norms and Standards are aimed at providing regulatory minimum norms and standards to guide early childhood development centres in the provision of a range of services. It is therefore important for early childhood development centres to comply to regulations and failing that the health and safety of children is compromised. It has been observed by the researcher that compliance among early childhood development early childhood development in the Mankweng area is a challenge, and therefore an investigation on the general compliance was necessary. Objectives: The objectives of the study were to explore and describe compliance to National Norms and Standards among early childhood development centres’ in Mankweng area, Limpopo Province. Methods: The study used a qualitative approach and applied a phenomenological research design. Both observation and semi-structured interviews methods of data collection were used respectively. Purposive and Convenience sampling methods were used to select the study participants and all of them were workers employed in the selected early childhood development centres in Mankweng. Participants included both male and female workers, and the sample size of 16 was determined by data saturation. Data was analysed using the Teschs’ eight steps of data analysis. Results: It was established that there are existing personal hygiene and environmental practices challenges at different early childhood development centres. The study further discovered that there was inadequate provision of classrooms and deprivation of child developmental activities as well as challenges regarding the quality of classrooms and settings. Conclusion: The findings revealed that the early childhood development centres did not meet the physical requirements suggested in the norms and standards. These include the visible and tangible aspects toys for both indoor and outdoor use; the human resources capacity and the investments in capacity development of staff; the type of infrastructure; and the activity-based learning and stimulation for children. Furthermore, crèches play a very important role in child care and protection consequently regulatory provisions should be fully enforced including compliance amongst these centres in Mankweng and in South Africa respectively.

The aim of this study was to assess the environmental sanitation conditions with regard to water, sanitation, waste management and personal hygiene of households of Dukem town in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the research. A total of 391 households had participated in the study. Majority of households had access to improved source of drinking water. The mean per capita per day water consumption of the households was low. Two-thirds of households had improved toilet facilities. Availability of improved waste management was grossly inadequate. Two-thirds of households had washed hands after visiting toilet. Generally households had good domestic environmental sanitation conditions but it also emerged that the households were deprived from full range of access to the most essential environmental sanitation services. Therefore, the inadequate level of service to the study area could be seen as opportunity for further focused improvements towards universal access to improved environmental sanitation. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

A toxocaríase é uma zoonose muito difundida em todo o mundo. Trata-se da infecção humana, em especial pelas larvas de Toxocara canis, um nematóide comum de cães. O objetivo do presente estudo foi levantar a soropositividade a anticorpos anti-Toxocara spp, identificar os fatores de risco em grupos de escolares da cidade de Fernandópolis/SP e avaliar a contaminação do solo por ovos desse e de outros geo-helmintos entre os anos de 2007 e 2008. Foi realizado um estudo transversal utilizando-se amostragem complexa e estratificada, por renda, para a avaliação da toxocaríase humana. O método diagnóstico empregado foi o teste de ELISA para detecção de anticorpos IgG anti-Toxocara spp. O estudo da contaminação do solo deu-se por meio da avaliação de amostras de solo de praças, parques públicos e escolas municipais e pela avaliação de amostras de fezes provenientes de 10 praças públicas. Foram avaliados 252 indivíduos em dois estratos, o primeiro representando baixa renda com 120 (47,6%) crianças e o segundo com 132 (52,4%) representando renda elevada. A frequência geral de positividade ao antígeno TES foi de 15,4% (39), sendo 28,3% (34) para o primeiro estrato contra 3,7% (5) do segundo (p<0,000). A exposição à geofagia (exposto OR ajustado 14,65 - IC95% = 2,14 a 89,25 e muito expostos OR ajustado 19,15 a IC95% = 2,96 a 123,94), o hábito de levar objetos à boca (exposto OR ajustado 9,31 - IC95% = 1,63 a 53,03 e muito expostos OR ajustado 42,29 a IC95% = 5,49 a 326,01) e a presença de mais de dois cães em domicílio (OR ajustado 21,25 = 1,7 a 264,87) foram variáveis associadas à positividade. O hábito de lavar as mãos antes das refeições (OR ajustado 0,01 - IC95% 0,00 a 0,05) representou importante fator de proteção. Foram avaliadas 225 amostras de solo, sendo 71% (160) provenientes de praças e parques públicos e 29% (65), de escolas municipais. Foi observado alto grau de contaminação de praças e parques públicos 28,4% (64), ao passo que nas escolas a positividade foi de 1,7% (6). Os parasitos encontrados com maior frequência foram de Toxocara spp 79,6% (47), Trichuris spp 13,5% (8) e ancilostomídeo 6,4% (4). Foram avaliadas ainda 400 amostras de fezes de cães, e observou-se uma positividade de 23,7% (95). Os parasitos observados com maior frequência nas amostras positivas foram ancilostomídeo símile 74,7% (71) e Toxocara canis, 53,6% (51). A positividade a anticorpos anti-Toxocara spp em indivíduos de 1 a 12 anos de idade, provenientes de cinco escolas do município de Fernandópolis/SP, foi relativamente baixa. Os principais fatores de risco/proteção dizem respeito às questões modificáveis como a geofagia, o hábito de levar objetos à boca, a existência de mais de dois cães em domicílio e o hábito de lavar as mãos antes das refeições. Os solos de praças e parques públicos de Fernandópolis/SP e amostras de fezes recolhidas em ambiente estavam altamente contaminados com geo-helmintos zoonóticos e representam fonte de infecção relevante para a população / Toxocariasis is a zoonosis of worldwide occurrence. It is defined as the human infection by larvae of nematodes, especially Toxocara canis, common intestinal parasite of dogs. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of anti-Toxocara spp antibodies, identify risk factors in groups of school children from the city of Fernandópolis/SP and evaluate soil contamination by eggs of this and other geohelminths between 2007 and 2008. It was conducted a cross-sectional study using complex sampling for the assessment of human toxocariasis. The diagnostic method used was the ELISA test for detection of IgG anti-Toxocara spp antibodies. The study of soil contamination was done through evaluation of soil samples from public places, sand boxes of municipal schools and evaluation of dogs stool samples from 10 public places. Two hundred and fifty two children were evaluated in two strata, the first with 120 children (47.6%) from low income families and the second with 132 (52.4%) from high income ones. The overall frequency of antibodies anti-Toxocara spp was 15.4% (39), being 28.3% (34) for the first stratum compared with 3.7% (5) of the second (p <0.000). The exposure to geophagy (exposed: adjusted OR 14.65 - CI 95% = 2.14 to 89.25; very exposed: adjusted OR 19.15 - CI 95%= 2.96 to 123.94), the habit of rising objects up to the mouth (exposed: adjusted OR 9.31 1.63 to 53.03; very exposed: adjusted OR 42.29 - CI 95%= 5.49 to 326.01) and the presence of more than two dogs at home (adjusted OR 21.25 - 1.7 to 264.87) were variables associated with positivity. The habit of washing hands before meals (adjusted OR 0.01 - CI 95% = 0.00 to 0.05) represented an important protective factor. Were evaluated 225 samples of soil: 71% (160) from public places and 29% (65) of municipal schools. It was observed a high contamination of public places with 28.4% (64) being positive, while in school positivity was 1.7% (6). The most frequent parasites eggs found were Toxocara spp 79.6% (47), Trichuris spp 13.5% (8) and Ancylostomatidae 6.4% (4). They were also evaluated 400 fecal samples of dogs and observed a positivity of 23.7% (95). The most frequent parasites observed in positive samples were Ancylostoma simile 74.7% (71) and Toxocara canis 53.6% (51). The anti-Toxocara spp antibodies positivity in school children from Fernandópolis/SP was relatively low. The main factors of risk/protection concern to modifiable issues like geophagy, the habit of rising objects up to the mouth, the existence of more than two dogs at home and the habit of washing hands before meals. The soil of public places of Fernandópolis/SP and feces samples collected from the environment were highly contaminated with zoonotic helminths and represent important source of infection for the population

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, in vitro, empregando diferentes métodos de análise, a ação de superfície de alguns enxaguatórios bucais experimentais para a prevenção/controle da erosão dental causada por ácido clorídrico incorporando-se diferentes princípios ativos. Um enxaguatório bucal experimental sem aditivos, um enxaguatório para erosão disponível comercialmente, Elmex Erosion® (AmF/NaF/SnCl2) (ELM), e um enxaguatórios acrescidos de 4 diferentes aditivos foram testados quanto a sua capacidade de proteção contra erosão em um modelo de erosão-remineralização, onde as variáveis resposta foram a alteração da micro e da nanodureza e as quantidades de cálcio e fosfato liberadas em solução, determinadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica. Os aditivos utilizados foram: Caseína (CAS 5 g/L), Hexametafosfato de sódio (HMP 0,2 g/L), Tetrafluoreto de titânio (TiF4 3,4g/L) e Fluoreto estanhoso (SnF2 8,7g/L). Espécimes de esmalte bovino foram incluídos em resina acrílica e polidos. Esses foram distribuídos nos grupos (n=8) e ciclados da seguinte forma: (1) Imersão em 20 ml de ácido clorídrico (HCl) a 0,01M pH = 2,4 por 10 s, (2) imersão em 20 ml de saliva artificial por 60 s, (3) imersão em 20 ml de solução teste por 30 s e (4) imersão em 20 ml de saliva artificial por 60 s. Este ciclo foi repetido por 3 vezes por um dia e as soluções utilizadas foram armazenadas para posterior avaliação. Para microdureza, os espécimes tratados com ELM e SnF2 apresentaram os maiores valores de dureza, os quais foram significantemente diferentes de TiF4, que apresentou o menor valor. O ELM, SnF2, CAS e HMP foram semelhantes estatisticamente ao C. Para nanodureza, o TiF4 apresentou menor valor médio de dureza e significantemente diferente do C. O SnF2, ELM, CAS e HMP apresentaram-se estatisticamente semelhantes ao C. Na análise de perda de cálcio da ciclagem final, ELM e HMP resultaram em menor perda de cálcio e estatisticamente diferentes do C. Na primeira imersão, todos os grupos testados, exceto a caseína, mostraram significantemente menor perda que o C e, na segunda, não foi constatada diferença estatística significante. Na análise de perda de fosfato da ciclagem final, ELM e TiF4 apresentaram as menores perdas de íons, sendo significantemente diferente do C. Na primeira e segunda imersões, somente ELM mostrou-se estatisticamente diferente do C. Conclui-se que o ELM, o HMP e o TiF4 protegeram a superfície de esmalte quanto a perda de íons porém os testes de dureza não detectaram essa proteção. / The objective of this study was to compare, in vitro, using different methods of analysis, the effect on surface of an experimental mouthrinse modified with different active ingredients for the prevention / control of dental erosion caused by hydrochloric acid. An experimental mouthrinse without additives, a commercially available mouthwash for erosion Elmex Erosion ® (AmF/NaF/SnCl2) (ELM) and four mouthrinses added 4 different additives were tested for their ability to protect against erosion in a model of erosion-remineralization, where the response variables were the change of micro-and nanohardness and the quantities of released calcium and phosphate in solution, determined by optic emission spectrometry. The additives used were: casein (CAS 5 g/L), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP 0.2 g/L), titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 3.4 g/L) and stannous fluoride (SnF2 8.7 g/L). Bovine enamel specimens were embedded in acrylic resin and polished. They were ramdomily distributed in groups (n=8) and submitted to the following cycle: (1) immersion in 20 ml of 0,01M hydrochloric acid (HCl), pH = 2.4 10 s, (2) immersion in 20 ml of saliva artificial for 60 s, (3) immersion in 20 ml of test solution for 30 seconds and (4) immersion in 20 ml of artificial saliva for 60 s. This cycle was repeated three times during the same day and the solutions were stored for later evaluation. For microhardness, the specimens treated with ELM and SnF2 showed the highest values of hardness, being significant different from TiF4 solution, which presented the lowest value. The ELM, SnF2, CAS and HMP were statistically similar to C. For nanohardness, the TiF4 had the lowest value of hardness, being significant different from C. The SnF2, ELM, CAS and HMP were statistically similar to C. In the calcium analysis after the last cycle, ELM and HMP resulted in less calcium loss, which was significantly different from C. After the first immersion, all groups tested, except casein, showed statistically lower calcium loss when compared to group C and there was no difference in statistical analysis of loss of phosphate in the second. In analysis of phosphate loss after the final cycle, ELM TiF4 showed the lowest losses being significant different from C. After the first and the second cycles, only ELM was statistically different from C. It can be concluded that the ELM, HMP and TiF4 protect the enamel surface against ions loss but the hardness tests could not detect this protection.

The vast majority of chemical products, both in number and volume, are produced by batch processes. Recent studies show that only six percent of the batch processes were satisfactorily replaced by continuous processes. This clearly shows the importance and permanence of such processes. These plants have a basic characteristic of intermittent production of a product with non-stationary operation, including steps of loading, processing, cleaning and drainage, what makes the project complex. Its use is recommended, or for technological reasons or to meet the need for a dynamic and uncertain market, as it is the case of products with high added value and small demand. An important aspect of this type of plant is its flexibility in producing multiple products in a unique plant. The batch operations are economically justified when a large number of products are produced using similar production paths. Due to the difficulty of predicting the peak and the extension of demand, such settings are frequently modified plant and equipment is usually small and versatile and can be used by a large number of products. Power must be flexible enough to adapt to market needs and product life cycle is usually short. Brazil ranks third in world ranking in sales of personal care products, perfumes and cosmetics. The industry in this sector, in the two study reaches, each year, more consumers. The currently complex and competitive global market requires that companies seek to optimize processes, reduce costs and achieve economies of scale. In view of this, we have the developed a mathematical model of large, from real data, obtained in a Personal Hygiene Industry, providing a practical application to the work on Design and Production Scheduling of Multipurpose Batch Plants, from Professor João Soletti, which enables to perform planning and design of this type of plants. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A grande maioria dos produtos químicos, certamente em número e provavelmente em valor, se não em volume, é produzida por processos em batelada. Recentes estudos mostram que apenas seis por cento dos processos em batelada foram satisfatoriamente substituídos por processos contínuos. Isto mostra claramente a importância e permanência de tais processos. Estas plantas têm como característica básica a produção intermitente de um determinado produto, com operação não estacionária, incluindo etapas de carga, processamento, drenagem e limpeza, o que dificulta o seu projeto. Sua utilização é recomendada, ou por razões tecnológicas ou para atender a necessidade de um mercado incerto e dinâmico, como é o caso de produtos de alto valor agregado e de pequena demanda. Um importante aspecto desse tipo de planta é a sua flexibilidade na produção de múltiplos produtos em uma única planta. As operações em batelada são economicamente justificadas quando um grande número de produtos é realizado utilizando caminhos de produção similares. Devido à dificuldade da previsão do pico e da extensão da demanda, as configurações desse tipo de planta são frequentemente alteradas e os equipamentos são, geralmente, pequenos e versáteis, podendo ser utilizados por um grande número de produtos. A alimentação deve ser flexível, o suficiente, para se adaptar à necessidade do mercado e o ciclo de vida do produto é, geralmente, curto. O Brasil ocupa o terceiro lugar no ranking mundial em vendas de produtos de higiene pessoal, perfumaria e cosméticos. A indústria desse setor, objeto do estudo, atinge, a cada ano, mais consumidores e a natureza do sistema de produção nesse setor é por processo em batelada. Com a atual complexidade do mercado globalizado e competitivo, é necessário que as empresas busquem otimizar processos, reduzir custos e obter ganhos de escala. Em vista disto, desenvolveu-se um modelo matemático de grande porte, a partir de dados reais, obtidos em uma Indústria de Higiene Pessoal, possibilitando uma aplicação prática à tese sobre Dimensionamento e Programação da Produção de Plantas Multipropósito em Batelada, do Prof. João Soletti, que indica como realizar o planejamento e projeto de unidades fabris.

The aim of this study was to assess the environmental sanitation conditions with regard to water, sanitation, waste management and personal hygiene of households of Dukem town in Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was used to conduct the research. A total of 391 households had participated in the study. Majority of households had access to improved source of drinking water. The mean per capita per day water consumption of the households was low. Two-thirds of households had improved toilet facilities. Availability of improved waste management was grossly inadequate. Two-thirds of households had washed hands after visiting toilet. Generally households had good domestic environmental sanitation conditions but it also emerged that the households were deprived from full range of access to the most essential environmental sanitation services. Therefore, the inadequate level of service to the study area could be seen as opportunity for further focused improvements towards universal access to improved environmental sanitation. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKCC.pdf: 364079 bytes, checksum: f1b3d299458adb60596529bc0976c051 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-12 / In Brazil school food is constitutionally guaranteed to public school students at the preschool and elementary level. This food must be nutritious, hygienic and sanitary. The aim of the present study was to assess the hygienic/sanitary conditions of food and table utensil handlers in municipal public schools in Natal, Brazil. In total, 27 public schools were assessed, using a checklist and microbiological analysis of the hands and table utensils. For the microbiological analyses of the hands, coliforms were analyzed at 45?C and for the utensils aerobic mesophilic bacteria, using methods recognized by AOAC, 2002 and APHA, 1992, respectively. Most of the schools studied did not exhibit good food and utensil handling practice procedures in any of the variables analyzed. It was shown that 74.1% of the handlers received no periodic training, 51.9% did not undergo annual health examinations and 100% did not practice proper hand hygiene, which reflected significantly (p < 0.05) in hand contamination, where fecal coliforms were detected on 55.6% of the hands analyzed. With respect to the utensils, it was found that 100% of the schools studied did not follow correct hygiene practices and most were classified as very bad ; that is, aerobic mesophilic bacteria values above the limits established by PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), with schools in the north and south districts recording the highest percentages. The results show that the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the food and utensil handlers in the schools studied were inadequate, demonstrating the need for implanting good handling practices aimed at protecting the health of children that take part in the program and offering safer foods. Researchers from the areas of food microbiology, nutrition, public health and statistics participated in this study, a decisive factor for characterizing it as multidisciplinary / No Brasil a alimenta??o escolar ? um direito constitucional dos alunos de escolas p?blicas que freq?entam a pr?-escola e ensino fundamental, devendo essa alimenta??o ser de boa qualidade em valores nutricionais e principalmente no aspecto higi?nico sanit?rio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as condi??es higi?nico-sanit?rias de manipuladores de alimentos e utens?lios de mesa de escolas p?blicas municipais na cidade de Natal/RN, no qual foram avaliadas 27 escolas p?blicas, utilizando um check-list e an?lise microbiol?gica das m?os e utens?lios de mesa. Para as an?lises microbiol?gicas das m?os de manipuladores, foram analisados coliformes ? 45?C e para os utens?lios bact?rias mes?filas aer?bias, atrav?s dos m?todos preconizados pela AOAC,2002 e APHA, 1992, respectivamente. A maioria das escolas estudadas apresentou n?o conformidades em todas as vari?veis analisadas. Foi verificado que 74,1% dos manipuladores n?o recebem treinamentos peri?dicos, 51,9% n?o realizam exames de sa?de anuais e 100% n?o fazem a higiene correta das m?os, o que refletiu significativamente (p< 0,05) na contamina??o das m?os, nas quais foram detectados coliformes fecais em 55,6% das m?os analisadas. Quanto aos utens?lios foi constatado que 100% das escolas estudadas n?o realizam procedimento adequado de higieniza??o e a maior parte apresentam classifica??o p?ssima , ou seja, valores de bact?rias mes?filas aer?bias acima dos limites estabelecidos pela OPAS Organiza??o Panamericana de Sa?de, sendo as escolas da regi?o Norte e Sul que apresentaram maiores percentuais. Os resultados encontrados mostram que as pr?ticas e condi??es de higiene dos manipuladores de alimentos e utens?lios utilizados nas escolas estudadas encontram-se inadequadas, sendo necess?ria implanta??o de boas pr?ticas de manipula??o, visando a prote??o da sa?de das crian?as que participam do programa, oferecendo alimentos mais seguros. Participou desse estudo pesquisadores das ?reas de microbiologia de alimentos, nutri??o, sa?de p?blica e estat?stica, fator decisivo para caracterizar a pesquisa como multidisciplinar

This dissertation deals with not fully explored area of daily life, a personal hygiene. The main period which this work dwells on is the turn of the 19th and 20th century but sometimes I need to go further to the past when the fundamentals of the personal hygiene were laid. The work tries to devone the conditions of the hygiene which were influenced by sociocultural as well as scientific and technical factors. It also studies the personal hygiene including care of body, hair, teeth, cosmetics and body scent alike. Among these topics belong linen and clothes. One of the highlighted aims is revealing the function of spas (especially modern balneology) and up-and-coming physical education and sport in the increasing standarts of the personal hygiene. The heuristic base is composed of contemporary specialized literature and press as well as memoirs and encyclopeadias.