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The aim of presented dissertation is the analysis of diplomatic relations Acta Legationis Moscoviticae. These relations are reports, which were sented to Vienna by imperial envoy Stephan Wilhelm Kinsky during his activity on the tsarist court in Sankt-Peterburg and Moscow in 1721-1722. On the basis of this source, the main interest is concentrated on the course of Kinskys diplomatic mission and on tasks, which he should fulfil as the envoy. The dissertation, beside other things, puts the task to evaluate diplomatic relations as the source for history of diplomacy and history of international relations. In the dissertation is introduced life and career of Stephan Wilhelm Kinsky and his personality. The attention is also paid to the most importants measures of Peter I. in defined period, mainly the concluding of Treaty of Nystad, proclaiming Peter as Emperor of All Russia and issue of manifesto about successory. The dissertation also tries to depict the turning period in Russian Empire after the end of Great Northern War and focuses on the atmosphere of court society at that time. The dissertation puts the question, which of points of instructions from Vienna court were fulfilled or not fulfilled by bohemian nobleman. The Kinskys mission is approached as the part of process of negotiation about...

This thesis is an examination of the Russian Armed Forces from the time of Peter the Great in the eighteenth century to the Red Army of the present.

彼得大帝之前的俄羅斯是一個典型封閉式的內陸國家，擁有自己的歷史與文化，然而缺乏對外關係的經營與維持。身為一個橫跨歐亞兩洲地區的王國，本身即有充沛的發展潛力得以發展為一個龐大帝國。在彼得大帝正式成為俄羅斯沙皇之後，藉著大使團遊歐之行，並發起諸多層幅深遠的國內改革，最終成功使國家步入西方化，在十八世紀初期躋身歐洲列強之一，為俄國往後的發展開闢了一條嶄新的道路。 　　十八世紀末期是另一段俄羅斯帝國光輝的國家發展史，彼得大帝與凱薩琳大帝統治時期之間，俄羅斯經歷了一段三十餘年的中衰時期，羅曼諾夫王朝子嗣在此時期中斷。凱薩琳大帝繼任俄國沙皇後，將俄羅斯國土面積向西與向南繼續推進，兼併鄰國並在對外戰爭中多次獲得勝利。除了顯赫的領土擴張成果，這位開明君主採取了成功的外交模式而促成國家強權的興起，是俄國歷史上具有承先啟後地位的一位女皇。 　　綜觀俄羅斯歷史，在羅曼諾夫王朝的沙皇當中，只有彼得一世與凱薩琳二世被賦以「大帝」美名，主因是兩位沙皇任內對國家領土大幅擴張，以及提升國際地位能見度的努力與成果。本文除了著重於對兩位君王的分別介紹之外，在沙皇的生長背景與人格特質、國內改革因素探討、國際局勢與對外關係途徑、及領土擴張成果等層面皆做出比較研究，並以研究結果具體總結彼得大帝與凱薩琳大帝的功業，以及留予後世的傳承。 / Russia was an inner-continental country before Peter I’s reign. With its own history and culture context, the empire lacked both operation and maintenance of external relations. From 1689, Peter the Great was formally on the throne, soon he started to westernize his fatherland by any means, and attained fruitful achievements in the beginning of 18th century. It wasn’t until the reign of Catherine the Great in the mid-1700s that Russia was finally able to inaugurate a new policy of Russian southward expansion directly targeting Crimea. Russo-Turkish wars for twice, the partitions of Poland for three times boosted her fame while in reign. The empress also adopted the rule of Enlightenment from France as her main characteristic in domination. This thesis gives a thoroughly introduction to Peter the Great and Catherine the Great as its first part; in the second, there is one comparative study targeting to several fields- from background and personal traits, internal reform, international situation and external relation, to territorial expansion. In sum, what matters are what the Tsars achieved during their regimes respectively, and what they left for posterity.

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O presente trabalho se propõe a esboçar a primeira apresentação em língua portuguesa de uma das mais importantes figuras do pensamento, letras e educação da Rússia, absolutamente central em seu desenvolvimento técnico, científico e literário, Mikhail Vassílievitch Lomonóssov. Nele, juntamente com uma introdução provendo uma contextualização geral do século XVIII russo, seguida de um panorama biográfico do polímata centrado em sua produção literária e findada em um relato sobre sua contribuição para a formação da língua russa moderna, são apresentadas as traduções integrais de quatro obras suas na área das letras, duas das quais poemas longos acrescidos de comentários, bem como outras traduções secundárias ilustrativas da primeira parte. / The goal of the present work is to provide a sketch presenting for the first time in Portuguese language one of the most important individuals in Russian thought, language and education, who played a fundamental role in the technological, scientific and literary development of the country, Mikhail Vasilievitch Lomonosov. Here, along with an introduction containing a general outline of 18th century Russia, followed by a biographical overview of the polymath and ending in an account of his main contributions to the shaping of the modern Russian language, four full translations of his works in the realm of letters are presented, two of which duly commented long poems, as well as minor secondary translations, illustrating the first part.

This study explores the Swedish portrayals of Russians as compared to Danes and Polesand how they changed over time during the Great Northern War and Russo-SwedishWar (1741–1743). Through the Swedish state-run Posttidningar, the information deliveredby the state indicates that the circumstances of war and the power of the enemy leaderswere more significant than specific attributes of the enemy other in forming collectiveSwedish identity. Creating these collective sentiments was an essential tool for the stateto affirm the cooperation of its population during times of war. The information aboutthe enemy affects the transformation of a semi-public sphere in Sweden by providing acommon knowledge base to discuss and understand a changing view of its place inEurope. By depicting the enemy in flexible terms, the Swedish state desires its populationto cooperate based on the threat of war, common knowledge, and Sweden’s place inEurope, rather than solidarity against a static religious or political other.

O presente trabalho se propõe a esboçar a primeira apresentação em língua portuguesa de uma das mais importantes figuras do pensamento, letras e educação da Rússia, absolutamente central em seu desenvolvimento técnico, científico e literário, Mikhail Vassílievitch Lomonóssov. Nele, juntamente com uma introdução provendo uma contextualização geral do século XVIII russo, seguida de um panorama biográfico do polímata centrado em sua produção literária e findada em um relato sobre sua contribuição para a formação da língua russa moderna, são apresentadas as traduções integrais de quatro obras suas na área das letras, duas das quais poemas longos acrescidos de comentários, bem como outras traduções secundárias ilustrativas da primeira parte. / The goal of the present work is to provide a sketch presenting for the first time in Portuguese language one of the most important individuals in Russian thought, language and education, who played a fundamental role in the technological, scientific and literary development of the country, Mikhail Vasilievitch Lomonosov. Here, along with an introduction containing a general outline of 18th century Russia, followed by a biographical overview of the polymath and ending in an account of his main contributions to the shaping of the modern Russian language, four full translations of his works in the realm of letters are presented, two of which duly commented long poems, as well as minor secondary translations, illustrating the first part.