Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DiegoAMF_DISSERT.pdf: 1096063 bytes, checksum: 5fc2d5a69c06dbd0861b8cfebf12e262 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / This document proposes to describe a pilot plant for oil wells equipped with plunger lift. In addition to a small size (21,5 meters) and be on the surface, the plant s well has part of its structure in transparent acrylic, allowing easy visualization of phenomena inherent to the method. The rock formation where the well draws its pilot plant fluids (water and air) is simulated by a machine room where they are located the compressor and water pump for the production of air and water. To keep the flow of air and water with known and controlled values the lines that connect the machine room to the wellhole are equipped with flow sensors and valves. It s developed a supervisory system that allows the user a real-time monitoring of pressures and flow rates involved. From the supervisor is still allowed the user can choose how they will be controlled cycles of the process, whether by time, pressure or manually, and set the values of air flow to the water used in cycles. These values can be defined from a set point or from the percentage of valve opening. Results from tests performed on the plant using the most common forms of control by time and pressure in the coating are showed. Finally, they are confronted with results generated by a simulator configured with the the pilot plant s feature / Este trabalho se prop?e a descrever uma Planta Piloto para po?os de petr?leo equipados com eleva??o artificial do tipo plunger lift. Al?m de um tamanho reduzido (21,5 metros) e estar sobre a superf?cie, o po?o da planta possui parte de sua estrutura em acr?lico transparente, permitindo a f?cil visualiza??o de fen?menos inerentes ao m?todo. A forma??o rochosa donde o po?o da Planta Piloto extrai seus fluidos (?gua e ar) ? simulada por uma casa de m?quinas onde est?o localizados o compressor e a bomba centr?fuga respons?veis pela produ??o de ar e ?gua. Para manter as vaz?es desses fluidos com valores conhecidos e controlados as linhas que conectam a casa de m?quina ao fundo do po?o s?o equipadas com sensores de vaz?o e v?lvulas. ? desenvolvido um sistema supervis?rio que permite ao usu?rio uma monitora??o em tempo real das press?es e vaz?es envolvidas no processo. A partir do supervis?rio ? poss?vel ainda o usu?rio escolher a forma como ser?o controlados os ciclos do processo, se por tempo, por press?o ou manualmente, e definir os valores de vaz?o de ar a ?gua utilizados durantes os ciclos. Esses valores podem ser definidos a partir de um set point ou a partir da porcentagem de abertura das v?lvulas. S?o apresentados resultados de testes realizados na planta utilizando as formas de controle mais usuais: por tempo e por press?o no revestimento. Por fim, estes ser?o confrontados com resultdos gerados por um simulador configurados com as caracter?sticas da Planta Piloto

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoaoMAN.pdf: 3978536 bytes, checksum: e28a273c6981fff29b2c335fd3ee11ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-11 / This work proposes a computer simulator for sucker rod pumped vertical wells. The simulator is able to represent the dynamic behavior of the systems and the computation of several important parameters, allowing the easy visualization of several pertinent phenomena. The use of the simulator allows the execution of several tests at lower costs and shorter times, than real wells experiments. The simulation uses a model based on the dynamic behavior of the rod string. This dynamic model is represented by a second order partial differencial equation. Through this model, several common field situations can be verified. Moreover, the simulation includes 3D animations, facilitating the physical understanding of the process, due to a better visual interpretation of the phenomena. Another important characteristic is the emulation of the main sensors used in sucker rod pumping automation. The emulation of the sensors is implemented through a microcontrolled interface between the simulator and the industrial controllers. By means of this interface, the controllers interpret the simulator as a real well. A "fault module" was included in the simulator. This module incorporates the six more important faults found in sucker rod pumping. Therefore, the analysis and verification of these problems through the simulator, allows the user to identify such situations that otherwise could be observed only in the field. The simulation of these faults receives a different treatment due to the different boundary conditions imposed to the numeric solution of the problem. Possible applications of the simulator are: the design and analysis of wells, training of technicians and engineers, execution of tests in controllers and supervisory systems, and validation of control algorithms / Este trabalho prop?e um simulador computacional para po?os de petr?leo com trajet?ria vertical, equipados com eleva??o artificial por bombeio mec?nico (BM). O simulador ? capaz de representar o comportamento din?mico de sistemas de BM e avaliar numericamente diversos par?metros relevantes ao mesmo, permitindo a f?cil visualiza??o de diversos fen?menos pertinentes ao processo, tudo isso, de forma conveniente e a custos e tempos menores, do que experimentos com po?os reais. A simula??o utiliza um modelo baseado no comportamento din?mico da coluna de hastes, o qual pode ser representado por uma equa??o diferencial parcial de segunda ordem. A partir deste modelo, pode-se verificar a ocorr?ncia de diversas situa??es comumente vivenciadas em campo. A simula??o conta ainda com anima??es em 3D, facilitando o entendimento f?sico do processo, devido a uma melhor interpreta??o visual dos fen?menos. Outra caracter?stica importante ? a emula??o dos principais sensores utilizados na automa??o de BM. A emula??o dos sensores ? feita atrav?s de uma interface microcontrolada entre o simulador e controladores industriais, de maneira que os controladores interpretem o simulador como um po?o real. No simulador foi desenvolvido um m?dulo de falhas onde s?o implementadas seis diferentes condi??es de falhas. Estas pertencem ao grupo dos principais problemas encontrados em sistemas de BM. Assim, a an?lise e verifica??o destes problemas, atrav?s do simulador, d? ao usu?rio a oportunidade de identificar tais situa??es que s? poderiam ser observadas em campo. A implementa??o destas condi??es recebe um tratamento diferenciado em virtude das diferentes condi??es de contorno impostas ? solu??o num?rica do problema. Diversas aplica??es s?o encontradas para o simulador, dentre elas: a parametriza??o e an?lise de po?os, a aplica??o em cursos de capacita??o t?cnica para t?cnicos e engenheiros, a realiza??o de testes em controladores, sistemas supervis?rios e a valida??o de algoritmos de controle

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ShirlleKSN.pdf: 1257251 bytes, checksum: 8e3d9e5d34873e918e7ada174b5ca7e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Petroleum can be associated or not with natural gas, but in both cases water is always present in its formation. The presence of water causes several problems, such as the difficulty of removing the petroleum from the reservoir rock and the formation of waterin-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. The produced water causes environmental problems, which should be solved to reduce the effect of petroleum industry in the environment. The main objective of this work is to remove simultaneously from the produced water the dispersed petroleum and dissolved metals. The process is made possible through the use of anionic surfactants that with its hydrophilic heads interacts with ionized metals and with its lipophilic tails interacts with the oil. The studied metals were: calcium, magnesium, barium, and cadmium. The surfactants used in this research were derived from: soy oil, sunflower oil, coconut oil, and a soap obtained from a mixture of 5wt.% coconut oil and 95wt.% animal fat. It was used a sample of produced water from Terminal de S?o Sebasti?o, S?o Paulo. As the concentration of the studied metals in produced water presented values close to 300 mg/L, it was decided to use this concentration as reference for the development of this research. Molecular absorption and atomic absorption spectroscopy were used to determine petroleum and metals concentrations in the water sample, respectively. A constant pressure filtration system was used to promote the separation of solid and liquid phases. To represent the behavior of the studied systems it was developed an equilibrium model and a mathematical one. The obtained results showed that all used surfactants presented similar behavior with relation to metals extraction, being selected the surfactant derived from soy oil for this purpose. The values of the partition coefficients between the solid and liquid phases " D " for the studied metals varied from 0.2 to 1.1, while the coefficients for equilibrium model " K " varied from 0.0002 and 0.0009. The removal percentile for oil with all metals associated was near 100%, showing the efficiency of the process / O petr?leo pode estar associado ou n?o com o g?s natural, mas, em ambos os casos, a ?gua est? presente desde a sua forma??o. A presen?a da ?gua ocasiona diversos problemas, tais como a dificuldade de remover o petr?leo da rocha e a forma??o de emuls?es do tipo ?gua-em-?leo e ?leo-em-?gua. A ?gua de produ??o gera problemas ambientais, que devem ser solucionados para que o efeito da ind?stria do petr?leo no meio ambiente seja minimizado. Este trabalho tem por objetivo remover associadamente o petr?leo disperso e os metais dissolvidos na ?gua de produ??o. O processo ? viabilizado atrav?s da utiliza??o de tensoativos ani?nicos, que com suas partes hidrof?licas interagem com os metais ionizados e com suas partes lipof?licas interagem com o ?leo. Os metais estudados foram: o c?lcio, o magn?sio, o b?rio e o c?dmio. Os tensoativos utilizados na pesquisa foram derivados dos ?leos de soja, girassol, coco e um sab?o oriundo de uma mistura de 5% do ?leo de coco e 95% de gordura animal. Utilizou-se uma amostra de ?gua produzida proveniente do Terminal de S?o Sebasti?o, em S?o Paulo. Como a concentra??o dos metais estudados nesta ?gua apresentavam valores pr?ximos a 300 mg/L, decidiu-se fixar esta concentra??o como refer?ncia para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa. Para determinar as concentra??es dos metais e do petr?leo na ?gua foram utilizados os espectrofot?metros de absor??o at?mica e de absor??o molecular, respectivamente. Utilizou-se um sistema de filtra??o a press?o constante para promover a separa??o das fases s?lida e l?quida. Para representar o comportamento dos sistemas em estudo desenvolveu-se um modelo de equil?brio e outro matem?tico. Os resultados mostraram que todos os tensoativos desenvolvidos apresentavam comportamento similar com rela??o ? extra??o dos metais, sendo selecionado o tensoativo derivado do ?leo de soja para este prop?sito. Os valores dos coeficientes de parti??o dos metais entre as fases s?lida e l?quida D variaram de 0,2 a 1,1, enquanto que os dos coeficientes do modelo de equil?brio K ficaram entre 0,0002 e 0,0009. O percentual de remo??o conjugada do ?leo com todos os metais foi praticamente igual a 100 %, o que comprovou a efici?ncia do processo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SyllosSS_DISSERT.pdf: 3274284 bytes, checksum: efc9ef709dfd1e06b4170ed41eedf3fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / The generation of wastes in most industrial process is inevitable. In the petroleum industry, one of the greatest problems for the environment is the huge amount of produced water generated in the oil fields. This wastewater is a complex mixture and present great amounts. These effluents can be hazardous to the environmental without adequate treatment. This research is focused in the analysis of the efficiencies of the flotation and photo-oxidation processes to remove and decompose the organic compounds present in the produced water. A series of surfactants derivated from the laurilic alcohol was utilized in the flotation to promote the separation. The experiments have been performed with a synthetic wastewater, carefully prepared with xylene. The experimental data obtained using flotation presented a first order kinetic, identified by the quality of the linear data fitting. The best conditions were found at 0.029 g.L-1 for the surfactant EO 7, 0.05 g.L-1 for EO 8, 0.07 g.L-1 for EO 9, 0.045 g.L-1 for EO 10 and 0.08 g.L-1 for EO 23 with the following estimated kinetic constants: 0.1765, 0.1325, 0.1210, 0.1531 and 0.1699 min-1, respectively. For the series studied, the most suitable surfactant was the EO 7 due to the lower reagent onsumption, higher separation rate constant and higher removal efficiency of xylene in the aqueous phase (98%). Similarly to the flotation, the photo-Fenton process shows to be efficient for degradation of xylene and promoting the mineralization of the organic charge around 90% and 100% in 90 min / A gera??o de res?duos na maioria dos processos industriais ? quase que inevit?vel. Na ind?stria do petr?leo, um dos grandes vil?es para o meio ambiente ? o enorme volume de ?guas produzidas nos campos de petr?leo. Este efluente apresenta composi??o complexa e aliado ao grande volume envolvido pode-se tornar bastante danoso ao meio ambiente quando descartado de forma inadequada. Esta pesquisa est? centrada na an?lise das efici?ncias dos processos de flota??o em coluna e oxida??o avan?ada por processo foto-Fenton para remo??o/degrada??o de org?nicos presentes na ?gua produzida. Uma s?rie de tensoativos derivados de ?lcool laur?lico foi utilizada na flota??o para promover a melhoria da cin?tica e efici?ncia de separa??o. Os experimentos foram realizados com efluente sint?tico contendo xileno como poluente modelo. Os dados experimentais obtidos da flota??o apresentaram cin?tica de 1? ordem, identificada pela qualidade dos ajustes lineares. As melhores condi??es encontradas foram 0,029 g.L-1 para o EO 7, 0,05 g.L-1 para o EO 8, 0,07 g.L-1 para o EO 9, 0,045 g.L-1 para o EO 10 e 0,08 g.L-1 para o EO 23 com as seguintes constantes de velocidade iguais a 0,1765, 0,1325, 0,1210, 0,1531, 0,1699 min-1, respectivamente. Para a s?rie estudada, o tensoativo mais adequado foi o EO 7 devido o menor consumo de reagente, maior constante cin?tica de separa??o e maior efici?ncia de remo??o do xileno da fase aquosa (98%). De forma similar a flota??o, o processo foto-Fenton demonstrou ser eficiente para degrada??o do xileno alcan?ando efici?ncia de mineraliza??o da carga org?nica entre 90% e 100% em 90 min

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoselisseSCS_DISSERT_partes autorizadas.pdf: 100593 bytes, checksum: 6e0be4155f59bdd61810503b91014cbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-10 / The objective of this study was to evaluate the displacement of petroleum/diesel solutions, at different concentrations, observing the effect of ultrasonic vibrations in fluids present in porous media to obtain an increase in oil production. The bubbles produced by ultrasound implode asymmetrically in the rock, generating liquid jets with high speed, displacing the oil present in porous media. The oil/diesel solutions were prepared with concentrations ranging from 20 g/L to 720 g/L in oil in relation to diesel and its viscosities were obtained in a Brookfield Rheometer RS2000, with temperature ranging from 25 to 55 ?C. After, calculations were performed to obtain the activation energy data for oil/diesel solutions. For oil recovery experiments, cylindrical samples of porous rock (core samples), with resin around the perimeter and its two circular bases free to allow the passage of fluids, were first saturated with 2% KCl solution and after with oil solutions. The results of oil extraction were satisfactory for all studied solutions, being obtained up to 68% partial displacement with saline solution injection. The ultrasound system was used after saline injection, increasing oil displacement, with oil extractions ranging from 63% to 79%. During the experiments, it was observed the warming of core samples, helping to reduce the viscosity of more concentrated systems, and consequently enhancing the percentage of advanced recovery for all studied solutions / O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o deslocamento de solu??es de petr?leo/diesel, em diferentes concentra??es, observando o efeito das vibra??es ultrass?nicas no deslocamento dos fluidos presentes em meio poroso para obter um aumento na produ??o de petr?leo. As bolhas formadas pelo ultrassom implodem na rocha de forma assim?trica, gerando jatos de l?quido em alta velocidade, deslocando o ?leo do meio poroso. As solu??es foram preparadas em concentra??es variadas de 20 g/L a 720 g/L em ?leo com rela??o ao solvente diesel e suas viscosidades analisadas em um Re?metro Brookfield RS2000, com intervalos de temperaturas de 25 a 55 ?C. Em seguida, foram realizados c?lculos para obten??o dos dados de energia de ativa??o das solu??es ?leo/diesel. Para a realiza??o dos experimentos de recupera??o de petr?leo foram utilizadas amostras de rochas porosas cil?ndricas (plugs) resinadas na lateral deixando as extremidades livres para a transposi??o dos fluidos at? a satura??o, inicialmente com solu??o de KCl (2%) e posteriormente com as solu??es de petr?leo. Foram obtidos resultados satisfat?rios da extra??o para todas as solu??es estudadas, obtendo-se um deslocamento parcial por meio de inje??o salina de at? 68%. Ap?s este estudo foi utilizado o sistema de ultrassom, que ajudou ainda mais no deslocamento final, obtendo-se extra??es que variaram entre 63% e 79% de petr?leo. Durante os experimentos ocorreu um aquecimento nos plugs, que auxiliou na diminui??o da viscosidade dos sistemas mais concentrados, e consequentemente aumentou os percentuais de recupera??o avan?ada para todas as solu??es estudadas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuisaCP.pdf: 1955160 bytes, checksum: 7051a33823820be485db53c8225425a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-09 / Petroleum exists in the nature in certain underground formations where it is adsorbed into the rocks pores. For the conventional recovery methods usually only 30% of the oil is extracted and this can be credited, basically, to three aspects: high viscosity of the oil, geology of the formation and high interfacial tensions between the reservoir s fluids. The enhanced recovery methods use the injection of a fluid or fluids mixture in a reservoir to act in points where the conventional process didn't reach the recovery rates. Microemulsion flooding, considered an enhanced method, has the purpose to desorb the oil from the rock formation and to attain an efficient displacement of the oil emulsion. With this in mind, this work was accomplished with two main objectives: the study of the parameters effect that influence a microemulsified system (surfactant and cosurfactant types, C/S rate and salinity) and the evaluation of displacement efficiency with the microemulsions that showed stability in the rich aqueous area. For the analyzed parameters it was chose the microemulsions composition used in the recovery stage: 25% water, 5% kerosene, 46.7% of butanol as cosurfactant and 23.3% of BC or SCO cosurfactant. The core plugs of Assu and Botucatu sandstones were appraised in porosity and permeability tests and then submitted to the steps of saturation with seawater and oil, conventional recovery with water and enhanced recovery with the selected microemulsions. The Botucatu sandstone presented better recovery parameters, and the microemulsion composed with BS surfactant had larger recovery efficiency (26.88%) / O petr?leo ocorre na natureza em determinadas forma??es subterr?neas onde ? adsorvido nos poros destas rochas. Pelos m?todos convencionais de recupera??o geralmente apenas 30% deste petr?leo ? extra?do e isto pode ser atribu?do, basicamente, a tr?s aspectos: alta viscosidade do petr?leo, geologia da forma??o e elevadas tens?es interfaciais entre os fluidos do reservat?rio. Os m?todos avan?ados de recupera??o envolvem a inje??o de um fluido ou de uma mistura de fluidos em um reservat?rio para atuar nos pontos onde o processo convencional n?o conseguiu atingir as taxas de extra??o desejadas. A inje??o de microemuls?o, considerado um m?todo avan?ado, tem por finalidade dessorver o ?leo da forma??o rochosa e obter um deslocamento eficiente da emuls?o de petr?leo. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho foi realizado com dois objetivos principais: estudo dos par?metros que influenciam o sistema microemulsionado (tipo de tensoativo, cotensoativo, raz?o C/T e salinidade) e a avalia??o da efici?ncia de deslocamento do petr?leo com as microemuls?es que apresentaram estabilidade na regi?o rica em ?gua. Pelos par?metros analisados estipulou-se microemuls?es para serem submetidas ? etapa de recupera??o com composi??o: 25% ?gua, 5% querosene, 46,7% de n-butanol como cotensoativo e 23,3% de tensoativo BS ou SCO. Os testemunhos de arenitos Assu e Botucatu foram avaliados em ensaios de porosidade e permeabilidade posteriormente submetidos ?s etapas de satura??o com ?gua do mar e petr?leo, recupera??o convencional com ?gua do mar e avan?ada com as microemuls?es selecionadas. O arenito Botucatu apresentou os melhores par?metros f?sicos para a recupera??o, e a microemuls?o composta pelo tensoativo BS foi a que obteve maior efici?ncia de deslocamento (26,88%)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoKGS.pdf: 2171353 bytes, checksum: e45c25ca9137eeb633f0f529e7d80d83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-21 / In heavy oil fields there is a great difficulty of the oil to flow from the reservoir to the well, making its production more difficult and with high cost. Most of the original volumes of oil found in the world are considered unrecoverable by the use of the current methods. The injection of micellar solutions has a direct action in the oil interfacial properties, resulting in an enhanced oil recovery. The objective of this research was the study and selection of micellar solutions with ability to decrease the interfacial interactions between fluids and reservoir formation, increasing oil production. The selected micellar solutions were obtained using commercial surfactants and surfactants synthesized in laboratory, based on the intrinsic properties of these molecules, to use in the enhanced oil recovery. Petroleum Reservoirs were simulated using sandstone plugs from Botucatu formation. Experiments with conventional and enhanced oil recovery techniques were accomplished. The obtained results showed that all micellar solutions were able to enhance oil recovery, and the micellar solution prepared with a SB anionic surfactant, at 2% KCl solution, showed the best recovery factor. It was also accomplished an economic analysis with the SB surfactant solution. With the injection of 20% porous volume of micellar solution, followed by brine injection, the increment in petroleum recovery can reach 81% recovery factor in the 3rd porous volume injected. The increment in the total cost by the addition of surfactant to the injection water represents R$ 7.50/ton of injected fluid / Em campos de ?leos pesados h? uma grande dificuldade de escoamento do ?leo do reservat?rio at? o po?o, tornando sua produ??o mais dif?cil e de alto custo. A maior parte dos volumes originais de ?leo encontrados no mundo ? considerada irrecuper?vel pelos m?todos convencionais. A inje??o de solu??es micelares propicia uma atua??o direta nas propriedades interfaciais do ?leo, provocando um aumento da recupera??o. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar e selecionar solu??es micelares capazes de diminuir as intera??es interfaciais entre os fluidos e a forma??o, visando o aumento da produ??o. A sele??o das solu??es micelares foi feita a partir de tensoativos comerciais e sintetizados em laborat?rio, baseado em propriedades intr?nsecas dessas mol?culas, para se realizar uma recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo. Reservat?rios de petr?leo foram simulados a partir de plugs de arenito da forma??o Botucatu Bacia do Paran?. Foram realizados, dentre outros, ensaios de recupera??o convencional e avan?ada de petr?leo com as solu??es micelares. Os principais resultados mostram que todas as solu??es micelares foram capazes de recuperar o ?leo, e que a solu??o micelar preparada com tensoativo ani?nico SB, em solu??o 2% KCl, apresentou maior fator de recupera??o dentre as demais. Foi realizada, tamb?m, uma an?lise econ?mica, com a solu??o de tensoativo SB. Injetando-se 20% do volume poroso de solu??o micelar, seguida de inje??o de salmoura, o acr?scimo de recupera??o de petr?leo pode chegar a uma fra??o de recupera??o de 81% ao longo do 3? volume poroso injetado. O acr?scimo do custo do tensoativo ? ?gua de inje??o representa um valor de R$ 7,50/tonelada de fluido injetado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LedaMOL_TESE.pdf: 3658937 bytes, checksum: 6ad7dbe6b2ec8a6f89d9264905ef89b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-21 / Innovative technologies using surfactant materials have applicability in several industrial fields, including petroleum and gas areas. This study seeks to investigate the use of a surfactant derived from coconut oil (SCO saponified coconut oil) in the recovery process of organic compounds that are present in oily effluents from petroleum industry. For this end, experiments were accomplished in a column of small dimension objectifying to verify the influence of the surfactant SCO in the efficiency of oil removal. This way, they were prepared emulsions with amount it fastens of oil (50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm), being determined the great concentrations of surfactant for each one of them. Some rehearsals were still accomplished with produced water of the industry of the petroleum to compare the result with the one of the emulsions. According to the experiments, it was verified that an increase of the surfactant concentration does not implicate in a greater oil removal. The separation process use gaseous bubbles formed when a gas stream pass a liquid column, when low surfactant concentrations are used, it occurs the coalescence of the dispersed oil droplets and their transport to the top of the column, forming a new continuous phase. Such surfactants lead to a gas-liquid interface saturation, depending on the used surfactant concentration, affecting the flotation process and influencing in the removal capacity of the oily dispersed phase. A porous plate filter, with pore size varying from 40 to 250 mm, was placed at the base of the column to allow a hydrodynamic stable operation. During the experimental procedures, the operating volume of phase liquid was held constant and the rate of air flow varied in each experiment. The resulting experimental of the study hydrodynamic demonstrated what the capturing of the oil was influenced by diameter of the bubbles and air flow. With the increase flow of 300 about to 900 cm3.min-1, occurred an increase in the removal of oil phase of 44% about to 66% and the removal kinetic of oil was defined as a reaction of 1? order / Tecnologias inovadoras que usam materiais tensoativos t?m aplicabilidade em v?rios campos industriais, dentre eles petr?leo e g?s natural. Este estudo busca investigar o uso de um tensoativo, derivado de ?leo de coco (OCS - ?leo de coco saponificado), no processo de recupera??o de compostos org?nicos presentes em efluentes oleosos da ind?stria de petr?leo. Para este fim, foram realizados experimentos em uma coluna de bancada objetivando verificar a influ?ncia do tensoativo OCS na efici?ncia de remo??o de ?leo. Desta forma, foram preparadas emuls?es com quantidades fixas de ?leo (50, 100, 200 e 400 ppm), determinandose a concentra??o ?tima de tensoativo para cada uma delas. Foram, tamb?m, realizados alguns ensaios com ?gua de produ??o da ind?stria de petr?leo, visando comparar o resultado com o das emuls?es. O processo de separa??o consiste no uso de bolhas gasosas formadas quando um fluxo de g?s passa em uma coluna l?quida, com concentra??es de tensoativo, ocorrendo a coalesc?ncia das gotas de ?leo dispersas e, consequentemente, o transporte delas ao topo da coluna, formando uma nova fase oleosa cont?nua. O processo fundamenta-se na satura??o de tensoativo na interface g?s-l?quido, dependendo da concentra??o de tensoativo usada, resultando na flota??o da fase ?leo dispersa. Um filtro de prato poroso, com tamanho de poro que varia de 40 a 250 μm, foi colocado ? base da coluna para permitir uma opera??o hidrodin?mica est?vel. Durante os procedimentos experimentais, o volume operacional da fase l?quida foi mantido constante e a taxa de fluxo de ar variada em cada experimento. Os resultados experimentais do estudo hidrodin?mico demonstraram que a captura do ?leo foi influenciada pelos di?metros das bolhas e vaz?es de ar. Com o aumento da vaz?o de 300 para 900 cm3.min-1, ocorreu um aumento de remo??o da fase ?leo de 44% para 66% e a cin?tica de remo??o do ?leo foi definida como uma rea??o de 1? ordem

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ShirlleKSN_TESE_PARCIAL.pdf: 1534638 bytes, checksum: ca047a7bd2b85b3f98d9d4d116c8a5d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The petroleum production is associated to the produced water, which has dispersed and dissolved materials that damage not only the environment, but also the petroleum processing units. This study aims at the treatment of produced water focusing mainly on the removal of metals and oil and using this treated water as raw material for the production of sodium carbonate. Initially, it was addressed the removal of the following divalent metals: calcium, magnesium, barium, zinc, copper, iron, and cadmium. For this purpose, surfactants derived from vegetable oils, such as coconut oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil, were used. The investigation showed that there is a stoichiometric relationship between the metals removed from the produced water and the surfactants used in the process of metals removal. It was also developed a model that correlates the hydrolysis constant of saponified coconut oil with the metal distribution between the resulting stages of the proposed process, flocs and aqueous phases, and relating the results with the pH of the medium. The correlation coefficient obtained was 0.963. Next, the process of producing washing soda (prefiro soda ahs ou sodium carbonate) started. The resulting water from the various treatment approaches from petroleum production water was used. During this stage of the research, it was observed that the surfactant assisted in the produced water treatment, by removing some metals and the dispersed oil entirety. The yield of sodium carbonate production was approximately 80%, and its purity was around 95%. It was also assessed, in the production of sodium carbonate, the influence of the type of reactor, using a continuous reactor and a batch reactor. These tests showed that the process with continuous reactor was not as efficient as the batch process. In general, it can be concluded that the production of sodium carbonate from water of oil production is a feasible process, rendering an effluent that causes a great environmental impact a raw material with large scale industrial use / A produ??o do petr?leo ? associada ? ?gua produzida, que apresenta materiais dispersos e dissolvidos que prejudicam n?o s? o meio ambiente, mas tamb?m, as unidades de processamento de petr?leo. Este trabalho objetiva o tratamento da ?gua de produ??o enfocando, principalmente, a remo??o de ?leo e de metais e a utiliza??o desta ?gua tratada como mat?ria-prima para produ??o de barrilha. Inicialmente, verificou-se a remo??o dos seguintes metais bivalentes: c?lcio, magn?sio, b?rio, zinco, cobre, ferro e o c?dmio. Utilizou-se para este fim tensoativos derivados de ?leos vegetais, tais como: ?leo de coco, ?leo de soja e ?leo de girassol. Verificou-se que existe uma rela??o estequiom?trica entre os metais removidos da ?gua de produ??o e os tensoativos utilizados no processo. Tamb?m, desenvolveu-se um modelo que relaciona a constante de hidr?lise do ?leo de coco saponificado com a distribui??o do metal entre as fases resultantes do processo proposto, fases floco e aquosa, relacionando os resultados com o pH do meio. Obteve-se um coeficiente de correla??o na ordem de 0,963. Em seguida, iniciou-se o processo de obten??o da barrilha. Utilizou-se a ?gua resultante das diversas correntes de tratamento da ?gua produzida. Nesta etapa do trabalho, observou-se que o tensoativo auxiliava no tratamento da ?gua de produ??o, removendo parte dos metais e a totalidade do petr?leo disperso. O rendimento da produ??o da barrilha foi da ordem de 80% e sua pureza ficou em torno de 95%. Avaliou-se, ainda, no processo de produ??o da barrilha, a influ?ncia do tipo de reator, utilizando-se um reator cont?nuo e um reator em batelada. Estes ensaios mostraram que o processo cont?nuo n?o foi t?o eficiente quanto o processo em batelada. De forma geral, pode-se concluir que a produ??o de barrilha a partir da ?gua de produ??o de petr?leo ? um processo vi?vel, transformando um efluente que causa grande impacto ambiental em mat?ria-prima de larga utiliza??o industrial / 2020-01-01

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-01-23T14:27:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-25T11:49:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-25T11:49:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TamyrisThaiseCostaDeSouza_TESE.pdf: 2326336 bytes, checksum: d59b4b1968aa5a394e4f90ffa36135cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-11 / M?todos de recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo s?o utilizados com o objetivo de aumentar a produtividade de reservat?rios nos quais, os m?todos convencionais s?o pouco eficientes, ou mesmo como alternativa inicial para produ??o. Dentre esses m?todos, existem os m?todos t?rmicos, misc?veis e qu?micos. A utiliza??o dos m?todos qu?micos de recupera??o avan?ada atua na altera??o de propriedades f?sico-qu?mica rocha/fluido, diminuindo a satura??o residual de ?leo e aumentando o deslocamento de ?leo no meio poroso. A inje??o de fluidos qu?micos, como solu??o de pol?mero, solu??o de tensoativo e microemuls?o, busca aumentar a viscosidade de fluido injetado, diminuir a tens?o interfacial e aumentar a miscibilidade entre o fluido injetado e o ?leo retido. Estudos nessa ?rea mostram que fluidos qu?micos s?o considerados uma alternativa eficaz na produ??o de petr?leo ap?s a utiliza??o de ?gua ou g?s como fluido de inje??o. Neste trabalho foi avaliado a utiliza??o de fluidos qu?micos (solu??o de tensoativo e microemuls?o) na recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo (EOR) com a Ultramina NP200 como tensoativo. Os sistemas microemulsionados foram compostos por: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; querosene e ?gua de abastecimento local. Os sistemas microemulsionados (SM) foram caracterizados por medidas de di?metro de part?cula, tens?o superficial, tens?o interfacial e viscosidade. Nos testes de EOR, avaliou-se a influ?ncia da concentra??o de tensoativo injetado e a forma como a tens?o superficial, interfacial e a viscosidade influenciam na recupera??o de ?leo cru (29? API). A utiliza??o de solu??o de Ultramina NP200 conseguiu aumentar a capacidade de deslocamento de petr?leo em rela??o a inje??o de salmoura. Por?m, a solu??o de tensoativo, apesar da alta concentra??o (25% m/m), obteve fator de recupera??o inferior quando comparado a microemuls?o, mesmo quando a concentra??o de mat?ria ativa ? baixa (1,0% - m/m). O fator de recupera??o aumentou com o aumento da concentra??o de tensoativo na microemuls?o, por?m esse crescimento foi significativo para a inje??o de SM com at? 6% (m/m) de tensoativo. Observou-se tamb?m que ? poss?vel alcan?ar resultados satisfat?rios de recupera??o injetando menores quantidades microemuls?o, seguida de inje??o de salmoura. A utiliza??o do sistema microemulsionado com 6% tensoativo (SM4) com vaz?o de 0,5 mL/min, chegou a recupera??o do ?leo in place de 24,1% (%OOIPA) e recupera??o total de 77,2% (%OOIPT). Na avalia??o econ?mica, foi observado que a utiliza??o de pequenos volumes de microemuls?o, com maior concentra??o de tensoativo, pode resultar em um projeto mais vi?vel, mediante an?lise do pre?o do barril de petr?leo. No cen?rio atual (50 USD/bbl) ? poss?vel alcan?ar uma taxa interna de retorno (TIR) de 27% por inje??o e 0,5Vp de SM3 e 2,5Vp de salmoura. / Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods are used to increase the productivity of reservoirs when water or gas injections are inefficient, or can be used as a initial alternative to production. EOR methods is classified in thermal, miscible and chemical. The use of chemical methods acts on the alteration of physicochemical rock / fluid properties, reducing the residual oil saturation and increasing the displacement of oil in the porous medium. Injection of chemical fluids, such as polymer solution, surfactant solution and microemulsion, seeks to increase the viscosity of injected fluid, decrease interfacial tension and increase miscibility between the injected fluid and the retained oil. Studies in this area show that chemical fluids are efficient alternative in the production of oil after the use of water or gas as an injection fluid. In this work the use of chemical fluids (surfactant and microemulsion solution) in the EOR with Ultramina NP200 as a surfactant was evaluated. Microemulsion systems are composed of: Ultramina NP200; n-Butanol; kerosene and local water supply. Microemulsion systems (SM) were characterized by measurements of droplet size, surface tension, interfacial tension and viscosity. In the EOR tests, the influence of the injected surfactant concentration and the way in which surface tension, interfacial and viscosity influence the recovery of crude oil (29? API) was evaluated. The use of Ultramina NP200 solution has been able to increase the capacity of displacement of petroleum in relation to the injection of brine. However, the surfactant solution, despite the high concentration (25% m / m), obtained a lower oil recovery when compared to the microemulsion, even when the active matter concentration is low (1.0% - m / m). The oil recovery increased with increasing surfactant concentration in the microemulsion, but this growth was significant for SM injection with up to 6% (m / m) of surfactant. It has also been observed that satisfactory results of %OOIPA can be achieved by injecting smaller amounts of microemulsion followed by injection of brine. The use of the microemulsified system with 6% surfactant (SM4) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL / min, reached the oil recovery in place of 24.1% (% OOIPA) and total recovery of 77.2% (% OOIPT). In the economic evaluation it was observed that the use of small volumes of microemulsion, with higher concentration of surfactant, can result in a more viable project, by analyzing the price of a barrel of oil.