Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy Candidate: Vojtěch Vitásek Supervisor: Mgr. Jan Babica Title of diploma thesis: Archives of the Czech Pharmaceutical Museum XIII. Archival collection Pharmacy Development Centre II. In my thesis I addressed the activity of the Pharmacy Development Center. In particular I dealed with the building up and internal equipment of the pharmacies. My goal was to create an inventory of the part of the archive of the Fond of Pharmacy Development Center which is related to the building up of the pharmacies and to sumarize the norms and their ammendments over the years on which the Pharmacy Development Center took part. Norms in this thesis are presented according to how they were ammended and what they concerned during the building up of the pharmacies. I inventorized a part of the Fond archive according to the registry key. I categorized, moved and discarded the documents. I created an archiving tool - inventory to ease the work of further developers.

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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / Background Drugs expiration in public hospital pharmacies is a concern to health professionals as the Department of Health spends a lot of money to buy drugs. The number of drugs which expire in public hospital pharmacies can give an indication of how the drugs are used, and consequently reflect on the disease prevalence for which the drugs are indicated for. Drugs cannot be used beyond expiry date. The purpose of this study was to determine the cause or causes, extent and costs of expired drugs in public hospital pharmacies of Sekhukhune District in Limpopo Province of South Africa. Methods Sekhukhune District has seven public hospital pharmacies. Data collection involved interviews conducted by the researcher from thirty-five participants with each hospital having five participants. All interviews were recorded by the use of a laptop voice recorder. Participants in each hospital involved a pharmacy manager, an additional pharmacist who had twelve months or more working experience within the facility under study, a clinical manager, a nurse who attends the hospital Drug and Therapeutics Committee and a medical practitioner who had twelve or more working experience within the facility under study. Results and conclusion In this study it was identified that, overstocking; prescribing tendencies by medical practitioners; delivery of short-dated drugs from the supplier; poor stock rotation and unreliably minimum and maximum order levels were cited as some of the reasons for stock expiration. The study found drugs expiration value to be above the set limit of 0.05% of the expenditure in a financial year. An expired stock value of R86 815 was found based on the data collected for 2010/2011 financial year.

Background: In September 2001, in addition to their existing management of primary care pharmaceutical expenditure, PHARMAC, the New Zealand government�s Pharmaceutical Management Agency, was authorized to manage pharmaceutical expenditure in public hospitals.[1] In February 2002 PHARMAC launched a three-part Strategy, the National Hospital Pharmaceutical Strategy (NHPS), for this purpose.[2] The Strategy focused on Price Management (PM), the Assessment of New Medicines (ANM), and promoting Quality in the Use of Medicines (QUM). Major initiatives planned were: for PM, to negotiate new, national (as opposed to current, local) contracts for frequently used pharmaceuticals; for ANM, to provide economic assessments of new hospital medicines; and for QUM, to coordinate activities in hospitals. Aims: To assess the impact of each of the three parts of the National Hospital Pharmaceutical Strategy, and assess any impact of the Strategy�s new contracts on the availability of those medicines. Methods: Price Management was assessed in 2003, 2004 and 2005 using data from eleven selected hospitals to estimate savings for all 29 major hospitals, and by tracking hospital pharmaceutical expenditure from 2000 to 2006. For other aspects, cross-sectional surveys were administered to chief pharmacists at all hospitals employing a pharmacist; 30 hospitals in 2002, 29 in 2004. Surveys were undertaken in 2002 and 2004 to examine ANM and QUM activity in hospitals before and after the Strategy. Surveys were undertaken in 2004 and 2005 to examine any changes in the availability of medicines on new contracts, in hospitals. In 2005 a survey was undertaken of opinions on PHARMAC�s specially-developed pharmacoeconomic (PE) assessments. Results: PM results indicated that, by 2006, savings of $7.84-13.45m per annum (6-8%) had been made on hospital pharmaceutical expenditure, and growth in inpatient pharmaceutical expenditure appeared to slow for all types of hospitals in 2003/4. ANM surveys indicated that, by 2004, hospital new medicine assessment processes, predominantly formal, became more complex, more focused on cost-effectiveness, and the use of pharmacoeconomic information increased. The PE survey indicated that PHARMAC�s economic assessments of new medicines were mainly viewed favourably but were not sufficiently timely to be widely used in hospital formulary decisions. Availability surveys indicated that new contracts occasionally caused availability problems e.g. products that were "out of stock", or products considered inferior by respondents. Problems were usually resolved within weeks, but some took over a year. QUM activities showed little change between surveys, but during the period an independent organisation was formed by the District Health Boards of New Zealand, with representation from PHARMAC, to coordinate the Safe and Quality Use of Medicines in New Zealand. Conclusion: The National Hospital Pharmaceutical Strategy has been moderately successful in New Zealand. Savings of NZ$7.84-13.45m per annum were made, and growth in inpatient pharmaceutical expenditure appeared to slow in the year following the Strategy�s launch. The study has indicated some important short-term effects from the Strategy, but further research is needed to ensure that favourable effects are sustained and unfavourable effects kept to a minimum. Similar, centralized, multifaceted, approaches to managing pharmaceutical expenditure may be worth considering in other countries. 1. New Zealand Parliament. New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act. In: The Statutes of New Zealand 2000. No 91.Wellington: New Zealand Parliament; 2000 2. Pharmaceutical Management Agency. National Hospital Pharmaceutical Strategy Final Version. Wellington: PHARMAC; 2002

In recent years, Taiwan's rapid economic growth, people¡¦s living standard improves year by year thereupon. People pay attention to the issue of health consciousness, in addition, the advancement of medical technology makes the human lifespan extend. Gradually, population structure tends toward dvanced age, therefore the concepts of health care are in great demand. The pressure of busy daily life, lack of exercise and sleep, and always eat out, that causing assimilation of nutrition unbalanced, health foods have become a fast and convenient way of supplement in modern days. This also makes the demand of health foods increasing day by day. However, the channel of purchasing health foods can be many different types, which particular type of channel will the consumers choose to purchase health foods? This research focuses on the key successful factors of marketing health foods through the channel of radio station, choosing the radio stations and designated pharmacies in south region of Chiayi. Using SWOT analysis and Porter 5 force analysis, probing into the intricate relation among the host, supplier, distributor, and audience of these radio stations, we attempt to seek a more stable and permanent business model in this health food market that expanding and growing continuously, as well as in the environment with keen competition.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 53-59).

Σκοπός της έρευνας που διενεργήσαμε ήταν να προσδιορίσουμε τα κίνητρα και το προφίλ εκείνων των καταναλωτών που επιλέγουν να αγοράζουν τα δερμοκαλλυντικά και τα προϊόντα περιποίησης προσώπου και σώματος τους από τα πολυκαταστήματα και όχι από τα super markets, τα φαρμακεία ή άλλα μικρότερα καταστήματα. Προκειμένου να εξάγουμε ασφαλή συμπεράσματα δημιουργήσαμε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο το οποίο και μοιράσαμε σε 240 άτομα. Τις απαντήσεις που πήραμε τις επεξεργαστήκαμε με το πρόγραμμα Statistic Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Οι απαντήσεις αυτές μας βοήθησαν να κατανοήσουμε τι συμβαίνει στη αγορά σήμερα. Ανατρέξαμε στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία ώστε να συλλέξουμε πληροφορίες σχετικά με τα κίνητρα των καταναλωτών για αγορές και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο δομούνται τα καταστήματα προκειμένου να γίνονται ελκυστικότερα στους καταναλωτές. Θεωρούμε ότι μια τέτοια μελέτη θα ενδιαφέρει τόσο τις εταιρείες καλλυντικών, όσο και τους ιδιοκτήτες πολυκαταστημάτων, μικρότερων καταστημάτων ακόμη και φαρμακείων μιας και για όλα τα ανωτέρω, τα καλλυντικά αποτελούν μεγάλο μέρος του όγκου των πωλήσεών τους. / -

Στον τομέα της υγείας το Ίντερνετ χρησιμοποιείται όλο και περισσότερο για εμπορικούς λόγους καθώς πολλοί φορείς υγείας διαφημίζουν τα προϊόντα ή τις υπηρεσίες τους μέσω διαδικτύου. Τα διαδικτυακά φαρμακεία αποτελούν εδώ και αρκετά χρόνια μια πραγματικότητα και αυξάνουν διαρκώς. Η παρούσα έρευνα εξετάζει τον τρόπο με τον οποίο προσαρμόζεται το μείγμα μάρκετινγκ (Product-Promotion-Place-Price) στην περίπτωση των διαδικτυακών φαρμακείων, ποιο είναι το ανταγωνιστικό τους πλεονέκτημα όπως αυτό εκφράζεται μέσα από τη στρατηγική, ποια θετικά χαρακτηριστικά- «κλειδιά» των ιστοσελίδων εκμεταλλεύονται στην δραστηριοποίησή τους και τέλος τι είδους αξία διατείνονται ότι παρέχουν στον καταναλωτή, μέσα από τη δήλωση οράματος/αποστολής. Η συλλογή των δεδομένων της έρευνας πραγματοποιήθηκε εξετάζοντας συγκεκριμένα χαρακτηριστικά των ιστοσελίδων φαρμακείων που δραστηριοποιούνται στο διαδίκτυο. Το βασικότερο προς πώληση προϊόν των διαδικτυακών φαρμακείων είναι τα συνταγραφούμενα φάρμακα σε χαμηλή τιμή. Τα φαρμακεία έχουν κατά κανόνα παρουσία μόνο διαδικτυακή, και η προώθηση στηρίζεται σε γνωστά σήματα. Το χαρακτηριστικό στο οποίο δίνουν ιδιαίτερη έμφαση τα περισσότερα φαρμακεία είναι η εταιρική ταυτότητα μέσω της δήλωσης οράματος/αποστολής. / -

With the several changes taking place in the retail, wholesale, manufacturing and academic sectors of pharmacy, the practice of pharmacy is becoming a challenging one in South Africa. As a result of this, it is important to prove to the government as well as to other health care professionals that pharmacy can do more than deliver a supply function. This would involve the pharmacist becoming more committed to the quality of service and value (irrespective of the sector), and in so doing raise the overall standard of the profession. This research involves a survey amongst 100 customers who live in the Pinetown area. It investigates service quality in a retail pharmacy by using the SERVQUAL instrument as a measuring tool. It involved assessing respondents expectations and perceptions of service quality in retail pharmacy. The respondents indicated that understanding patient needs, assurance, reliability, efficiency, tangibles, attention and staff presentation were important factors that they expected from service of any retail pharmacy. With respect to the service provided by Pinelands pharmacy, respondent perceptions of service quality included patient individualisation, pharmacy staff competence, efficiency, staff presentation and convenient operating hours, aesthetic appeal and a modern pharmacy. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

Pharmaceuticals are a crucial component of delivering healthcare, hence regulating pharmaceutical markets is a complex issue involving dynamic interplay of multiple actors. The South African healthcare industry is plagued with past problems and new ones created by cumbersome legislation, changing economic conditions and rapid cost escalation. The core objectives of the 2004 medicines pricing legislation were; effective care and use of resources; high quality services and responsiveness; accessibility and affordability of medicines for consumers. This study explores the impact of the new medicine pricing regulations on independent community pharmacies in KwaZulu-Natal, wherein 115 out of a total of 364 independent pharmacies participated. The main aim was to determine the number of pharmacies that closed and the emerging trends in this sector by qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing the legislation, policy implementation and its impact on various stakeholders. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews; a survey questionnaire and document analysis. The study revealed that, more consultation was needed for a sustainable dispensing fee since between 72 and 83 pharmacies had closed in KZN from 2003 to 2009; due to them being uneconomical. Tools used to illustrate legislative impact were Porter’s value chain, Force-Field analysis and the Fish-Bone diagram. The emerging trends underscored government’s need to provide a democratic environment conducive to small business growth, with the recommendation that policy makers strategically respond to the real world in which health sector reforms must be implemented. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2009.