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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Approche combinée expérimentale et mathématique pour la personnalisation sur base moléculaire des thérapies anticancéreuses standards et chronomodulées / A combined experimental and mathematical approach for molecular-based personalization of chronomodulated and standard anticancer therapies

Ballesta, Annabelle 15 June 2011 (has links)
Personnaliser les traitements anticancéreux sur base moléculaire consiste à optimiser la thérapie en fonction des profils d'expression de gènes des cellules saines et tumorales du patient. Les différences au niveau moléculaire entre tissus normaux et cancéreux sont exploitées afin de maximiser l'efficacité du traitement et minimiser sa toxicité. Cette thèse propose une approche pluridisciplinaire expérimentale et mathématique ayant pur but la détermination de stratégies anticancéreuses optimales sur base moléculaire. Cette approche est, tout d'abord, mise en œuvre pour la personnalisation de la chronothérapeutique des cancers, puis pour l'optimisation de la thérapie anticancéreuse dans le cas d'une mutation de l'oncogène SRC. La plupart des fonctions physiologiques chez les mammifères présentent une rythmicité circadienne, c'est-à-dire de période environ égale à 24 h. C'est par exemple le cas de l'alternance activité-repos, de la température corporelle, et de la concentration intracellulaire d'enzymes du métabolisme. Ces rythmes ont pour conséquence une variation de la toxicité et de l'efficacité d'un grand nombre de médicaments anticancéreux selon leur heure circadienne d'administration. De récentes études soulignent la nécessité d'adapter les schémas d'injection chronomodulés au profil moléculaire du patient. La première partie de cette thèse propose une approche combinée expérimentale et modélisatrice pour personnaliser sur base moléculaire la chronothérapie. La première étape a consisté en une preuve de concept impliquant des expérimentations in vitro sur cultures de cellules humaines et des travaux de modélisation in silico. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur l'étude de l'irinotecan (CPT11), un médicament anticancéreux actuellement utilisé en clinique dans le traitement des cancers colorectaux, et présentant des rythmes de chronotoxicité et de chronoefficacité chez la souris et chez l'homme. Sa pharmacocinétique (PK) et pharmacodynamie (PD) moléculaires ont été étudiées dans la lignée de cellules d'adénocarcinome colorectal humain Caco-2. Un modèle mathématique de la PK-PD moléculaire du CPT11, à base d'équations différentielles ordinaires, a été conçu. Il a guidé l'expérimentation qui a été réalisée dans le but de d'évaluer les paramètres du modèle. L'utilisation de procédures d'optimisation, appliquées au modèle calibré aux données biologiques, a permis la conception de schéma d'exposition au CPT11 théoriquement optimaux dans le cas particulier des cellules Caco-2. Le CPT11 s'est accumulé dans les cellules Caco-2 où il a été biotransformé en son métabolite actif le SN38, sous l'action des carboxylestérases (CES). La pré-incubation des cellules avec du verapamil, un inhibiteur non spécifique des transporteurs ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) a permis la mise en évidence du rôle de ces pompes d'efflux ABC dans le transport du CPT11. Après synchronisation des cellules par choc sérique, qui définit le temps circadien (CT) 0, des rythmes circadiens d'une période de 26 h 50 (SD 63 min) ont été mis en évidence pour l'expression de trois gènes de l'horloge circadienne: REV-ERBα, PER2, et BMAL1; et six gènes de la pharmacologie du CPT11: la cible du médicament la topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), l'enzyme d'activation CES2, l'enzyme de désactivation UGT1A1, et les quatre transporteurs ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2. Au contraire, l'expression protéique et l'activité de la TOP1 sont restées constantes. Enfin, la quantité de TOP1 liée à l'ADN en présence de CPT11, un marqueur de la PD du médicament, a été plus importante pour une exposition à CT14 (47±5.2% de la quantité totale de TOP1), que pour une exposition à CT28 (35.5±1.8%). Les paramètres du modèle mathématique de la PK-PD du CPT11 ont ensuite été estimés par une approche de bootstrap, en utilisant des résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur les cellules Caco-2, combinés aux données de la littérature. Ensuite, des algorithmes d'optimisation ont été utilisés pour concevoir les schémas d'exposition théoriquement optimaux des cellules Caco-2 à l'irinotecan. Les cellules synchronisées par un choc sérique ont été considérées comme les cellules saines et les cellules non-synchronisées ont joué le rôle de cellules cancéreuses puisque l'organisation circadienne est souvent perturbée dans les tissus tumoraux. La stratégie thérapeutique optimale a été définie comme celle qui maximise l'efficacité sur les cellules cancéreuses, sous une contrainte de toxicité maximale sur les cellules saines. Les schémas d'administration considérés ont pris la forme d'une exposition à une concentration donnée de CPT11, débutant à un CT particulier, sur une durée comprise entre 0 et 27 h. Les simulations numériques prédisent que toute dose de CPT11 devrait être optimalement administrée sur une durée de 3h40 à 7h10, débutant entre CT2h10 et CT2h30, un intervalle de temps correspondant à 1h30 à 1h50 avant le minimum des rythmes de bioactivation du CPT11 par les CES. Une interprétation clinique peut être établie en ramenant à 24 h ces résultats pour les cellules Caco-2 qui présentent une période de 27 h. Ainsi, une administration optimale du CPT11 chez le patient cancéreux résulterait en une présence du médicament dans le sang pendant 3h30 à 6h30, débutant de 1h30 à 1h40 avant le minimum des rythmes d'activité des CES chez le patient. La deuxième étape de nos travaux a consisté à adapter l'approche mise en œuvre pour optimiser l'exposition des cellules Caco-2 au CPT11, pour l'optimisation de l'administration du médicament chez la souris. Des études récentes mettent en évidence trois classes de chronotoxicité à l'irinotecan chez la souris. La classe 1, les souris de la lignée B6D2F1 femelles, présentent la pire tolérabilité au CPT11 après une administration à ZT3, et la meilleure pour une administration à ZT15, où ZT est le temps de Zeitgeber, ZT0 définissant le début de la phase de lumière. La classe 2, les souris B6D2F1 mâles, montrent une pire heure d'administration à ZT23 et une meilleure à ZT11. Enfin, la classe 3, les B6CBAF1 femelles présentent la pire tolérabilité pour une injection à ZT7, et la meilleure pour ZT15. Nous avons entrepris une approche pluridisciplinaire in vivo et in silico dont le but est la caractérisation moléculaire des trois classes de chronotoxicité, ainsi que la conception de schémas optimaux d'administration pour chacune d'elles. Le modèle mathématique mis au point pour une population de cellules en culture a été adapté pour la construction d'un modèle "corps entier" à base physiologique de la PK-PD de l'irinotecan. Un ensemble de paramètres a été estimé pour la classe 2, en utilisant deux sortes de résultats expérimentaux: d'une part, les concentrations sanguines et tissulaires (foie, colon, moelle osseuse, tumeur) du CPT11 administré aux pire et meilleure heures circadiennes de tolérabilité, et d'autre part, les variations circadiennes des protéines de la pharmacologie du médicament dans le foie et l'intestin. Le modèle ainsi calibré reproduit de façon satisfaisante les données biologiques. Cette étude est en cours pour les classes 1 et 3. Une fois les ensembles de paramètres validés pour chacune des trois classes, ils seront comparés entre eux pour mettre en évidence de possibles différences moléculaires. L'étape suivante consiste en l'application d'algorithmes d'optimisation sur le modèle corps entier pour définir des schémas d'administration chronomodulés optimaux pour chaque classe. La deuxième partie de cette thèse s'intéresse à l'étude de la tyrosine kinase SRC, dont l'expression est dérégulée dans de nombreux cancers. Des études récentes montrent un contrôle de SRC sur la voie mitochondriale de l'apoptose dans des fibroblastes de souris NIH-3T3 transfectés avec l'oncogène v-src, cette régulation étant inexistante dans les cellules parentales. L'oncogène SRC active la voie RAS / RAK / MEK1/2 / ERK1/2 qui augmente la vitesse de phosphorylation de la protéine pro-apoptotique BIK, menant ainsi à sa dégradation par le protéasome. La faible expression de BIK résultant de ce mécanisme rendrait ainsi les cellules v-src résistantes à la plupart des stress apoptotiques. Notre étude a consisté à déterminer, par une approche combinée mathématique et expérimentale, les stratégies thérapeutiques optimales lorsque les cellules NIH-3T3 parentales jouent le rôle de cellules saines, et les fibroblastes transformés celui de cellules cancéreuses. Pour cela, nous avons, tout d'abord, construit un modèle mathématique de la cinétique de BIK en conditions non-apoptotiques. L'estimation des paramètres de ce modèle, en utilisant des données expérimentales existantes, confirme que la phosphorylation de BIK sous le contrôle de SRC est inactive dans les cellules normales. L'étude exprimentale de l'évolution de BIK après le signal apoptotique que constitue une exposition à la staurosporine, démontre une relocalisation de BIK aux mitochondries, la concentration totale de la protéine restant constante durant le stress. Nous avons ensuite conçu un modèle mathématique de la voie mitochondriale de l'apoptose mettant en jeu les protéines anti-apoptotiques de type Bcl2, les protéines effectrices de type BAX, les protéines BH3-only activatrices et les BH3-only sensibilisatrices. Un ensemble de paramètres a été déterminé pour les cellules NIH-3T3 parentales, et celles transformées v-src, en comparant le modèle aux données expérimentales. Le modèle reproduit le fait expérimentalement démontré que la préincubation des cellules v-src avec un inhibiteur de la tyrosine kinase SRC, avant l'exposition à la staurosporine, annihile la résistance des fibroblastes transformés au stress apoptotique. Le modèle prédit que l'administration de l'ABT-737, un inhibiteur de protéines anti-apoptotiques, avant l'exposition à la staurosporine, ne devrait pas être entreprise dans notre systéme biologique, ce qui a été expérimentalement validé. Enfin, le modèle a été utilisé dans des procédures d'optimisation pour déterminer la stratégie thérapeutique théoriquement optimale, lorsque les cellules normales et transformées sont exposées aux mêmes médicaments. Les combinaisons médicamenteuses considérées consiste en une exposition à la staurosporine, précédée d'une exposition à des répresseurs ou activateurs d'expression des protéines de la famille Bcl2. La stratégie optimale est définie comme celle qui maximise le pourcentage de cellules apoptotiques dans les fibroblastes v-src, sous la contrainte que celui dans les cellules normales reste au-dessous d'un seuil de tolérabilité. Les simulations numériques nous permettent de conclure à une combinaison médicamenteuse optimale constituée d'une exposition à la staurosporine, précédée d'une exposition à un répresseur de l'expression de BAX (de manière à diminuer sa concentration en-dessous du seuil apoptotique dans les cellules normales, mais pas dans les cellules cancéreuses), combinée à un répresseur de BCL2 ou un inhibiteur de tyrosines kinases SRC. Cette stratégie optimale aboutit à moins d'1% de cellules apoptotiques dans les cellules saines et plus de 98% dans les cellules cancéreuses. / Personalizing anticancer treatment on molecular basis consists in optimizing the therapy according to the gene expression profiles of healthy and cancer cells of the patient. The molecular differences between normal and tumor tissues are exploited in order to maximize the treatment efficacy and minimize its toxicities. This PhD thesis presents a combined mathematical and experimental approach to optimize anticancer therapeutic strategies on molecular basis. This approach has been undertaken at first for the personalization of cancer chronotherapeutics, and secondly for the optimization of anticancer therapy in the case of mutated SRC oncogene. Most of the physiological functions in mammals display rhythms of period around 24, also called circadian rhythms. For instance, rest-activity rhythm, core temperature, or intracellular concentrations of metabolic enzymes show variations over the 24 h span. Those rhythms result in variations in the toxicity and efficacy of many anticancer drug with respect to their circadian time of administration. Recent studies highlight the need for chronomodulated injection scheme which would be tailored to the patient's molecular profile. Thus the first sections of this thesis propose a combined experimental and mathematical approach for personalizing cancer chronotherapeutics on molecular basis. The first step consisted in a proof of concept which involved in vitro experiments on human cell culture and in silico mathematical modeling. We focused on the anticancer drug irinotecan (CPT11), which is currently used in the treatment of colorectal cancer and displays chronotoxicity and chronoefficacy rhythms both in mice and in cancer patients. Its molecular pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) were studied in human colorectal adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. An ODE-based mathematical model of its PK-PD was built. It guided the design of experiments which were performed in order to estimate parameter values of the model. Optimization procedures were then applied to this data-calibrated model in order to compute theoretically optimal exposure schemes for the Caco-2 cell line. CPT11 accumulated in Caco-2 cells where it was bioactivated into SN38 under the catalytic activity of carboxylesterases (CES). The pre-incubation of cells with verapamil, a non-specific inhibitor of ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters, increased CPT11 intracellular accumulation, thus demonstrating the involvement of those efflux pumps in CPT11 transport. After cell synchronization by a seric shock which defines the circadian time (CT) 0, circadian rhythm of period 26 h 50 (SD 63 min) were observed for the expression of the three clock genes REV-ERBα, PER2, and BMAL1; and of six metabolic genes: the drug target topoisomerase 1 (TOP1), the activation enzyme CES2, the deactivation enzyme UGT1A1, and the four ABC transporters ABCB1, ABCC1, ABCC2, ABCG2. On the contrary, TOP1 proteic level and activity remained constant. The amount of DNA-bound TOP1 in the presence of CPT11 is a PD marker of the drug and displayed circadian rhythms as it was equal to 47±5.2% of the total amount of TOP1 protein after an exposure at CT14, as compared to 35.5±1.8% after an exposure at CT28. Parameters of CPT11 PK-PD model were estimated from experimental data in Caco-2 cells combined to information from literature by a bootstrap approach. Optimization procedures were then applied to the data-calibrated model in order to compute theoretically optimal exposure schemes for Caco-2 cells. Synchronized cells were considered as healthy cells and non-synchronized cells as cancer ones as the circadian organization is often disrupted in tumor tissues. The adopted therapeutics strategy consisted in maximizing DNA damage in cancer cells under the constraint that DNA damage in the healthy population remained under a tolerability threshold. We considered administration schemes in the form of a cell exposure to an initial extracellular concentration of CPT11, over 1 to 27 h, starting at a particular CT. Numerical procedures predicted that, for all considered doses of CPT11, the optimal exposure lasted from 3h40 to 7h10, and started between CT2h10 and CT2h30, a time interval corresponding to 1h30 to 1h50 before the minimum value of CES activity. A clinical interpretation can be obtained by rescaling to 24 h those results for Caco-2 cells which displayed a period of 26 h 50. Thus, an optimal administration of CPT11 to cancer patients should result in the presence of the drug in the blood during 3h30 to 6h30, starting 1h30 to 1h40 before the minimum value of CES activity in the patient. The second section of our research works has consisted in adapting the pluridisciplinary approach we have undertaken for optimizing CPT11 exposure in Caco-2 cells, for the optimization of CPT11 administration in mice. Recent experimental studies demonstrated the existence of three classes of mice regarding CPT11 chronotoxicity. Female mice of the strain B6D2F1 represented the first class and showed worst tolerability after an injection of CPT11 at ZT3 and best tolerability at ZT15, where ZT is Zeitgeber Time, ZT0 defining the beginning of the light phase. Class 2 was constituted by B6D2F1 male mice and displayed worst toxicity at ZT23 and best toxicity at ZT11. Finally, class 3 was B6CBAF1 female mice and showed worst tolerability at ZT7 and best tolerability at ZT15. Our combined in vivo and in silico approach aimed at characterizing the three chronotoxicity classes at the molecular level and at designing optimal administration schemes for each of them. The mathematical model which was built for Caco-2 cell culture was adapted to design a whole body physiologically based model of CPT11 PK-PD. Parameters were estimated for class 2 by fitting both blood and tissular pharmacokinetics data and measurements of circadian rhythms of proteins involved in CPT11 pharmacology. The calibrated model fitted the biological data. Similar parameter estimations are ongoing for classes 1 and 3. Once three parameter sets are estimated, their comparaison will allow the determination of differences in protein activities and therefore the molecular characterization of the three classes. The next step consists in applying optimization procedures to the calibrated whole body model in order to design theoretically optimal administration schemes for each class. The second project presented in this thesis focuses on the tyrosine kinase SRC, which is deregulated in numerous cancer diseases. Recent studies showed that SRC exerted a control on the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in NIH-3T3 mice fibroblasts which were transfected with the oncogene v-src, whereas this control was not observed in parental NIH-3T3 cells. SRC activated the RAS / RAK / MEK1/2 / ERK1/2 pathway which enhanced the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic enzyme BIK, thus leading to the protein degradation by the proteasome. As a result, BIK protein expression was low in v-src transformed fibroblasts which possibly contributed to the resistance of those cells to most apoptotic stresses. Our work consisted in designing optimal therapeutics strategies in which parental NIH-3T3 fibroblasts stands for healthy cells and v-src transformed ones for cancer cells. Once again, a combined experimental and mathematical approach was undertaken. First, we built a model for BIK kinetics in non-apoptotic conditions and fitted its parameters to existing experimental data. Estimated parameter values confirmed that SRC-dependent phosphorylation of BIK was inactive in normal cells. Then, we biologically and mathematically investigated BIK kinetics in response to a death signal. We showed a relocalization of BIK to the mitochondria in the first hours of staurosporine exposure, whereas BIK protein total amount remained constant during the apoptotic stress. We then conceived a mathematical model of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis in NIH-3T3 cells. It modeled molecular interactions between the anti-apoptotic proteins as BCL2, and the pro-apoptotic enzymes which were divided into three subgroups: the BAX-like effector proteins, the BH3-only activator proteins and the BH3-only sensitizer proteins. Parameters were estimated by fitting experimental results in normal and v-src transformed fibroblasts. The model reproduced the experimentally-demonstrated fact that pre-incubating v-src fibroblasts with an inhibitor of SRC before staurosporine exposure annihilated the cell resistance. The model predicted that an administration of ABT-737, an inhibitor of anti-apoptotic proteins, before staurosporine exposure, should not be undertaken in our particular biological systems, which was experimentally validated. Finally, optimization procedures were applied to the model in order to design optimal therapeutics strategies when both normal and cancer cells were exposed to the same drugs. Considered exposure scheme consisted in the administration of staurosporine after an exposure to activator or of proteins of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Optimal strategies were defined as the ones which maximized the percentage of apoptotic cells in the cancer cell population, under the constraint that that in the healthy population remained below a toxicity threshold. Optimization procedures allowed to conclude that the optimal drug combinaison consisted in exposing cells to staurosporine after an exposure to a chemical able to repress BAX expression such that its concentration in normal cells was below the needed amount to trigger apoptosis, combined either to a repressor of anti-apoptotic proteins, or an inhibitor of SRC. These optimal strategies led to less than 1% of apoptotic cells in healthy cells, and more than 98% in cancer cells.
112

Biological and Pharmacological Factor that Influence the Selection of Antibiotic Resistance

Gustafsson, Ingegerd January 2003 (has links)
<p>Antibiotic treatment causes an ecological disturbance on the human microflora. Four commensal bacteria: E. coli, enterococci, a-streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, from patients with extensive, high antibiotic usage were investigated with regard to resistance pattern and mutation frequency. Among 193 investigated strains it was found that high antibiotic usage selected for resistant bacteria and enriched for bacteria with a small but significantly increased mutation frequency. </p><p>The relative biological fitness cost of resistance in <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> was assessed in a human in vivo model where the indigenous flora was present. In vitro data of the bacterial growth rate correlated well to in vivo fitness assayed in the competition experiments on skin. </p><p>An in vitro kinetic model was shown to be a useful tool to establish the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices for efficacy of antibiotics. It was confirmed that the time, when the concentration exceeds the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), correlates with efficacy for b-lactam antibiotics. To achieve maximal killing for penicillin-resistant pneumococci, with an MIC of 2 mg/L, the peak concentration was also of importance. </p><p>Suboptimal dosing regimen facilitates selection of resistance. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci were easily selected in a mixed population with penicillin-sensitive, -intermediate and -resistant pneumococci in an in vitro kinetic model. The selection of the resistant strain was prevented when the benzylpenicillin concentration exceeded the MIC for approximately 50% of 24 h.</p>
113

Contribution à l'étude pharmacologique et clinique du tiludronate chez le cheval

Delguste, Catherine 11 February 2008 (has links)
Le tiludronate (Tildren, CEVA Santé Animale, Libourne, France) est un bisphosphonate récemment introduit sur le marché dans plusieurs pays européens pour le traitement du syndrome podotrochléaire (syndrome naviculaire) et de lostéoarthrose des articulations intertarsienne distale et tarso-métatarsienne (éparvin) chez le cheval. Il est le premier bisphosphonate disponible en médecine vétérinaire en général, et en médecine équine en particulier. La posologie de tiludronate qui a fait lobjet dun enregistrement dans différents pays dEurope est de 10 administrations quotidiennes consécutives de 0.1 mg/kg sous forme de bolus intraveineux (IV). Or, il ressort de la pratique courante que ladministration de la dose totale de 1 mg/kg en une perfusion lente unique est préférée par les utilisateurs pour des raisons pratiques et financières. Il ressort aussi de différentes études que cette forme dadministration est bien tolérée (Varela et al., 2002) et efficace dans certaines pathologies (Coudry et al., 2007). La première étude de ce travail a consisté en la comparaison pharmacologique de ces deux schémas posologiques. Il en est ressorti quils produisaient une même exposition plasmatique totale et des effets similaires sur le marqueur plasmatique de résorption osseuse carboxy-télopeptide du collagène de type I (CTX-1). Il en a été conclu que les dix administrations quotidiennes consécutives de 0.1 mg/kg pouvaient être remplacées par la perfusion IV lente unique de 1 mg/kg. Les bisphosphonates sont caractérisés par des propriétés pharmacologiques très spécifiques et inhabituelles, de par leur forte affinité pour los et leur stockage à long terme dans ce compartiment profond. De ce fait, les modèles PK-PD classiques qui mettent en relation mathématique les concentrations plasmatiques avec les effets du médicament sont inadaptés pour décrire le comportement pharmacologique des bisphosphonates, et il est suggéré que les concentrations osseuses doivent être davantage prises en compte pour le développement de tels modèles (Cremers et al., 2005). Dans le but final de développer un modèle PK-PD du tiludronate chez le cheval, une méthode de biopsie osseuse permettant la répétition de dosages de tiludronate osseux a été validée dans la seconde étude de cette thèse. Dans celle-ci, huit chevaux ont subi des biopsies osseuses bilatéralement en quatre sites (le tuber coxae, le métacarpien principal, la 13ème côte et los cuboïde) à différentes échéances sétalant de 1 jour à 1 an après 1 (n=4) ou 2 (n=4, à 4 semaines dintervalle) traitement(s) au tiludronate à raison de 1 mg/kg par voie IV. En chaque site, les biopsies osseuses ont été effectuées à la fois à laide dune fraise électrique de 5 mm de diamètre interne (Implanteo, Anthogyr) pour léchantillon test et dun ostéotome ou dune scie oscillante pour léchantillon de référence. Le tuber coxae sest avéré être le meilleur site de biopsie, à la fois accessible, facile à biopsier, et sur lequel les dosages de tiludronate ne présentaient pas de difficultés techniques et étaient fiables. Malheureusement, ces biopsies noffraient pas un matériel qualitativement et quantitativement suffisant que pour permettre des analyses histologiques et histomorphométriques. Dans une troisième étude, a donc été testée sur quatre chevaux la validité pour ce type danalyses dune autre technique de biopsies, utilisant un plus grand trocart que dans létude 2 (15 versus 5 mm de diamètre interne), et de type manuel. Les biopsies ont été réalisées sur cheval debout au niveau du tuber coxae immédiatement avant (côté gauche) et 48 h après (côté droit) ladministration dune perfusion IV lente de 1 mg/kg de tiludronate. Les biopsies ainsi réalisées ont permis deffectuer les analyses escomptées. Cependant, aucun effet précoce du traitement au tiludronate na pu être mis en évidence sur les paramètres histologiques et histomorphométriques étudiés. Aucun modèle expérimental équin relatif aux pathologies pour lesquelles le tiludronate a été enregistré nexiste. Or il est indispensable, pour mieux en cerner les propriétés pharmacologiques et les applications cliniques potentielles, de tester son efficacité en conditions standardisées. Limmobilisation dun membre sous plâtre est connue pour induire de lostéopénie de non usage chez le cheval (Buckingham et Jeffcott, 1991; van Harreveld et al., 2002). Dans la quatrième étude de ce travail, lefficacité clinique du tiludronate versus placebo a été testée dans les conditions standardisées dun modèle équin dostéopénie induite par immobilisation sous plâtre dun membre antérieur pendant huit semaines. Seize chevaux ont ainsi été immobilisés, dont huit ont reçu un placebo, et huit ont été traités au tiludronate à raison de 1 mg/kg en perfusion IV lente deux fois à quatre semaines dintervalle, soit en début et à mi-immobilisation. Après la période dimmobilisation, les chevaux ont été progressivement remobilisés pendant 4 semaines puis ont subi un entraînement standardisé pendant 8 semaines. Le traitement au tiludronate a permis de prévenir la chute significative de densité minérale osseuse (DMO) mesurée par absorptiométrie biphotonique à rayons X (DEXA) observée à long terme au niveau du membre immobilisé des chevaux du groupe placebo. Cet effet préventif ne sest pas marqué sur le membre controlatéral. Le tiludronate a également induit chez les chevaux traités une chute rapide et significative du taux de CTX-1 sérique, contrairement aux chevaux du groupe placebo chez qui ce taux est resté élevé pendant la quasi-totalité de limmobilisation. Aucun effet du tiludronate na été constaté sur lactivité des iso-enzymes osseuses des phosphatases alcalines (bone ALP), marqueur de formation osseuse, ni sur les caractéristiques du cortex superficiel du canon du membre immobilisé évaluées par ultrasonographie quantitative (QUS). De lensemble de ces travaux, il a été conclu que (1) le CTX-1 sanguin est un marqueur de résorption osseuse sensible et adéquat pour le suivi dun traitement au tiludronate chez le cheval ; (2) le tuber coxae est un site de biopsie osseuse adéquat pour effectuer les analyses nécessaires à lélaboration dun modèle PK-PD du tiludronate chez le cheval ; (3) le tiludronate administré deux fois à quatre semaines dintervalle à la dose de 1 mg/kg IV est capable dinhiber la résorption osseuse dans un modèle dimmobilisation chez le cheval, et la DEXA est une méthode suffisamment sensible pour lobjectiver en quelques mois ; (4) de nouvelles études pharmacologiques devraient être menées afin de documenter laccumulation osseuse et les effets du tiludronate sur différents paramètres pharmacodynamiques en cas dadministrations répétées de perfusions de 1 mg/kg chez le cheval. Pour ce faire, des techniques plus sensibles de dosage du tiludronate devraient idéalement être utilisées dans un souci dexactitude des données. Dautre part, de nouvelles études cliniques defficacité sur des chevaux souffrant de pathologies osseuses devraient être menées en incluant des mesures de CTX-1 sanguin, et si possible des mesures de DMO à différents sites dintérêt.
114

Biological and Pharmacological Factor that Influence the Selection of Antibiotic Resistance

Gustafsson, Ingegerd January 2003 (has links)
Antibiotic treatment causes an ecological disturbance on the human microflora. Four commensal bacteria: E. coli, enterococci, a-streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci, from patients with extensive, high antibiotic usage were investigated with regard to resistance pattern and mutation frequency. Among 193 investigated strains it was found that high antibiotic usage selected for resistant bacteria and enriched for bacteria with a small but significantly increased mutation frequency. The relative biological fitness cost of resistance in Staphylococcus epidermidis was assessed in a human in vivo model where the indigenous flora was present. In vitro data of the bacterial growth rate correlated well to in vivo fitness assayed in the competition experiments on skin. An in vitro kinetic model was shown to be a useful tool to establish the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices for efficacy of antibiotics. It was confirmed that the time, when the concentration exceeds the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), correlates with efficacy for b-lactam antibiotics. To achieve maximal killing for penicillin-resistant pneumococci, with an MIC of 2 mg/L, the peak concentration was also of importance. Suboptimal dosing regimen facilitates selection of resistance. Penicillin-resistant pneumococci were easily selected in a mixed population with penicillin-sensitive, -intermediate and -resistant pneumococci in an in vitro kinetic model. The selection of the resistant strain was prevented when the benzylpenicillin concentration exceeded the MIC for approximately 50% of 24 h.
115

Pharmacometric Models for Antibacterial Agents to Improve Dosing Strategies

Nielsen, Elisabet I January 2011 (has links)
Antibiotics are among the most commonly prescribed drugs. Although the majority of these drugs were developed several decades ago, optimal dosage (dose, dosing interval and treatment duration) have still not been well defined. This thesis focuses on the development and evaluation of pharmacometric models that can be used as tools in the establishment of improved dosing strategies for novel and already clinically available antibacterial drugs. Infectious diseases are common causes of death in preterm and term newborn infants. A population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for gentamicin was developed based on data from a prospective study. Body-weight and age (gestational and post-natal age) were found to be major factors contributing to variability in gentamicin clearance and therefore important patient characteristics to consider for improved dosing regimens. A semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model was also developed, to characterize in vitro bacterial growth and killing kinetics following exposure to six antibacterial drugs, representing a broad selection of mechanisms of action and PK as well as PD characteristics. The model performed well in describing a wide range of static and dynamic drug exposures and was easily applied to other bacterial strains and antibiotics. It is, therefore, likely to find application in early drug development programs. Dosing of antibiotics is usually based on summary endpoints such as the PK/PD indices. Predictions based on the PKPD model showed that the commonly used PK/PD indices were well identified for all investigated drugs, supporting that models based on in vitro data can be predictive of antibacterial effects observed in vivo. However, the PK/PD indices were sensitive to the study conditions and were not always consistent between patient populations. The PK/PD indices may therefore extrapolate poorly across sub-populations. A semi-mechanistic modeling approach, utilizing the type of models described here, may thus have higher predictive value in a dose optimization tailored to specific patient populations.
116

In vivo βιολογική αξιολόγηση και φαρμακοκινητική μελέτη με χρήση HPLC-MS-MS του Leuprolide και αναλόγων του που εμπλέκονται στη θεραπεία του καρκίνου / In vivo biological evaluation and pharmacokinetic studies of Leuprolide and analogues in the treatment of cancer, using HPLC-MS-MS

Κατσίλα, Θεοδώρα 12 January 2012 (has links)
Ιστορικά, τα ευρήματα των C.B. Huggins (Huggins and Hodges, 1941; Huggins, 1963) και A.V. Schally (Schally et al., 1984) αποτέλεσαν την απαρχή μιας ερευνητικής πορείας με αφετηρία το πεδίο της νευροενδοκρινολογίας και προορισμό εκείνα της γυναικολογίας και της ογκολογίας. Η γνώση αναφορικά με τη φυσιολογία της ενδογενούς ορμόνης (LHRH) και το ρόλο της στην παθοβιοχημεία των ασθενειών (ενδοκρινικών διαταραχών και ορμονο – εξαρτώμενων καρκίνων) και υπό το πρίσμα της πρωτεύουσας ή υποστηρικτικής θεραπευτικής προσέγγισης, κατέστησε τον ιατρικό ευνουχισμό μέσω της δράσης στον υποδοχέα της LHRH – Ι στρατηγική επιλογής για την καταπολέμηση των ενδοκρινικών διαταραχών και των ορμονο – εξαρτώμενων καρκίνων (καρκίνος του μαστού, καρκίνος των ωοθηκών, καρκίνος του ενδομητρίου, καρκίνος του προστάτη). Μια πληθώρα αναλόγων της LHRH έδωσε και δίνει το παρόν σε προκλινικό και κλινικό επίπεδο, με τη συστηματική έρευνα, σύνθεση και ανάπτυξη να αποδίδουν μόρια – αγωνιστές ή – ανταγωνιστές του υποδοχέα της LHRH – Ι, πεπτιδικής (γραμμική ή κυκλική δομή, stapled peptides) ή μη φύσης ως μοναδιαίες οντότητες ή σε σύζευξη με ένα ευρύ φάσμα κυτταροτοξικών μορίων (Αnderes et al., 2003; Keramida et al., 2006; Persson et al., 2009; Kritzer, 2010; Mezo and Manea, 2010). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή αποσκοπεί στην in vitro και in vivo αξιολόγηση και φαρμακοκινητική μελέτη καινοτόμων αναλόγων της LHRH – κυκλικής και γραμμικής δομής – στη βάση του ορθολογικού μοριακού σχεδιασμού και αποσκοπώντας σε εναλλακτικές προσεγγίσεις για την καταπολέμηση του καρκίνου του προστάτη (και έτερων ενδοκρινικών διαταραχών), συγκριτικά με το leuprolide (εμπορικά διαθέσιμος αγωνιστής του υποδοχέα της LHRH – Ι). Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή θέτει ως υπόθεση εργασίας πως καινοτόμα ανάλογα της LHRH των ήδη υπάρχοντων στην κλινική με βελτιωμένο φαρμακοκινητικό προφίλ δύναται να αποτελέσουν τη βάση βέλτιστων εναλλακτικών θεραπευτικών προσεγγίσεων με ενισχυμένη αποτελεσματικότητα και μειωμένη τοξικότητα, δρώντας in situ ή/ και προσφέροντας νέες δυνατότητες χορήγησης, εστιάζοντας στην οδό ή/ και τη μείωση της συχνότητας αυτής. Η εν λόγω ερευνητική προσέγγιση εστιάζει στον καρκίνο του προστάτη, μια νόσο που χρήζει εναλλακτικής θεραπευτικής στρατηγικής, δεδομένης της χαμηλής αποτελεσματικότητας αυτής (η νόσος προοδευτικά γίνεται ανεξάρτητη των ορμονών και συνεπώς, μεταστατική), αλλά και της χαμηλής ποιότητας ζωής των ασθενών στη βάση του «συμβιβασμού» με τις οδούς χορήγησης που εφαρμόζονται σήμερα στην κλινική (depot formulations). Επιπρόσθετα και κατά την εκπόνηση της εν λόγω ερευνητικής προσέγγισης αναπτύχθηκαν, επικυρώθηκαν και βελτιστοποιήθηκαν καινοτόμες μεθοδολογίες υγρής χρωματογραφίας – φασματομετρίας μάζας (LC – MS/ MS) σε βιολογικά υγρά – ηπατικά μικροσώματα (μύα, επίμυα, ανθρώπου), νεφρικές μεμβράνες μύα, πλάσμα και όρχεις μύα – και έτερα υποστρώματα (κυτταρικά εκχυλίσματα, υδάτινο περιβάλλον ιχθύων Danio rerio), οι οποίες, εν συνεχεία, συζεύχθηκαν με in vitro ή/ και in vivo βιοδοκιμασίες. Τα πειραματικά ευρήματα συγκρίθηκαν με εκείνα των εμπορικά διαθέσιμων αναλόγων της LHRH, με αγωνιστική (leuprolide) ή ανταγωνιστική δράση (antide, cetrorelix). Πιο αναλυτικά και λαμβάνοντας υπόψην το «νοσηρό» φαρμακοκινητικό προφίλ των αναλόγων της LHRH που χρησιμοποιούνται σήμερα στην κλινική, διερευνήθηκε η in vitro (ηπατικά μικροσώματα μύα, επίμυα και ανθρώπου – νεφρικές μεμβράνες μύα) και in vivo (πλάσμα μύα) πεπτιδική σταθερότητα των υπό μελέτη αναλόγων, συγκριτικά με την LHRH και εμπορικά διαθέσιμα ανάλογα αυτής (antide, leuprolide). Τα ευρήματα επέτρεψαν την αξιολόγηση και ταξινόμηση των αναλόγων του ενδιαφέροντος βάσει πεπτιδικής σταθερότητας (δοκιμασία σάρωσης). Ταυτόχρονα, προσδιορίστηκε το μεταβολικό τους προφίλ, αποκαλύπτοντας τους ευάλωτους πεπτιδικούς δεσμούς, καθώς και τις εμπλεκόμενες ενδοπεπτιδάσες (NEP – EC 3.4.24.11, ACE – EC 3.4.15.1). Τα ευρήματα επιβεβαιώθηκαν περαιτέρω με τη χρήση ειδικών ενζυμικών αναστολέων (ενδεικτικά: DL – Thiorphan). Ο νεφρός βρέθηκε να είναι το πρωτεύον μεταβολικό όργανο. Η ανίχνευση και η ημι – ποσοτικοποίηση των μεταβολικών προϊόντων οδήγησε στον προσδιορισμό σχέσεων δομής – δραστικότητας, αποτελώντας τη βάση του ορθολογικού σχεδιασμού καινοτόμων μορίων. Οι απορρέουσες σχέσεις δομής –δραστικότητας υποστηρίζουν πως (i) η μεθυλίωση της υδροξυλομάδας της Tyr5, (ii) η αντικατάσταση της Pro9 από Aze και (iii) η κυκλοποίηση ενισχύουν την πεπτιδική σταθερότητα των αναλόγων του ενδιαφέροντος. Στα πλαίσια μελετών φαρμακοδυναμικής, αναπτύχθηκε καινοτόμος μεθοδολογία LC – MS/ MS για τον ταυτόχρονο ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό της τεστοστερόνης και των υπό μελέτη αναλόγων σε πλάσμα (0, 05 – 100 ng/mL) και όρχεις μύα (2, 0 – 2000 ng/g). Η τεστοστερόνη θεσπίστηκε βιοδείκτης αποτελεσματικότητας (efficacy) και τοξικότητας (toxicity) στη βάση του καίριου ρόλου που διαδραματίζει το εν λόγω στεροειδές στη φυσιολογία του άξονα υποθάλαμος – υπόφυση – γονάδες και την παθοβιοχημεία των ενδοκρινικών διαταραχών και του ορμονο – εξαρτώμενου καρκίνου του προστάτη. Η φαρμακολογική απόκριση (απελευθέρωση τεστοστερόνης) βρέθηκε πως είναι ειδική και λαμβάνει χώρα μέσω του υποδοχέα της LHRH – Ι. Πιο σημαντικά, επετεύχθη ιατρικός ευνουχισμός, βάσει ιστοπαθολογικών ευρημάτων και προσδιορισμού της τεστοστερόνης (πλάσμα και όρχεις μύα), κατόπιν επαναλαμβανόμενης ενδοπεριτοναϊκής χορήγησης του επιλεγμένου καινοτόμου γραμμικού αναλόγου της LHRH, linearGnRH1. Το ίδιο ανάλογο βρέθηκε να έχει κυτταροστατική δράση σε πειράματα κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού (κύτταρα LNCaP και PC3). Παράλληλα και υπό το πρίσμα του ρόλου της LHRH στην παθοβιοχημεία έτερων ορμονο – εξαρτώμενων καρκίνων (καρκίνος του μαστού, καρκίνος των ωοθηκών, καρκίνος του ενδομητρίου), αναπτύχθηκε, επικυρώθηκε και βελτιστοποιήθηκε καινοτόμος μεθοδολογία LC – MS/ MS για τον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό της 17β – οιστραδιόλης σε βιολογικά υγρά. Τέλος, αναπτύχθηκε καινοτόμος μεθοδολογία LC – MS/MS για τον ποσοτικό προσδιορισμό πεπτιδίων του ενδιαφέροντος στο υδάτινο περιβάλλον των ιχθύων του είδους Danio rerio. Το καινοτόμο γραμμικό ανάλογο της LHRH, linearGnRH1, δεδομένου του φαρμακοκινητικού/ φαρμακοδυναμικού του προφίλ, δρα υποστηρικτικά ως προς την υπόθεση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής, σύμφωνα με την οποία καινοτόμα ανάλογα των ήδη υπάρχοντων στην κλινική με βελτιωμένο φαρμακοκινητικό προφίλ δύναται να αποτελέσουν τη βάση βέλτιστων εναλλακτικών θεραπευτικών προσεγγίσεων με ενισχυμένη αποτελεσματικότητα και μειωμένη τοξικότητα, δρώντας in situ ή/ και προσφέροντας νέες δυνατότητες χορήγησης, εστιάζοντας στην οδό ή/ και τη μείωση της συχνότητας αυτής. Το linearGnRH1 δύναται να αποτελέσει τη βάση για τον ορθολογικό σχεδιασμό μορίων (stapled peptides, μιμητές), αποσκοπώντας σε εναλλακτικές θεραπευτικές στρατηγικές για την καταπολέμηση του ορμονο – εξαρτώμενου καρκίνου ή/ και των ενδοκρινικών διαταραχών. Πέραν του linearGnRH1, ας σημειωθεί πως κατά την εκπόνηση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής συγκεκριμένα καινοτόμα κυκλικά ανάλογα της LHRH (cyclicGnRH1, cyclicGnRH2, cyclicGnRHDL1, cyclicGnRHDL2) εμφάνισαν ένα διακριτό φαρμακοκινητικό προφίλ. Το φαρμακοδυναμικό προφίλ των εν λόγω κυκλικών πεπτιδίων απαιτείται να διερευνηθεί περαιτέρω με την εφαρμογή των καινοτόμων μεθοδολογιών LC – MS/MS που αναπτύχθηκαν, επικυρώθηκαν και βελτιστοποιήθηκαν κατά την εκπόνηση της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής. Συνολικά, η καινοτομία της εν λόγω ερευνητικής προσέγγισης έγκειται (i) στην ανάπτυξη, επικύρωση και βελτιστοποίηση ενός πλήθους μεθοδολογιών LC – MS/MS σε σύζευξη με in vitro και in vivo βιοδοκιμασίες, οι οποίες και αποτελούν ένα διακριτό αναλυτικό εργαλείο και (ii) στο προκλινικό φαρμακολογικό μοντέλο που αναπτύχθηκε με την επιλογή του μύα ως ζωικό πρότυπο. Κοινή συνισταμένη, η εν τω βάθει αξιολόγηση της φαρμακοκινητικής/ φαρμακοδυναμικής των πεπτιδίων του ενδιαφέροντος με το ερευνητικό βλέμμα στα πεπτιδικά φάρμακα.. stapled peptides.. μιμητές.. / The highly influential findings of C. B. Huggins (Huggins, 1963) and A. V. Schally (Schally et al., 1984) brought a new era in the research fields of neuroendocrinology, gynecology and oncology. The knowledge acquired regarding the physiology of LHRH and its role in the pathobiochemistry of the disease resulted in the consideration of medical castration via the LHRH receptor as a well established strategy for the treatment of endocrine disorders (e.g. precocious puberty) and hormone – dependent cancers (breast cancer, endometrial cancer, prostate cancer). Numerous LHRH analogues have been synthesized and evaluated both in the clinic and preclinical level. Overall, systematic work has resulted in the synthesis of LHRH receptor agonists and antagonists, either peptides (linear, cyclic, stapled peptides) or small organic molecules as entities or combined with various cytotoxic molecules (Αnderes et al., 2003; Keramida et al., 2006; Persson et al., 2009; Kritzer, 2010; Mezo and Manea, 2010). Although extensive research has been carried out in the field of hormonal therapy, poor pharmacokinetic properties still characterize LHRH peptide analogues. Poor stability of LHRH analogues compromises efficacy, while the need for their subcutaneous administration (depot formulations) aggravates the quality of life for cancer patients. Nowadays, LHRH analogues in the clinic most likely achieve the desired pharmacologic effects by action primarily on the pituitary and to a much lesser extent by direct antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. Herein, we hypothesize that stable analogues of such super – agonists would be advantageous, either by allowing a reduction in dosing frequency or by allowing the use of analogues that act directly on the tumor, with possible additive effects and subsequent enhancements in efficacy. In this context, the pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic profiles of novel LHRH analogues were determined both in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, commercially available LHRH analogues (leuprolide, antide, cetrorelix) served as positive controls. Novel LC – MS/MS based approaches (LC – MS/ MS methodologies coupled to in vitro and in vivo bioassays) were developed, validated and optimized for the evaluation of the peptide analogues in question (linear or cyclic) in various biological fluids and matrices; (i) mouse, rat and human liver microsomes, (ii) mouse kidney membrane preparations, (iii) mouse plasma and tissue (testis), (iv) egg – water (Danio rerio embryos environment). Furthermore, a novel LC – MS/MS based approach was developed, validated and optimized for the simultaneous quantification of testosterone and peptides in question, upon the intraperitoneal administration of peptide analogues in mice. Testosterone served as an efficacy and toxicity biomarker. Peptide metabolism was thoroughly studied by an LC – MS/MS based approach coupled to an in vitro bioassay (mouse kidney membrane preparations), allowing (i) structural elucidation and semi – quantitation of metabolites (and peptides) as a function of time, (ii) determination of the susceptible to proteolysis peptide – bonds, (iii) structure – activity relationships (SARs) and (iv) peptide ranking (screening assay). Taking into account the role of LHRH in gynecology and hormone – dependent cancers of breast, endometrium and ovary, an LC – MS/MS based approach was developed for the quantification of 17β – oestradiol (efficacy and toxicity biomarker) in mouse plasma upon the intraperitoneal administration of peptide analogues in mice. A novel LC – MS/MS based approach was also developed for the quantification of peptides of interest in the aquatic environment of Danio rerio. Employing the aforementioned analytical tools, peptide stability against proteolysis was evaluated both in vitro (mouse kidney membrane preparations) and in vivo (mouse plasma). LHRH and commercially available analogues served as positive controls. The SARs derived suggested that enhanced stability was achieved by (i) methylation on the hydroxyl group of Tyr5, (ii) replacement of Pro9 by Aze and (iii) cyclisation. Hence, new promising chemical entities could be synthesized and developed on the basis of rational drug design. Metabolic profiles were also determined revealing the susceptible to proteolysis peptide bonds. Susceptible peptide bonds and endopeptidases involved were further confirmed in the presence of specific endopeptidase inhibitors. A facile preclinical mouse model was developed in the context of our objectives. Intraperitoneal administration was selected, since (i) it is a mix – mode type of administration with elements of rapid absorption and (ii) oral administration was not practical due to the low bioavailability of the peptides that were tested. The LC – MS/MS based quantification of the selected bioactive peptides and their corresponding metabolites as well as the selective monitoring of biomarkers (e.g. testosterone) in response to drug dose, in plasma and testes, combined with the appropriate preclinical mouse model, represents a distinctive approach. The mouse model described in this paper is particularly valuable, since (i) the human LHRH receptor is homologous to the mouse receptor (Millar, 2004), (ii) information on in vitro and in vivo stability can be obtained with a relatively small amount of peptide (1 – 2 mg), (iii) information on the LHRH receptor agonism (receptor specific in vivo modulation) can be obtained by using testosterone as a marker, (iv) it allows the determination of the dosing regimen required for efficacy based on action on the pituitary, (v) it can become the basis of follow up experiments on genetically modified mouse animal models or other tumour xenografted mouse models (Sharpless and Depinho, 2006; Morgan et al., 2008). The robust sensitive methodology that was developed for the quantification of testosterone in mouse plasma (0.05 – 100 ng/mL) or determination of testosterone in testes (2 – 2000 ng/g) provides an excellent handle on compound efficacy assessment. Testosterone as an efficacy and toxicity biomarker was found to be specific upon peptide binding to the LHRH receptor. Medical castration was achieved upon the repeated dosing of a selected novel linear analogue (linearGnRH1). Measurements in plasma were further supported by statistical significant testosterone values in testis and histopathological findings (atrophy). Moreover the testis weights of the treated animals were significantly lower in comparison to the control group (atrophy induced by dosing), thus making the differences in testosterone testis concentration between control and peptide treated animals even more pronounced. Although the binding affinity of linearGnRH1 on the LHRH receptor was not as high as the binding affinity of leuprolide (~ 15 nM versus <1 nM), the in vivo efficacy between the two analogues was similar (at the tested dose), suggesting that the enhanced stability or bioavailability of linearGnRH1, compensates for binding affinity differences. LinearGnRH1 was also found to be anti – proliferative upon dosing in LNCaP cells (as potent as the superagonist leuprolide). It is possible that linearGnRH1 can play a significant role for the treatment of hormone – dependent cancers, by acting not only at the pituitary level (thus, suppressing the pituitary – testicular axis), but also by exerting an antitumor activity directly on cancer cells, as has been previously shown for other LHRH agonists (Maudsley et al., 2004; Marelli et al., 2006). Except for linearGnRH1, selected cyclic analogues (cyclicGnRH1, cyclicGnRH2, cyclicGnRHDL1, cyclicGnRHDL2) exhibited a distinct pharmacokinetic profile. Their pharmacodynamic profiles should be evaluated further employing the novel LC – MS/MS based approaches developed and validated in this study. Overall, the novelty of the approach described herein consists of (i) the LC – MS/MS methodologies coupled with in vitro and in vivo bioassays developed, validated and employed that provide a distinct analytical tool and (ii) the facile preclinical pharmacological mouse model developed and employed. The approach aims to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of the peptides of interest towards a new generation of peptide drugs.. stapled peptides.. mimetics. Considering the pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic profiles of linearGnRH1, findings on this novel analogue satisfy our hypothesis according to which stable analogues of the LHRH super – agonists used in the clinic would be advantageous, either by allowing a reduction in dosing frequency or by allowing the use of analogues that act directly on the tumor, with possible additive effects and subsequent enhancements in efficacy. LinearGnRH1 can serve as the platform for the rational drug design of new chemical entities (stapled peptides, mimetics) for the treatment of hormone – dependent cancers and/ or endocrine disorders.
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Pharmacological characterisation of selected pyrrolobenzodiazepines as anti-cancer agents : pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterisation of the pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimer SJG-136 and the monomers D709119, MMY-SJG and SJG-303

Wilkinson, Gary Paul January 2004 (has links)
This study aimed to investigate the pharmacology of selected pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) compounds shown to have cytotoxic activity with predicted DNA sequence selectivity. Research focused upon the PBD dimer, SJG-136, selected for clinical trials, and the novel PBD monomer compounds D709119, MMY-SJG and SJG-303. SJG-136, a novel sequence-selective DNA minor groove cross-linking agent, was shown to have potent tumour cell type selective cytotoxicity in in vitro assays. Pharmacokinetic studies in mice via both the i.p. and i.v. route (dosed at the maximum tolerated dose (MTD)) showed that SJG-136 reaches concentrations in plasma well in excess of the in vitro IC50 values for 1 h exposure, and was detected in tumour and brain samples also above the in vitro IC50 values. Furthermore, SJG-136 showed linear pharmacokinetics over a 3-fold drug dose range. Metabolism studies showed SJG-136 is readily metabolised in vitro by hepatic microsomes, predominantly to a monodemethylated metabolite; this metabolite could be detected in vivo. Analytical method development work was also conducted for the imminent Phase I clinical trial of SJG-136 resulting in a sensitive and selective bio-analytical detection protocol. Comet analysis showed that SJG-136 dosed at the MTD and ⅓MTD causes significant interstrand DNA cross-linking in lymphocytes in vivo. In vitro studies demonstrated that SJG-136 localises within the cell nucleus, and acts to disrupt cell division via a G2/M block in the cell cycle at realistic concentrations and exposure times that are achievable in vivo. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of D709119 showed the compound is easily detectable in mouse plasma following i.p. dosing at the MTD, but could not be detected in either tumour or brain samples. In vitro cytotoxicity studies revealed D709119 to have potent activity across a selection of tumour cell lines. SJG-136, D709119, MMY-SJG, SJG-303 and DC-81 demonstrated a non-enzyme-catalysed reactivity with the biologically relevant thiol, reduced glutathione (GSH). Studies demonstrated that reactivity of the PBD compounds toward GSH was dependent on GSH concentrations. At levels of GSH found in plasma, the PBD compounds showed considerably lower reactivity with GSH than at intracellular GSH levels. SJG-136 and D709119 also showed favourable pharmacokinetic profiles in mice, and warrant further study for anti-tumour activity in vivo and progression to use in patients.
118

Hodnocení racionality a rizik farmakoterapie u geriatrických pacientů v léčebnách pro dlouhodobě nemocné / Evaluation of rationality and risks of pharmacotherapy in older patients in long-term care facilities

Lukačišinová, Anna January 2016 (has links)
Objectives Main objectives of this doctoral thesis were to review available information on pharmacological properties of benzodiazepines and their age-related changes; to evaluate the prevalence of benzodiazepine use in older patients residing in long term care facilities; to investigate the association between use of benzodiazepines and occurrence of falls in acutely hospitalized older patients; and to describe utilization of benzodiazepines in the Czech Republic. Methods A narrative review of literature focused on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, adverse effects and association of benzodiazepines with falls in older population was conducted. The evaluation of benzodiazepine use in long term care facilities was analysed in a retrospective cross-sectional study using data from the EC 7th Framework Program SHELTER project (Service and Health in the Elderly in Long Term Care). A prospective cohort study data of acutely hospitalized patients in Australia were used to evaluate association between benzodiazepines and falls. To describe utilization of benzodiazepines in the Czech Republic, data from the State Institute for Drug Control and from databases of General Health Insurance Fund were used. This dissertation thesis is a summary of published articles from above stated works and analyses. Results...
119

Influência do Diabetes mellitus e da insuficiência renal crônica em tratamento dialítico na farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica do carvedilol em pacientes hipertensos / Influence of Diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol in hypertensive patients

Flávia Garcez da Silva 29 August 2008 (has links)
O carvedilol é um fármaco utilizado na terapêutica da hipertensão e da insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. É disponível para uso clínico como racemato e seus enantiômeros apresentam atividade semelhante sobre os receptores 1-adrenérgicos, sendo que o enantiômero S-(-) é mais ativo como antagonista dos receptores adrenérgicos. O presente estudo visa investigar a influência do Diabetes mellitus (DM) tipo 2 e da insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) em pacientes em diálise peritoneal ambulatorial contínua (DPAC) na farmacocinética enantiosseletiva e na farmacodinâmica do carvedilol em pacientes hipertensos. Os pacientes hipertensos investigados divididos nos grupos controle (n=8), DM tipo 2 (n=8) e IRC em DPAC (n=6) receberam dose única p.o. de 25 mg de carvedilol racêmico. Os enantiômeros do carvedilol e metabólitos 4-hidroxifenil e O-desmetilcarvedilol foram analisados no sistema LC-MS/MS empregando coluna quiral e fase móvel constituída por mistura de metanol: ácido acético: dietilamina. O método foi linear no intervalo de concentrações de 0,1-100 ng de cada enantiômero do carvedilol/mL de líquido de diálise, 0,2-200 ng de cada enantiômero do carvedilol/mL de plasma, 2,5-2500 ng de cada enantiômero do carvedilol, 4-hidroxifenil e O-desmetilcarvedilol/mL de urina. Os parâmetros farmacocinéticos foram calculados empregando o programa WinNonlin. O teste de Wilcoxon foi usado para avaliar as razões enantioméricas dentro dos grupos e o teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para avaliar as diferença dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos entre os grupos. Na investigação do fenótipo oxidativo tipo metoprolol todos os pacientes incluídos no estudo foram fenotipados como metabolizadores extensivos. Os pacientes investigados com DM tipo 2 comparados com o grupo controle não apresentaram alterações na farmacocinética e farmacodinâmica (PK-PD) do carvedilol. Os pacientes com IRC em DPAC apresentaram valores de clearance (CL/F) dos enantiômeros R-(+) - e S-(-)-carvedilol de 25,17 e 27,89 L/h, respectivamente, sendo significativamente inferiores aos obtidos para os pacientes do grupo controle (76,76 e 142,0 L/h). As razões de AUCR/S foram de 2,27 para os pacientes do grupo controle e de 0,97 para os pacientes com IRC em DPAC. Os pacientes com IRC em DPAC não mostraram enantiosseletividade na farmacocinética do carvedilol em razão do acúmulo plasmático preferencial do enantiômero com atividade -bloqueadora S-(-)-carvedilol. / Carvedilol is used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. The drug is available for clinical use as the racemate and its enantiomers exert similar activity on 1-adrenergic receptors, whereas the S-(-) enantiomer is more active as a -adrenergic receptor antagonist. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic renal failure (CRF) on patients receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) on the enantioselective pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carvedilol in hypertensive patients. The hypertensive patients were divided into a control (n=8), type 2 DM (n=8) and CRF on CAPD (n=6) group and received a single oral dose of 25 mg racemic carvedilol. The enantiomers of carvedilol and of the metabolites 4-hydroxyphenyl and O-desmethylcarvedilol were analyzed by LC-MS/MS using a chiral column and a mobile phase consisting of a mixture of methanol:acetic acid-diethylamine. The method was linear within the following concentration ranges: 0.1-100 ng of each carvedilol enantiomer/mL dialysis fluid, 0.2-200 ng of each carvedilol enantiomer/mL plasma, and 2.5-2500 ng of each enantiomer of carvedilol, 4-hydroxyphenyl carvedilol and O-desmethyl carvedilol/mL urine. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using the WinNonlin program. Enantiomer ratios within groups were evaluated by the Wilcoxon test and the Mann-Whitney test was used to determine differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters between groups. Determination of the metoprolol type oxidation phenotype showed that all patients included in the study were extensive metabolizers. Patients with type 2 DM presented no changes in the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of carvedilol when compared to the control group. Clearance (CL/F) of the R-(+)- and S-(-)-carvedilol enantiomers was significantly lower in patients with CRF on CAPD (25.17 and 27.89 L/h, respectively) compared to the control group (76.76 and 142.0 L/h). The AUCR/S ratios were 2.27 for control patients and 0.97 for patients with CRF on CAPD. Patients with CRF on CAPD showed no enantioselectivity in the pharmacokinetics of carvedilol due to the preferential plasma accumulation of the enantiomer with -blocker activity, S-(-)-carvedilol.
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Modelling and Simulation to Improve Antimalarial Therapy

Lohy Das, Jesmin Permala January 2017 (has links)
The introduction of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) substantially reduced malaria-related mortality and morbidity during the past decade. Despite the widespread use of ACT, there is still a considerable knowledge gap with regards to safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties of these drugs, particularly in vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women. In addition, there is growing evidence of widespread artemisinin-resistance across the Greater Mekong Subregion. Expedited delivery of novel antimalarial drugs with different mechanisms of action to the clinical setting is still far off; therefore, it is crucial to improve the use of existing antimalarial drugs for optimal outcome in order to prolong their therapeutic life span. This thesis focuses on utilizing pharmacometric tools to support this effort for malaria prevention and treatment. An extensive simulation framework was used to explore alternative malaria chemopreventive dosing regimens of a commonly used ACT, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine. Different monthly and weekly dosing regimens were evaluated and this allowed an understanding of the interplay between adherence, loading dose and malaria incidence. A weekly dosing regimen substantially improved the prevention effect and was less impacted by poor adherence. This is also expected to reduce selection pressure for development of resistance to piperaquine. Population pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamic models were developed for artesunate and the active metabolite dihydroartemisinin, effect on parasite clearance, in patients with artemisinin-resistant and -sensitive malaria infections in Southeast Asia. The modeling identified an association between parasite density and drug bioavailability. It predicted the presence of high levels of artemisinin resistant infection among patients in Cambodia and its spread into Myanmar. A nomogram to identify patients with artemisinin resistant infections was developed. Furthermore, the model was used to demonstrate the need for extended treatment duration to treat patients with artemisinin resistant infections. A population pharmacokinetic model developed from data on pregnant women in East Africa allowed further understanding of artemether-lumefantrine exposure in pregnant populations. It also suggested that the lumefantrine exposure in this population is not compromised. In summary, the results presented in this thesis demonstrate the value of pharmacometric approaches for improving antimalarial drug treatment and prevention. This ultimately contributes to overcoming the prevailing challenges to malaria control.

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