Cancer is a broad term used to describe more than 100 diseases that can affect any part of the body. Cancer is the uncontrollable division of abnormal cells in the human body, which can invade nearby tissue and spread through the bloodstream to other parts of the body (National Cancer Institute, 2007b). Cancer can affect people all over the world, from every race, society and age (Albrecht, 2006:3). The treatment of cancer is becoming more and more expensive as newer and more effective drugs enter the market (Niezen et al., 2006:2887) and diagnosing and screening of cancer patients is showing remarkable progress (Meropol & Schulman, 2007:180). The general objective of this study was to investigate and review the prescribing patterns of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents in a section of the private health care sector of South Africa. This research can be classified as retrospective and quantitative. Data were obtained from a medicine claims database, of a pharmacy benefit management company. The study population consisted of all prescriptions, containing one or more cancer medicine items (classified according to the ATC classification), for the study period January 2005 to December 2006. Different aspects of cancer were investigated in order to determine the international and national prevalence of cancer and types of cancer and cancer treatment. An overview of managed care aspects were given and through this study it is evident that pharmacoeconomic studies and other managed care aspects could play a major role as information system in the decision making about cancer treatments. The prescribing patterns of antineoplastic and immunomodulating agents were reviewed, analysed and interpreted. It was determined that the number of cancer patients, the number of prescriptions containing one of more cancer drug and the number of cancer medicine items respectively comprised less than 1% of the total number of patients, prescriptions and medicine items recorded on the total database. To the contrary, the total cost of cancer medicine items comprised 4.00% and 5.31% of the total cost of all medicine items (total database) in 2005 and 2006 respectively. This indicates the relatively high cost of cancer medicine items. Almost 50% of all cancer patients are 59 years of age or older and the total cost of cancer medicine items claimed by patients 59 years and older comprised almost 60% of the total cost of all cancer medicine items claimed during the two study years respectively. Cancer medicine items claimed by patients <19 years of age comprised only 2% of all cancer medicine items claimed in both study years and less than 1% of the total cost of all cancer medicine items. Cancer medicine items claimed by patients between the age of 19 and 59 years of age comprised 45.32% and 44.80% of the total number of cancer medicine items in 2005 and 2006 respectively whilst the cost for these age groups comprised 40.81% and 40.73% of the total cost of cancer medicine items. More than 70% of all cancer patients in 2005 and 2006 were females whilst male cancer patients comprised about 30% of all cancer patients. The number of cancer medicine items claimed by female cancer patients also comprised more than 70% of the total number of cancer medicine items claimed in 2005 and 2006, however, the total cost of cancer medicine items was divided almost even between male (45%) and female (55%) cancer patients for both study years. Therefore, according to this study, cancer medicine items claimed by male cancer patients are relatively more expensive than those claimed by female cancer patients. In completion of this study, recommendations for further studies concerning cancer treatment and cost-effective usage of cancer medicine were formulated, including the influence of the nature of the cancer, the age and gender of the patients as well as the treatment costs of cancer. / Thesis (M. Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Introdução: A expectativa global para 2030 é uma incidência de 26,4 milhões de casos e 17 milhões de mortes causadas pelo câncer. O câncer colorretal (CCR) já é terceiro tumor mais incidente no mundo. No Brasil, o CCR é o terceiro tumor mais incidente em homens e o segundo em mulheres na região sul. Neste cenário pessimista, é importante avaliar a relação entre o custo e o benefício de tecnologias para o tratamento quimioterápico, sobretudo na gestão dos gastos na saúde pública. Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as alternativas para o CCR, XELOX e mFOLFOX6, sob o aspecto econômico. Metodologia: As informações sobre a efetividade foram obtidas através de uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Realizou-se também uma revisão narrativa de estudos farmacoeconômicos e por fim uma análise de custo minimização (ACM) sob a perspectiva de um hospital de caráter público. O microcusteio foi utilizado como método para estimar o custo de cada componente que incluiu medicamentos, materiais, exames laboratorial e de imagem, atendimentos ambulatoriais, diárias de internação e recursos humanos e administrativos, permitindo identificar o custo individual por paciente, com cada alternativa. O sistema informatizado do hospital foi utilizado para a coleta dos dados. Resultados: Foram encontrados 14 estudos farmacoeconômicos, dentre os quais apenas 2 estudos nacionais, ambos em cenário metastático da doença. A ACM revelou um custo por paciente de R$ 9.925,98 (adjuvância) e R$ 8.036,95 (paliativo) para mFOLFOX6, e R$ 8.407,13 (adjuvância) e R$ 6.946,47 (paliativo) para tratamento com XELOX. Os custos de materiais e medicamentos representam cerca de 85% do custo total de XELOX; para mFOLFOX6 esse custo é menor, em torno de 36%. Por outro lado, os custos com internação e colocação de cateter ocorrem exclusivamente para mFOLFOX6, que também apresenta maior custo com recursos humanos. Conclusão: O número de pacientes e a falta de dados no sistema informatizado da instituição reforçam a necessidade de mais estudos para se afirmar que XELOX é menos oneroso que mFOLFOX6 no sistema público. O estudo é inédito por se tratar de uma ACM utilizando o método de microcusteio para comparar as alternativas em um hospital público e universitário do país, especialmente na adjuvância do CCR. / Introduction: The global expectation for 2030 is an incidence of 26.4 million cases and 17 million deaths caused by cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is already the third most incident tumor in the world. In Brazil, CRC is the third most incident tumor in men and the second in women in the southern region. In this pessimistic scenario, it is important to evaluate the relationship between the cost and the benefit of technologies for chemotherapy treatment, especially in the management of public health expenditures. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the alternatives for CRC, XELOX and mFOLFOX6, under the economic aspect. Methodology: Information on effectiveness was obtained through a narrative review of the literature. A narrative review of pharmacoeconomic studies was also conducted, and finally, a cost minimization analysis (CMA) from a public hospital perspective was carried out. The micro-costing was used as a method to estimate the cost of each component that included medicines, materials, laboratory and imaging exams, outpatient visits, hospital stay and human and administrative resources, allowing the individual cost per patient to be identified for each alternative. The computerized system of the hospital was used to collect the data. Results: We found 14 pharmacoeconomic studies, of which only 2 national studies, both in the metastatic setting of the disease. The CMA revealed a cost per patient of BRL$ 9,925.98 (adjuvant) and BRL$ 8,036.95 (palliative) for mFOLFOX6, and BRL$ 8,407.13 (adjuvant) and BRL$ 6,946.47 (palliative) for treatment with XELOX. Material and drug costs account for about 85% of the total cost of XELOX; For mFOLFOX6 this cost is lower, around 36%. On the other hand, costs with hospitalization and catheter placement occur exclusively for mFOLFOX6, which also presents higher cost with human resources. Conclusion: The number of patients and the lack of data in the computerized system of the institution reinforce the need for further studies to assert that XELOX is less costly than mFOLFOX6 in the public system. The study is notorious because it is a CMA using the micro-costing method to compare the alternatives in a public and university hospital in the country, especially in the adjuvant treatment of CRC.

INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE Infections represent a serious problem in chronic kidney disease (cohort and they are) associated with signifficant morbidity and mortality. The thesis originated in the nephrology division of the Department of Internal Medicine I., Charles University Teaching Hospital and Medical Faculty in Pilsen, an institution with a long standing research activity in the field. In the theoretical part of this work, a general summary of infectious complications in chronic kidney disease population is presented. The other part of this work presents results of our research dealing with pharmacoeconomical aspects of cytomegalovirus infection and finally our results in the field of influenza vaccination. The Aim of the first presented work was to evaluate the cost impact of four different strategies for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. We provide post hoc analysis of 2 randomized studies performed in our department and calculating direct CMV-related expenses using valacyclovir prophylaxis, ganciclovir prophylaxis, preemptive vlaganciclovir treatment and deferred therapy. To simulate ihe impact of varying prices of prharmacotherapy or diagnostic procedures, a sensitivity analysis was performed. With respect to our results, valacyclovir...

Introdução: A expectativa global para 2030 é uma incidência de 26,4 milhões de casos e 17 milhões de mortes causadas pelo câncer. O câncer colorretal (CCR) já é terceiro tumor mais incidente no mundo. No Brasil, o CCR é o terceiro tumor mais incidente em homens e o segundo em mulheres na região sul. Neste cenário pessimista, é importante avaliar a relação entre o custo e o benefício de tecnologias para o tratamento quimioterápico, sobretudo na gestão dos gastos na saúde pública. Objetivo: O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar as alternativas para o CCR, XELOX e mFOLFOX6, sob o aspecto econômico. Metodologia: As informações sobre a efetividade foram obtidas através de uma revisão narrativa da literatura. Realizou-se também uma revisão narrativa de estudos farmacoeconômicos e por fim uma análise de custo minimização (ACM) sob a perspectiva de um hospital de caráter público. O microcusteio foi utilizado como método para estimar o custo de cada componente que incluiu medicamentos, materiais, exames laboratorial e de imagem, atendimentos ambulatoriais, diárias de internação e recursos humanos e administrativos, permitindo identificar o custo individual por paciente, com cada alternativa. O sistema informatizado do hospital foi utilizado para a coleta dos dados. Resultados: Foram encontrados 14 estudos farmacoeconômicos, dentre os quais apenas 2 estudos nacionais, ambos em cenário metastático da doença. A ACM revelou um custo por paciente de R$ 9.925,98 (adjuvância) e R$ 8.036,95 (paliativo) para mFOLFOX6, e R$ 8.407,13 (adjuvância) e R$ 6.946,47 (paliativo) para tratamento com XELOX. Os custos de materiais e medicamentos representam cerca de 85% do custo total de XELOX; para mFOLFOX6 esse custo é menor, em torno de 36%. Por outro lado, os custos com internação e colocação de cateter ocorrem exclusivamente para mFOLFOX6, que também apresenta maior custo com recursos humanos. Conclusão: O número de pacientes e a falta de dados no sistema informatizado da instituição reforçam a necessidade de mais estudos para se afirmar que XELOX é menos oneroso que mFOLFOX6 no sistema público. O estudo é inédito por se tratar de uma ACM utilizando o método de microcusteio para comparar as alternativas em um hospital público e universitário do país, especialmente na adjuvância do CCR. / Introduction: The global expectation for 2030 is an incidence of 26.4 million cases and 17 million deaths caused by cancer. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is already the third most incident tumor in the world. In Brazil, CRC is the third most incident tumor in men and the second in women in the southern region. In this pessimistic scenario, it is important to evaluate the relationship between the cost and the benefit of technologies for chemotherapy treatment, especially in the management of public health expenditures. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the alternatives for CRC, XELOX and mFOLFOX6, under the economic aspect. Methodology: Information on effectiveness was obtained through a narrative review of the literature. A narrative review of pharmacoeconomic studies was also conducted, and finally, a cost minimization analysis (CMA) from a public hospital perspective was carried out. The micro-costing was used as a method to estimate the cost of each component that included medicines, materials, laboratory and imaging exams, outpatient visits, hospital stay and human and administrative resources, allowing the individual cost per patient to be identified for each alternative. The computerized system of the hospital was used to collect the data. Results: We found 14 pharmacoeconomic studies, of which only 2 national studies, both in the metastatic setting of the disease. The CMA revealed a cost per patient of BRL$ 9,925.98 (adjuvant) and BRL$ 8,036.95 (palliative) for mFOLFOX6, and BRL$ 8,407.13 (adjuvant) and BRL$ 6,946.47 (palliative) for treatment with XELOX. Material and drug costs account for about 85% of the total cost of XELOX; For mFOLFOX6 this cost is lower, around 36%. On the other hand, costs with hospitalization and catheter placement occur exclusively for mFOLFOX6, which also presents higher cost with human resources. Conclusion: The number of patients and the lack of data in the computerized system of the institution reinforce the need for further studies to assert that XELOX is less costly than mFOLFOX6 in the public system. The study is notorious because it is a CMA using the micro-costing method to compare the alternatives in a public and university hospital in the country, especially in the adjuvant treatment of CRC.

A gestão do processo saúde/doença tem requerido somas cada vez maiores de recursos especialmente àqueles destinados à aquisição de medicamentos em hospitais de porte especial, devido à complexidade dos procedimentos, incorporação de novas tecnologias, visando não só o acesso, mas, também a qualidade de vida da população assistida. Uma das estratégias possíveis para a minimização dos custos hospitalares com a aquisição de medicamentos é instalação de farmácia semi-industrial para a produção dos mesmos, após rigoroso estudo de viabilidade econômica. Neste contexto esta investigação teve como objetivo estabelecer estratégia de estudo farmacoeconômico para avaliar a viabilidade de implantação de farmácia semi-industrial para produção de medicamentos em hospital de porte especial da rede pública. Para tanto foi realizado um estudo do consumo e dos gastos hospitalares com medicamentos nos anos 2006/2007, visando conhecer as classes que aliassem maior consumo e valor monetário e seus requisitos para a manufatura. As formas farmacêuticas que despertaram maior expectativa de produção foram os medicamentos na forma sólida (comprimidos simples e revestidos), os injetáveis de pequeno volume e os pós liofilos injetáveis. Para estes foram planejadas as instalações (área física e equipamentos), matérias-primas e recursos humanos necessários para a produção. A análise de viabilidade farmacoeconômica foi realizada considerando valores médios para as formulações, incluindo excipiente e fármaco, custos de implantação e implementação. O estudo demonstrou que a produção hospitalar de medicamentos é viável sob o ponto de vista farmacoeconômico, pois o investimento se paga no primeiro mês e a partir deste passa a reduzir os gastos hospitalares com medicamentos, ou seja, começa a dar lucro e gerar benefícios para a sociedade. / The health/sickness process management has required greater sums of resources specially those destinated to medicines acquisition in special port hospital, due to complexity of proceeding, incorporation of new technology, having in view not only the access but, also the assisted population quality of life. One of the possible strategies for hospital cost minimization with medicines acquisition is the installation of a semi industrial pharmacy, to product these medicines, after an accurate of economic viability. In this context, this investigation aimed establish pharmacoeconomics study strategy to evaluate the implantation of semi industrial pharmacy for medicine production in special port hospital of the public service. For this a study of the consumption and the hospital expenses with medicine was realized in 2006/2007, having a view to know the classes that ally a greater consumption and monetary value and its requisite for manufacture. The pharmaceutic forms that excit a greater production expectative were the solid form medicines (simple and coated tablets), the injectables of small volumes, and injectable liofile powder. For this the necessary installations (physical area and equipments), raw material and human resources were planned for the production. The pharmacoeconomics viability analysis was realized considering medium values for the formulations including excipients and drug, implantation and implementation costs. The study has showed that the medicine hospital productions is viable under the pharmacoeconomics point of view because the investment is paid in a month and after that the hospital expenses with medicines are reduced, so its begins to give profit and benefits for the society.

This thesis aimed to elucidate the demographic characteristics associated with elevated or reduced rates of pneumococcal conjugate 13 (PCV13) vaccination. A retrospective cohort study was performed using the Truven Health MarketScan® Database. Three cohorts were created corresponding to populations for which the CDC recommends PCV13 vaccination. Cohort 1: children < 36 months of age. Cohort 2: adults 19-64 years of age with high infection risk. Cohort 3: adults > 65 years of age. Odds of having a PCV13 claim were calculated for each cohort. For Cohort 1, 78% out of a total of 353,214 subjects had a sufficient number of PCV13 doses to meet CDC recommendations. For Cohort 2, 3.7% out of a total of 673,157 subjects had a PCV13 claim. For Cohort 3, 18% of 1,262,531 subjects had a PCV13 claim. Odds of vaccination were generally lower in younger subjects, those with fewer outpatient claims, and those with residence in the Northeast and South regions. In Cohort 2, odds were reduced in subjects with generalized malignancy. Gender and urban residence were poor predictors of vaccination status. By understanding the demographic factors associated with lower rates of vaccination, clinicians may more effectively direct their efforts to increase pneumococcal vaccination coverage.

The introductory part of the diploma thesis deals with the concept of health and the factors that influence it. The aim is to grasp the effect of socioeconomic status on the health and to analyze complementary and alternative medicines. The specificity of the health market, the expenditures on the health service, subjects which finance a health care, the state health policy focusing on drug policy and pharmacoeconomic are remarked. The paper also refers to the history of drugs and medicines, their consumption and development in conjunction with pharmacoeconomic. Marketing mix in terms of pharmacy describes the product (i.e. a drug) and its life cycle, the price and price control in the Czech Republic, distribution and promotion associated with advertising. The practical part of the master's thesis specifically shows marketing, innovation, science and research in pharmacy. The examples illustrate the corruption problems and difficulty of fighting against them. The information about the two large pharmaceutical or medical manufacturers are summarized at the end of this thesis.

No description available.

INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE Infections represent a serious problem in chronic kidney disease (cohort and they are) associated with signifficant morbidity and mortality. The thesis originated in the nephrology division of the Department of Internal Medicine I., Charles University Teaching Hospital and Medical Faculty in Pilsen, an institution with a long standing research activity in the field. In the theoretical part of this work, a general summary of infectious complications in chronic kidney disease population is presented. The other part of this work presents results of our research dealing with pharmacoeconomical aspects of cytomegalovirus infection and finally our results in the field of influenza vaccination. The Aim of the first presented work was to evaluate the cost impact of four different strategies for prevention of cytomegalovirus infection after renal transplantation. We provide post hoc analysis of 2 randomized studies performed in our department and calculating direct CMV-related expenses using valacyclovir prophylaxis, ganciclovir prophylaxis, preemptive vlaganciclovir treatment and deferred therapy. To simulate ihe impact of varying prices of prharmacotherapy or diagnostic procedures, a sensitivity analysis was performed. With respect to our results, valacyclovir...

Objective. To examine the relationship between the NAPLEX and Pre-NAPLEX among pharmacy graduates, as well as determine effects of pre-pharmacy, pharmacy school, and demographic variables on NAPLEX performance. Methods. A retrospective review of pharmacy graduates' NAPLEX scores, Pre-NAPLEX scores, demographics, pre-pharmacy academic performance factors, and pharmacy school academic performance factors was performed. Bivariate (eg, ANOVA, independent samples t-test) and correlational analyses were conducted, as was stepwise linear regression to examine the significance of Pre-NAPLEX score and other factors as related to NAPLEX score. Results. One hundred fifty graduates were included, with the majority being female (60.7%) and white (72%). Mean NAPLEX score was 104.7. Mean Pre-NAPLEX score was 68.6. White students had significantly higher NAPLEX scores compared to Black/African American students. NAPLEX score was correlated to Pre-NAPLEX score, race/ethnicity, PCAT composite and section scores, undergraduate overall and science GPAs, pharmacy GPA, and on-time graduation. The regression model included pharmacy GPA and Pre-NAPLEX score. Conclusion. The findings provide evidence that, although pharmacy GPA is the most critical determinant, the Pre-NAPLEX score is also a significant predictor of NAPLEX score.