The aim of this thesis was to study RWCT methods used at the beginning of a school attendance and to study appropriate conditions for applying RWCT methods. The thesis deals with searching for the best method of the very initial pupils reading and also appropriate teaching materials with regard to RWCT. There is described a three-phase model of E-U-R education and selected method of critical thinking. The practical part of the thesis contains preparation for lessons processed using RWCT methods and summarizes results of pedagogical action research. The outcomes of the thesis confirm that if pupils have suitable conditions at the beginning of a school attendance, they are able to use RWCT methods in practise.

Álcoois primários sulfatados de cadeia longa, usualmente na forma de sais de sódio, são tensoativos de grande interesse comercial utilizados em diversas formulações de higiene pessoal e limpeza doméstica. Eles são produzidos comercialmente através da reação de álcoois etoxilados com trióxido de enxofre seguida de imediata neutralização com hidróxido de sódio. O produto formado é uma solução neutra de álcool primário etoxilado sulfatado em água. Sabe-se que a armazenagem desse produto por longos períodos de tempo em temperaturas elevadas pode levar à hidrólise completa, mas, em condições normais de uso e temperatura ambiente é esperado que o produto seja resistente à hidrólise. No entanto observou-se que algumas amostras comerciais de lauril éter sulfato de sódio que foram estocadas por diferentes períodos de tempo em frascos fechados à temperatura ambiente sofreram hidrólise em intervalos de tempo relativamente curtos. Isso leva à hipótese de que o comportamento de hidrólise seria influenciado por outras variáveis além da temperatura e do tempo de estocagem. O presente trabalho consistiu em identificar as variáveis de maior impacto na reação de hidrólise por meio de experimentos planejados. O teor de ativos foi acompanhado ao longo da reação para avaliar o efeito da presença de eletrólitos, de material insulfatado, em diferentes temperaturas, variando-se o pH inicial por meio da adição de ácido clorídrico. O comportamento da reação de hidrólise observado foi compatível com aquele descrito na literatura para o dodecil sulfato de sódio. A hidrólise apresentou-se como sendo autocatalítica, com a aceleração da taxa de reação provavelmente causada pela presença de íons hidrogênio liberados na reação. Foi possível identificar que as variáveis de maior efeito na reação foram: pH inicial, o teor de cloreto de sódio e a temperatura. O modelo de troca iônica em pseudo-fase foi utilizado para o tratamento dos resultados experimentais e mostrou-se adequado tendo sido, portanto, utilizado para prever o comportamento de estabilidade do produto à temperatura ambiente e nas condições em que o produto é normalmente comercializado. Um modelo empírico de redes neurais foi desenvolvido com sucesso para prever o comportamento do pH ao longo do tempo para as condições estudadas. / Long-chain primary alkyl sulfuric acids, usually as their sodium salts, are important commercial surfactants used in a large number of household and personal care formulations. They are commercially produced by treatment of mixtures of ethoxylated fatty alcohols with sulfur trioxide followed by immediate neutralization with sodium hydroxide, a neutral aqueous mixture of sodium primary alkyl ether sulfate is obtained. It is known that prolonged storage of the material at elevated temperature can lead to complete hydrolysis but under normal use and typical environmental conditions the product is expected to be resistant to hydrolysis. In spite of that it has been observed that some commercial samples of sodium lauryl ether sulfate stored for different periods of time in sealed containers at room temperature have undergone hydrolysis in a relatively short period of time which leads to the hypothesis that the hydrolysis behavior would be strongly influenced by variables other than temperature and storage time. The present work consisted of identifying the process variables with the most significant effect on the acid hydrolysis by using experimental design. The rate of hydrolysis has been followed acidimetrically to evaluate the effect of electrolytes as well as the concentration of unsulfated matter at different temperatures, over a wide initial pH range, under the presence of added hydrochloric acid. The pattern of kinetic behaviour observed was broadly the same as previously described for the sodium dodecyl sulfate. The hydrolysis presented the characteristic autocatalytic form, the catalysis presumably arising from the production of hydrogen sulfate ions. It was possible to observe that the most significant effects on the rate of hydrolysis were the initial pH, the total amount of sodium chloride and the temperature. The results were also discussed in terms of the ion-exchange pseudophase model of the micelle reaction. Accordingly to the fitting of parameters that was carried out it is possible to conclude that the pseudo-phase ion-exchange theory is found to account satisfactorily for the results reported and it was used to predict the stability behavior of the product at room temperature and under normal commercial conditions. A neural network based model was also successfully developed in order to predict the pH behavior in the conditions studied.

Álcoois primários sulfatados de cadeia longa, usualmente na forma de sais de sódio, são tensoativos de grande interesse comercial utilizados em diversas formulações de higiene pessoal e limpeza doméstica. Eles são produzidos comercialmente através da reação de álcoois etoxilados com trióxido de enxofre seguida de imediata neutralização com hidróxido de sódio. O produto formado é uma solução neutra de álcool primário etoxilado sulfatado em água. Sabe-se que a armazenagem desse produto por longos períodos de tempo em temperaturas elevadas pode levar à hidrólise completa, mas, em condições normais de uso e temperatura ambiente é esperado que o produto seja resistente à hidrólise. No entanto observou-se que algumas amostras comerciais de lauril éter sulfato de sódio que foram estocadas por diferentes períodos de tempo em frascos fechados à temperatura ambiente sofreram hidrólise em intervalos de tempo relativamente curtos. Isso leva à hipótese de que o comportamento de hidrólise seria influenciado por outras variáveis além da temperatura e do tempo de estocagem. O presente trabalho consistiu em identificar as variáveis de maior impacto na reação de hidrólise por meio de experimentos planejados. O teor de ativos foi acompanhado ao longo da reação para avaliar o efeito da presença de eletrólitos, de material insulfatado, em diferentes temperaturas, variando-se o pH inicial por meio da adição de ácido clorídrico. O comportamento da reação de hidrólise observado foi compatível com aquele descrito na literatura para o dodecil sulfato de sódio. A hidrólise apresentou-se como sendo autocatalítica, com a aceleração da taxa de reação provavelmente causada pela presença de íons hidrogênio liberados na reação. Foi possível identificar que as variáveis de maior efeito na reação foram: pH inicial, o teor de cloreto de sódio e a temperatura. O modelo de troca iônica em pseudo-fase foi utilizado para o tratamento dos resultados experimentais e mostrou-se adequado tendo sido, portanto, utilizado para prever o comportamento de estabilidade do produto à temperatura ambiente e nas condições em que o produto é normalmente comercializado. Um modelo empírico de redes neurais foi desenvolvido com sucesso para prever o comportamento do pH ao longo do tempo para as condições estudadas. / Long-chain primary alkyl sulfuric acids, usually as their sodium salts, are important commercial surfactants used in a large number of household and personal care formulations. They are commercially produced by treatment of mixtures of ethoxylated fatty alcohols with sulfur trioxide followed by immediate neutralization with sodium hydroxide, a neutral aqueous mixture of sodium primary alkyl ether sulfate is obtained. It is known that prolonged storage of the material at elevated temperature can lead to complete hydrolysis but under normal use and typical environmental conditions the product is expected to be resistant to hydrolysis. In spite of that it has been observed that some commercial samples of sodium lauryl ether sulfate stored for different periods of time in sealed containers at room temperature have undergone hydrolysis in a relatively short period of time which leads to the hypothesis that the hydrolysis behavior would be strongly influenced by variables other than temperature and storage time. The present work consisted of identifying the process variables with the most significant effect on the acid hydrolysis by using experimental design. The rate of hydrolysis has been followed acidimetrically to evaluate the effect of electrolytes as well as the concentration of unsulfated matter at different temperatures, over a wide initial pH range, under the presence of added hydrochloric acid. The pattern of kinetic behaviour observed was broadly the same as previously described for the sodium dodecyl sulfate. The hydrolysis presented the characteristic autocatalytic form, the catalysis presumably arising from the production of hydrogen sulfate ions. It was possible to observe that the most significant effects on the rate of hydrolysis were the initial pH, the total amount of sodium chloride and the temperature. The results were also discussed in terms of the ion-exchange pseudophase model of the micelle reaction. Accordingly to the fitting of parameters that was carried out it is possible to conclude that the pseudo-phase ion-exchange theory is found to account satisfactorily for the results reported and it was used to predict the stability behavior of the product at room temperature and under normal commercial conditions. A neural network based model was also successfully developed in order to predict the pH behavior in the conditions studied.

Um den Kostendruck in medizinischen Versorgungseinrichtungen, getrieben von den Forderungen aus SGB V und DRG, bei gleichzeitiger Patientenzufriedenheit und Behandlungsqualität im komplexen Rahmen gerecht zu werden, ist die Identifizierung von Optimierungspotentialen und deren Realisierung ein wesentlicher Hebel für das Überleben von Krankenhäusern am medizinischen Markt. Der Patientenpfad, der den Kernprozess der Wertschöpfung der medizinischen Dienstleistung im Krankenhaus darstellt, bildet gleichzeitig die "Logistische Kette an medizinische und sozialen Dienstleistungen". Zur Darstellung der komplexen Struktur des Zusammenwirkens von Prozessen und Schnittstellen entwickelt der Autor das Phasenmodell "Gesundheitsversorgungsprozess" (GVP), bestehend aus seinen drei Hauptprozessen prästationärer-, stationärer- und poststationärer Prozess, die durch deren medizinische, logistische, ökonomische und humansoziale Interdisziplinarität charakterisiert werden. Dieses Modell erweist sich als ein tragfähiger Ansatz für die Analyse zur Optimierung von Behandlungspfaden im klinischen Bereich der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie (MKG). Im Ergebnis wird ein Vorschlag erarbeitet, der 7 elektive Krankheitsbilder und deren heterogene Prozessstrukturen in einen standardisierten Behandlungspfad MKG überführt. Ausgehend von der Herleitung standardisierter Behandlungspfade und der Definition sogenannter "Standard Operating Procedures" (SOP´s) wird ein Baukastensystem für die medizinische Behandlung bereitgestellt, welches eine konfigurierbare Individualisierung des Behandlungsprozesses für den Patienten garantiert. Mit der detaillierten Analyse und Ableitung der Sollstrukturen klinischer Behandlungspfade am Beispiel der MKG am Uniklinikum Dresden und dern Verknüpfung zu Interdisziplinaritäten unter dem prozessualen Aspekt liefert die Arbeit einen Beitrag zur Prozessoptimierung im Krankenhaus und bildet gleichzeitig einen Beitrag zur Modellierung für ein modellgestütztes, evidenzbasiertes Prozessmanagement. / To meet the cost pressures in medical care facillities, driven by the demands of the volume V of the German Social Code and DRG, while patient satisfaction and quality of care in complex organizational requirements, the identification of optimization potentials and its realization is an essential lever for the survival of hospitals on the medical market. The patient pathway, which is the core process of the value added chain of medical services at the hospital, froms the "Logistical chain for medical and social services" at the same time. To illustrate the complexity of the interaction of processes and interfacesthe author develops the phase madel "Health Care Process" (HCP) consisting of its three madical and care main processes pre-clinical; clinical and post-clinical process, characterized by their medical, logistical, economic and human social interdisciplinary. This model proves to be a viable approach for the analysis for the optimization of tretment pathways in the clinical field of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS). As a result a proposal is being developed which converts 7 elective medical pattern and the heterogeneous processstructures in a standardized treatment pathway OMS. Based on the derivation of standardized treatment pathways and the definition of so-called "Standard Operating Procedures" (SOPs) a modular system for medical treatment is provided which guarantees a configurable individualization of the treatmet process for the patient. Based on the detailed analysis and derivation of target structures for clinical pathways on the example of OMS at the University Medical Center Dresden and their linkage to interdisciplinarities under the procedural aspect this bachelor graduation paper-work makes a contribution to process optimization in the hospital and at the same time forms a contribution to the modeling of a model-aided, evidence-based process management.