La mécanique statistique des systèmes auto-gravitants constitue un des plus fascinants et mystérieux champs de recherche. À cause de la nature à longue-portée de la force gravitationnelle, la notion usuelle d'équilibre statistique est modifiée, faisant de cette étude un problème hors-équilibre. Par conséquent, ces systèmes exhibent certaines propriétés particulières comme, par exemple, l'existence de transitions de phase associées à un effondrement gravitationnel. Le travail présenté dans cette thèse a comme but une description détaillée des transitions de phase dans un cadre général relativiste en considérant, en particulier, le cas des fermions auto-gravitants. La thèse est conceptuellement divisée en trois parties, selon le niveau de dégénérescence du système. D'abord, nous focalisons notre attention sur le cas des fermions dégénérés (T = 0), en étudiant en détail l'équilibre gravitationnel. Ensuite, en considérant la limite de haute température (T >> 1), nous montrons l'existence de deux types d'effondrement gravitationnel dans les séries d'équilibre. Enfin, nous explorons le cas général, en illustrant la présence des transitions de phase gravitationnelles, soit dans l'ensemble micro-canonique soit dans l'ensemble canonique. / The statistical mechanics of self-gravitating systems constitutes one of the most fascinating and puzzling fields of research. Due to the long-range nature of the gravitational force, the usual notion of statistical equilibrium is modified, making of this study an out-of-equilibrium problem. As a consequence, these systems exhibit some peculiar features such as the occurrence of phase transitions associated with a gravitational collapse. The work presented in this thesis aims at providing a detailed description of the phase transitions in a general relativistic framework by considering, in particular, the case of self-gravitating fermions. The thesis is conceptually divided in three parts, according to the degeneracy level of the system. We firstly focus our attention on the case of degenerate fermions (T = 0), by studying in detail the gravitational equilibrium. Successively, considering the high temperature limit (T >> 1), we show the existence of two kinds of gravitational collapse in the series of equilibria. Finally, we explore the general case, by illustrating the occurrence of the gravitational phase transitions, in both microcanonical and canonical ensembles.

We present a comprehensive study of a low-dimensional spin-half quantum antiferromagnet, the J-Q model, in the presence of an external (Zeeman) magnetic field using numerical methods, chiefly stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo with directed loop updates and quantum replica exchange. The J-Q model is a many-body Hamiltonian acting on a lattice of localized spin-half degrees of freedom; it augments the Heisenberg exchange with a four-spin interaction of strength Q. This model has been extensively studied at zero field, where the Q term drives a quantum phase transition from a Néel-like state to a valence-bond solid (a nonmagnetic state consisting of a long-range-ordered arrangement of local singlet bonds between sites). This transition is believed to be an example of deconfined quantum criticality, where the excitations are spinons—exotic spin-half bosons. We study the J-Q model in the presence of a magnetic field in both one and two dimensions. In one dimension, there is metamagnetism above a critical coupling ratio (Q/J)min. Metamagnetism is a first-order quantum phase transition characterized by discontinuities in the magnetization as a function of field (magnetization jumps). We derive an exact expression for (Q/J)min = 2/9, and show that the metamagnetism is caused by the onset of attractive interactions between magnons (flipped spins on a polarized background). We predict that the same mechanisms will produce metamagnetism in the unfrustrated antiferromagnetic J1-J2 model with anisotropy. Below (Q/J)min, the saturation transition is continuous and we show that it is governed by the expected zero-scale-factor universality. In two dimensions, we also find metamagnetism above a critical coupling ratio (Q/J)min=0.417, caused by the same mechanism as in the one-dimensional case. In two dimensions we also show evidence of an anomalous temperature dependence of specific heat arising from field-induced Bose-Einstein condensation of spinons at the deconfined quantum critical point. / 2019-11-06T00:00:00Z

This dissertation investigates the theory of quantum stochastic processes and its applications in quantum many-body physics. The main goal is to analyse complexity-theoretic aspects of both static and dynamic properties of physical systems modelled by quantum stochastic processes. The thesis consists of two parts: the first one addresses the computational complexity of certain quantum and classical divisibility questions, whereas the second one addresses the topic of Hamiltonian complexity theory. In the divisibility part, we discuss the question whether one can efficiently sub-divide a map describing the evolution of a system in a noisy environment, i.e. a CPTP- or stochastic map for quantum and classical processes, respectively, and we prove that taking the nth root of a CPTP or stochastic map is an NP-complete problem. Furthermore, we show that answering the question whether one can divide up a random variable $X$ into a sum of $n$ iid random variables $Y_i$, i.e. $X=\sum_{i=1}^n Y_i$, is poly-time computable; relaxing the iid condition renders the problem NP-hard. In the local Hamiltonian part, we study computation embedded into the ground state of a many-body quantum system, going beyond "history state" constructions with a linear clock. We first develop a series of mathematical techniques which allow us to study the energy spectrum of the resulting Hamiltonian, and extend classical string rewriting to the quantum setting. This allows us to construct the most physically-realistic QMAEXP-complete instances for the LOCAL HAMILTONIAN problem (i.e. the question of estimating the ground state energy of a quantum many-body system) known to date, both in one- and three dimensions. Furthermore, we study weighted versions of linear history state constructions, allowing us to obtain tight lower and upper bounds on the promise gap of the LOCAL HAMILTONIAN problem in various cases. We finally study a classical embedding of a Busy Beaver Turing Machine into a low-dimensional lattice spin model, which allows us to dictate a transition from a purely classical phase to a Toric Code phase at arbitrarily large and potentially even uncomputable system sizes.

abstract: The behaviors of various amorphous materials are characterized at high pressures to deduce phase transitions, coordination changes, densification, and other structural or electronic alterations in the system. Alongside, improvements on high pressure techniques are presented to measure equations of state of glassy materials and probe liquids using in-situ high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 27Al NMR is used to quantify coordination changes in CaAl2O4 glass pressure cycled to 16 GPa. The structure and coordination environments remain unchanged up to 8 GPa at which 93% of the recovered glass exists as 4-fold Al, whereas the remaining population exists as [5,6]Al. Upon densification, [5,6]Al comprise nearly 30% of observed Al, most likely through the generation of 3-coordinated oxygen. A method to determine the volumetric equation of state of amorphous solids using optical microscopy in a diamond anvil cell is also described. The method relies on two dimensional image acquisition and analysis to quantify changes in the projected image area with compression. The area analysis method is used to determine the compression of cubic crystals, yielding results in good agreement with diffraction and volumetric measurements. A NMR probe capable of reaching 3 GPa is built to understand the nature of magnetic field gradients and improve upon the resolution of high pressure studies conducted in a diamond anvil cell. Field gradients in strength up to 6 G/cm are caused largely by mismatches in the magnetic susceptibility between the sample and gasket, which is proven to shift the chemical shift distribution by use of several different metallic gaskets. Polyamorphic behavior in triphenyl phosphite is studied at pressures up to 0.7 GPa to elucidate the formation of the glacial phase at high pressures. A perceived liquid-liquid phase transition is shown to follow a positive Clapeyron slope, and closely follows the predicted glass transition line up to 0.4 GPa and temperatures below 270 K. A drastic change in morphology is indicative of a transformation from liquid I to liquid II and followed by optical microscopy. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Chemistry 2012

This thesis project has focussed on the experimental study of simple molecular systems at extreme conditions. High-pressure and high-temperature techniques have been used in combination with Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction diagnostics to characterise three simple molecular systems which are unified by the inclusion of nitrogen as a constituent element. The N2 molecule contains the only triple-bond amongst the elemental diatomics and is considered a model system for exploring the changes in structure and bonding induced by tuning pressure and temperature conditions. As such the nitrogen phase-diagram is a focus-point in current extreme conditions research and nitrogen has been found to exhibit a high-degree of polymorphism not observed in other simple molecular systems such as hydrogen or oxygen. Understanding molecular mixtures of nitrogen with other simple molecules at extreme conditions is significant to many scientific fields varying from chemistry to astronomy. The first system presented is the binary mixture of nitrogen and xenon which was studied as a function of pressure. The study constitutes the first comprehensive study of the xenon-nitrogen system at high-pressures. A new van der Waals compound was observed which underwent a phase transition at 14 GPa and was stable up to at least 180 GPa and 3000 K, conditions where pure nitrogen becomes amorphous. Optical measurements suggested possible metallization of the new compound around 120 GPa. The second system presented is the binary mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen which was studied both as a function of pressure and composition. Two known nitrogen-hydrogen structures were confirmed and a pressure-temperature path-dependent formation of hydrazine or ammonia was discovered. Additionally, one mixture was compressed to 242 GPa, the highest pressure investigated in the nitrogen-hydrogen system. The third system presented is the elemental nitrogen phase known as i-nitrogen, an elusive high-temperature polymorph which has hitherto eluded structure determination and proved challenging to access. i-nitrogen was successfully characterised as having an extraordinarily large unit cell containing 48 N2 molecules, making it the most complex molecular nitrogen structure to be determined unambiguously.

HOLANDA, Rocicler Oliveira. Propriedades vibracionais de L-Treonina e D-Treonina sob altas pressões. 2014. 119 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T20:15:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_roholanda.pdf: 2595208 bytes, checksum: d4037f3a4f3d3f7bca8d38d5d6bac1ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2014-10-31T21:05:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_roholanda.pdf: 2595208 bytes, checksum: d4037f3a4f3d3f7bca8d38d5d6bac1ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-31T21:05:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_roholanda.pdf: 2595208 bytes, checksum: d4037f3a4f3d3f7bca8d38d5d6bac1ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In this work, crystals threonine (C4H9NO3) in the forms L and D were subjected to analysis by Raman spectroscopy. Initially there was an attempt to identify all of the Raman bands for the two samples by comparison with data from other work Raman spectroscopy of amino acids. In a second step we obtained the spectra of the material by varying the thermodynamic parameter hydrostatic pressure. For the D-threonine spectral experiments for the hydrostatic pressure due region was in the range of frequencies between approximately 30 cm-1 and 600 cm-1 and the change in pressure between 0.0 GPa and 8.5 GPa. The results show that the crystal D-threonine undergone two structural phase transitions, the first pressure range between 1.9 and 2.4 GPa and the second pressure range between 5.1 and 6.0 GPa. The crystals of the L-form were reviewed by the pressure of 27.0 GPa in the frequency range between approximately 50 cm-1 and 3300 cm-1. Changes associated with the external modes indicate that the material suffered three reversible phase transitions: the first at 1.6 GPa, 9.2 GPa in the second and a third at 15.5 GPa. A compared with a previous work on L-conformer is also provided. / Neste trabalho, cristais de treonina (C4H9NO3) nas formas L e D foram submetidos à análises através da técnica de espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente realizou-se uma identificação de todas as bandas Raman para as duas amostras por comparação com dados de outros trabalhos de espectroscopia Raman em aminoácidos. Em uma segunda etapa obteve-se os espectros do material variando o parâmetro termodinâmico de pressão hidrostática. Para a D-treonina a região espectral para os experimentos realizados em função da pressão hidrostática esteve no intervalo de frequência entre aproximadamente 30 cm-1 e 600 cm-1 e a variação da pressão entre 0,0 GPa e 8,5 GPa. Os resultados mostram que o cristal de D-treonina sofreu duas transições de fase estruturais, primeiro no intervalo de pressão entre 1,9 e 2,4 GPa e a segunda no intervalo de pressão entre 5,1 e 6,0 GPa. Os cristais da forma L foram revistos até a pressão de 27,0 GPa no intervalo de frequência entre aproximadamente 50 cm-1 e 3300 cm-1. Modificações associadas aos modos externos indicam que o material sofreu três transições de fase reversíveis: a primeira em 1,6 GPa, a segunda em 9,2 GPa e uma terceira em 15,5 GPa. A comparação com um trabalho anterior sobre o L-confórmero também é fornecida.

HOLANDA, Rocicler Oliveira. Propriedades vibracionais de L-treonina e D-treonina sob altas pressões. 2014. 119 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-09T20:53:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_roholanda.pdf: 2595208 bytes, checksum: d4037f3a4f3d3f7bca8d38d5d6bac1ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-10T20:40:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_roholanda.pdf: 2595208 bytes, checksum: d4037f3a4f3d3f7bca8d38d5d6bac1ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T20:40:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_roholanda.pdf: 2595208 bytes, checksum: d4037f3a4f3d3f7bca8d38d5d6bac1ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In this work, crystals threonine (C4H9NO3) in the forms L and D were subjected to analysis by Raman spectroscopy. Initially there was an attempt to identify all of the Raman bands for the two samples by comparison with data from other work Raman spectroscopy of amino acids. In a second step we obtained the spectra of the material by varying the thermodynamic parameter hydrostatic pressure. For the D-threonine spectral experiments for the hydrostatic pressure due region was in the range of frequencies between approximately 30 cm-1 and 600 cm-1 and the change in pressure between 0.0 GPa and 8.5 GPa. The results show that the crystal D-threonine undergone two structural phase transitions, the first pressure range between 1.9 and 2.4 GPa and the second pressure range between 5.1 and 6.0 GPa. The crystals of the L-form were reviewed by the pressure of 27.0 GPa in the frequency range between approximately 50 cm-1 and 3300 cm-1. Changes associated with the external modes indicate that the material suffered three reversible phase transitions: the first at 1.6 GPa, 9.2 GPa in the second and a third at 15.5 GPa. A compared with a previous work on L-conformer is also provided. / Neste trabalho, cristais de treonina (C4H9NO3) nas formas L e D foram submetidos à análises através da técnica de espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente realizou-se uma identificação de todas as bandas Raman para as duas amostras por comparação com dados de outros trabalhos de espectroscopia Raman em aminoácidos. Em uma segunda etapa obteve-se os espectros do material variando o parâmetro termodinâmico de pressão hidrostática. Para a D-treonina a região espectral para os experimentos realizados em função da pressão hidrostática esteve no intervalo de frequência entre aproximadamente 30 cm-1 e 600 cm-1 e a variação da pressão entre 0,0 GPa e 8,5 GPa. Os resultados mostram que o cristal de D-treonina sofreu duas transições de fase estruturais, primeiro no intervalo de pressão entre 1,9 e 2,4 GPa e a segunda no intervalo de pressão entre 5,1 e 6,0 GPa. Os cristais da forma L foram revistos até a pressão de 27,0 GPa no intervalo de frequência entre aproximadamente 50 cm-1 e 3300 cm-1. Modificações associadas aos modos externos indicam que o material sofreu três transições de fase reversíveis: a primeira em 1,6 GPa, a segunda em 9,2 GPa e uma terceira em 15,5 GPa. A comparação com um trabalho anterior sobre o L-confórmero também é fornecida.

MAIA, José Robson. Estudo do L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado sob condições extremas de temperatura e pressão por Espectroscopia Raman. 2014. 106 f. Tese (Doutorado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2014. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-09T20:15:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_jrmaia.pdf: 4019401 bytes, checksum: 420b482ed2b28ebe5d6b391e56123ee8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-10T20:51:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_jrmaia.pdf: 4019401 bytes, checksum: 420b482ed2b28ebe5d6b391e56123ee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T20:51:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_tese_jrmaia.pdf: 4019401 bytes, checksum: 420b482ed2b28ebe5d6b391e56123ee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / In this work bis(L-histidinato)nikel(II) Monohydrate crystals were obtained by slow evaporation method using 1 mol of NiCl2.6H2O, 2 mols of L-histidine and NaOH. Reitveld refinement of X-ray data confirmed the structure. Raman modes obtained at ambient conditions of pressure and temperature were assigned by comparison with results on similar materials and by density functional theory DFT calculations. PED (potential energy distribution) is also present. Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed from room temperature up to 150 oC in the 50- 3500 cm-1 spectral range. For temperatures higher than 125 oC the modes related with the water stretching disappeared as well as the lattice modes disappeared indicating a phase transition undergone by the crystal. DSC experiments support this assumption. By decreasing temperature up to 18 K in the 40-3500 cm-1 spectral range it was observed modifications only in internal modes, so we believe that some conformational change has been occurred in the molecules of bis(L-histidinate)nikel(II) Monohydrate. High pressure experiments were performed from ambient pressure up to 9,5 GPa in the 50-3500 cm-1 spectral range. Disappearance of modes between 0,4 and 0,8 GPa was interpreted as evidences of a structural phase transition undergone by the crystal. A second set of modifications in the spectra indicates other phase transition experienced by the crystal between 2,6 and 3,2 GPa. The spectrum obtained the realizing pressure points out to the irreverbility of the phase transitions. / Neste trabalho cristais de L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado (Ni(C6H8N3O2)2.H2O) foram obtidos por meio da evaporação lenta do solvente de uma solução saturada de 1 mol de NiCl2.6H2O, 2 mols de L-histidina mais NaOH. Após a obtenção da amostra a confirmação da estrutura deu-se por refinamento do Reitveld. A classificação dos modos vibracionais à temperatura e pressão ambiente foi realizada por comparação com outros materiais e através de cálculos de teoria da densidade do funcional DFT. A distribuição da energia potencial (PED) também foi calculada. Experimentos de espectroscopia Raman variando a temperatura desde a temperatura ambiente até 150 0C, foram realizadas no cristal de L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado no intervalo espectral entre 50 e 3500 cm-1. Para temperaturas superiores a 125 0C o desaparecimento e surgimento de modos na região dos modos da rede bem como na região dos modos internos indicam uma transição de fase estrutural no L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado devido à saída de água. A transição é irreversível pois o espectro obtido após a amostra retornar a temperatura ambiente é bem diferente daquele obtido no início do experimento. Experimentos de DSC corroboram com o experimento de espectroscopia Raman pois indicam a saída da molécula de água do cristal de L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado no valor de temperatura de 140 0C, e ainda perda de massa de água na mesma temperatura (140 0C), relatada pela curva de TG. Nos experimentos de espectroscopia Raman a baixas temperaturas a amostra de L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado foi resfriada desde a temperatura ambiente até 18 K no intervalo espectral de 40 a 3500 cm-1. Observou-se o surgimento de alguns modos internos, porém, como não evidenciou-se mudanças nos modos externos supomos que o material deva sofrer apenas uma mudança conformacional. Os experimentos de espectroscopia Raman a altas pressões foram realizados no intervalo de pressão entre 0,1 e 9,5 GPa, em um intervalo espectral de 50 a 3500 cm-1. Com o aumento da pressão percebe-se o desaparecimento de modos indicando uma transição de fase estrutural entre 0,4 e 0,8 GPa. Aumentando-se ainda mais a pressão observa-se o surgimento de três modos em torno da frequência de 50 cm-1 no intervalo de pressão entre 2,6 e 3,2 GPa. Estas mudanças indicam uma segunda transição de fase estrutural da amostra de L-histidinato de níquel (II) monohidratado. O espectro obtido após a descompressão é idêntico aquele do início do experimento indicando reversibilidade da transição.

GONÇALVES, Ricardo Oliveira. Espalhamento Raman em Policristais de L-alanina deuterados sob pressão. 2008. 78 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2008. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-08T19:38:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rogoncalves.pdf: 6962166 bytes, checksum: 5422b2af7936494743aae69cbce2e2e3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-08T19:52:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rogoncalves.pdf: 6962166 bytes, checksum: 5422b2af7936494743aae69cbce2e2e3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-08T19:52:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_rogoncalves.pdf: 6962166 bytes, checksum: 5422b2af7936494743aae69cbce2e2e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / In this dissertation we present of Raman spectroscopy on deuterated L-alanine crystals under hydrostatic pressure. L-alanine is one of twenty proteic amino acids, and among them it is the simplest chiral one. L-alanine crystallizes in an orthorhombic (D24) structure with four molecules per unit cell, forming a complex network of seven hydrogen bonds. When one applies pressure on an amino acid crystal the distances between molecules are changed and, eventually, the crystal goes to a new structure with different symmetry. In this work we present the Raman spectra of deuterated L-alanine in the 50 - 2500 cm-1 spectral region with pressures changing from 0 to 6 GPa. Beyond the conventional frequency blue shift of almost all modes, we observed frequency discontinuities of both internal and external modes at 1,5 and 4,5 GPa. These discontinuities were interpreted as structural phase transitions undergone by deuterated L-alanine crystal from the orthorhombic to the tetragonal, and from the tetragonal to a monoclinic symmetry, respectively. This suggestion is based on previous results on non - deuterated L-alanine. The behavion of torcional vibration of ND3 was also studied and a comparison with studies on L-alanine, L-threonine and taurine crystals (related with dimensions of hydrogen bonds) is also given. / Nesta Dissertação são apresentados os resultados oriundos do estudo do efeito da aplicação de pressão hidrostática sobre cristais de L-alanina deuterada. A L-alanina é um dos vinte aminoácidos formadores das proteínas, sendo entre os quirais o mais simples deles. A L-alanina cristaliza-se numa estrutura ortorrômbica (D24) com quatro moléculas por célula unitária formando uma complexa rede de sete diferentes ligações de hidrogênio. Quando pressão é aplicada a um cristal de aminoácidos ocorre a aproximação das moléculas com a consequente variação nas distâncias e ângulos das ligações de hidrogênio, eventualmente obrigando a estrutura a ir para uma nova simetria. Investigou-se nesta Dissertação o comportamento dos espectros Raman da L-alanina deuterada na região espectral entre 50 e 2500 cm-1 para pressões variando entre 0 e 6 GPa. Além do usual comportamento do desvio da freqüência de quase todos os modos para altos valores, observou-se também descontinuidades nas freqüências de modos internos e modos externos para valores de pressão em 1,5 e 4,5 GPa. Estas descontinuidades foram interpretadas como sendo consequências de transições de fase estruturais de uma estrutura ortorrômbica para uma estrutura tetragonal e, a seguir, para uma estrutura monoclínica em analogia ao que ocorre com a L-alanina não deuterada. O comportamento do modo de torção da estrutura ND3 também foi estudado e uma analogia do seu comportamento com aqueles observados na L-alanina, na L-treonina e na taurina em termos das dimensões das ligações de hidrogênio também é fornecida.

LIMA, Cleânio da Luz. Estudo das propriedades vibracionais do molibidato de sódio hidratado por espectroscopia Raman em função da pressão hidrostática. 2008. 87 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2008. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-09T18:03:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_cllima.pdf: 1735905 bytes, checksum: a38aca9b6ecaf707ab1b6f24cdf68c3d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-06-11T17:49:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_cllima.pdf: 1735905 bytes, checksum: a38aca9b6ecaf707ab1b6f24cdf68c3d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-11T17:49:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_dis_cllima.pdf: 1735905 bytes, checksum: a38aca9b6ecaf707ab1b6f24cdf68c3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / The molibidatos up a large class of inorganic compounds and have been the subject of several investigations. Usually the members of this family have Y2XO4.nH2O general formula, where Y = (Na, Ca), X = (Mo, S, W, Mn) with n = (0, 1, 3, 4...). The Na2MoO4.2H2O was studied through experiments of Raman spectroscopy aimed at investigating the effects of hydrostatic pressure on their properties structural and vibrational. The material Na2MoO4.2H2O experiencing a transition phase when the compressor is half the mixture of alcohols, this transition is structural. When the compressor is the way nujol (mineral oil) Na2MoO4.2H2O try the two-phase transitions. The difference for these events is that the Na2MoO4.2H2O interacts with the environment compressor alcohol, since the pressure to relax the spectrum of the material presents itself as being semidesidratrado not going back to the original phase. When the compressor means is the nujol, as well as an additional step, the Na2MoO4.2H2O, in the process of relaxation, restores the original phase, where the interim stage is deleted due to the effect of hysteresis. Therefore, it identifies three distinct phases in Na2MoO4.2H2O, in a range of 0 to 3.0 GPa (phase α), another between 3.0 and 4.0 GPa (phase δ) and third over 4.0 GPa (phase β). The first transition from phase α to phase δ is a conformal transition, due to distortions in tetraedros MoO4, leaving the group of symmetry D2h 15. The second transition is a structural transition due to the collapse of two modes in a single event, especially in the modes of the network, which indicates a transition to a structure for greater symmetry than the previous (possibly of the orthorhombic for tetragonal). / Os molibidatos constituem uma grande classe de compostos inorgânicos e têm sido o objeto de várias investigações, devido o estudo ainda não realizado no mesmo usando espectroscopia Raman em função da pressão e as diversas aplicabilidades em diversos campos de estudos do Na2MoO4.2H2O nos motivamos a realiza este estudo. Geralmente os membros desta família possuem fórmula geral Y2XO4.nH2O, onde Y = (Na, Ca), X = (Mo, S, W, Mn) com n = (0, 1, 3, 4...). O Na2MoO4.2H2O foi estudado através de experimentos de espectroscopia Raman visando investigar os efeitos da aplicação de pressão hidrostática em suas propriedades estruturais e vibracionais. Na célula de pressão (DAC, do inglês Diamond Anvil Cell, que permite a obtenção de pressão de 0-10GPa) foram utilizados como meios compressores uma mistura de álcoois (metanol e etanol na proporção de 4:1) e óleo mineral (Nujol). O material Na2MoO4.2H2O experimenta uma transição de fase quando o meio compressor é a mistura de álcoois, sendo esta transição estrutural. Já quando o meio compressor é o nujol (óleo mineral) o Na2MoO4.2H2O experimenta duas transições de fase. A diferença para tais acontecimentos é que o Na2MoO4.2H2O interage com o meio compressor álcool, uma vez que ao relaxar-se a pressão o espectro do material apresenta-se como se estivesse semidesidratrado não voltando para a fase original (fase α). Quando o meio compressor é o nujol, além de uma fase adicional, o Na2MoO4.2H2O, no processo de relaxamento, recupera a fase original, sendo que a fase intermediária é suprimida devido ao efeito de histerese. Portanto, identificam-se três fases distintas no Na2MoO4.2H2O, uma no intervalo de 0 a 3,0 GPa (fase α), outra entre 3,0 e 4,0 GPa (fase δ) e a terceira acima de 4,0 GPa (fase β). A primeira transição da fase α para a fase δ é uma transição conformacional, devido a distorções nos tetraedros MoO4, saindo do grupo de simetria D2h15. A segunda transição é uma transição estrutural devido ao colapso de dois modos em um único modo, principalmente na região dos modos da rede, o que indica uma transição para uma estrutura de maior simetria que a anterior (possivelmente de ortorrômbica para tetragonal).