L'oscillateur optoélectronique (OEO) a été introduit pour la première fois en 1996 par S. Yao et L. Maleki, en tant qu'oscillateur microondes à très faible bruit de phase et obtenu par synthèse directe. Les développements de l'OEO concernent les applications en photonique microondes, télécommunications optiques, radar et traitement du signal. Mais l'OEO devrait aussi pouvoir être utilisé dans le domaine des capteurs. Dans cette thèse nous étudiants plusieurs aspects de l'OEO pour son application à la mesure d'indice de réfraction d'un liquide. Compte tenu de sa structure l'OEO dépend fortement des conditions ambiantes d'utilisation. S'il n'est pas bien optimisé ni contrôlé, il ne peut pas fonctionner correctement sur une longue durée. Nous avons étudié les influences de la température sur le modulateur électrooptique (EOM) et sur le comportement global de l'OEO. Un contrôle de température réduit de façon significative le phénomène de dérive de l'EOM. Afin de la supprimer complètement, nous avons mis au point une instrumentation construite autour d'une carte DSP, permettant de détecter et compenser la dérive du point de fonctionnement optique de l'EOM tout en contrôlant simultanément sa température. Une première technique est basée sur un signal de test, basse fréquence, appliqué à l'électrode DC du modulateur. Une deuxième solution consiste à travailler sur la puissance optique en sortie du modulateur. En combinant les deux on peut profiter des avantages de ces deux méthodes. Utilisant ainsi l'OEO nous avons testé plusieurs configurations pour mesurer l'indice de réfraction de quatre solutions chimiques bien connues, nous avons obtenu une variance de 3 pour mille. Les résultats sont en assez bon accord avec les publications correspondantes. Enfin nous avons aussi introduit une nouvelle méthode pour améliorer les mesures d'indice de réfraction faites à long terme en suivant, grâce à un analyseur vectoriel de réseau, les évolutions au cours du temps du temps de propagation dans la fibre optique. En introduisant à partir de cette mesure une correction aux mesures de la fréquence d'oscillation il est possible de réduire les fluctuations de cette fréquence à seulement 606 Hz, sur une durée de 62 h, ce que l'on peut comparer aux 8 GHz de l'oscillateur. Ainsi le rapport signal à bruit, peut être grandement amélioré lors de la mesure d'indice de réfraction et il doit être possible de diminuer la limite de détection des variations de l'indice de réfraction au cours du temps. / The optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) was first introduced in 1996 by S. Yao and L. Maleki as a very low phase noise microwave oscillator working in direct synthesis. The OEO developments concern applications in microwave photonics, optical telecommunication, radar and high speed signal processing systems but it should also be used in the sensing domain. In this thesis, we study several aspects to apply the OEO to liquid refractive index measurement. Because of its structure the OEO is very dependent on the ambient conditions. If the OEO is not optimized and controlled, it cannot operate well for long duration. We have analyzed the influences of temperature on the electrooptic modulator (EOM) and the global OEO behavior. Temperature control can significantly reduce the drift phenomena of the EOM. In order to totally remove this drift, we have developed a complete digital system, based on a DSP kit, to detect and compensate automatically the EOM optical bias point drift and to control simultaneously its temperature. The first technique is based on a dither signal at low frequency, injected to DC electrode of the EOM. The second one is based on the average optical output power of the EOM. A combination of these two techniques can take advantages from both of them. Using like that the OEO, we have tested several configurations to measure the refractive index of four classical chemical solutions leading to a standard deviation of 3 per thousand. The results are in rather good agreement with previous publications. Finally, we have introduced a new method to improve the long-term refractive index measurement by monitoring, with a vector network analyzer, the variations of the optical delay in the fiber loop of the OEO. Introducing by this way a correction to the long-term frequency measurement it is possible to reduce the oscillation frequency fluctuations to only 606 Hz, compared to the 8 GHz of the oscillator, for a duration of 62 hours. Therefore the signal-to-noise ratio in the refractive index measurement can be enhanced and so the detection resolution of the refractive index variations during time.

The aim of the project is to design a concept of function generator with digital synthesis. The device will be controlled using microprocessor which allows synthesizing basic functions (sin, square, raw) as well as arbitrary functions stored in memory. User friendly graphical interface will be controlled by keyboard and rotary switch (IRC). The work emphasizes correct selection of DDS clock source, circuit elements and proper application of signal filtration method with attention to low distortion and low output phase noise.

This thesis deals with problematics of direct frequency digital synthesis. Principle and basic characteristics of this method of signal generating are explained in the introduction. It considers impact on purity of spectrum of output signal. Next chapter considers conception of the generator, namely choice of DDFS circuit and other basic blocks. Design of frequency multiplier, reconstruction filter and power amplifier are included. It also deals with choice of control circuit. The device is controlled by computer through USB. There was created user programme for this purpose. Measured characteristics are stated at the end of the work. This work includes schemes of connetions of designed parts including simulations and measured parameters.

With the advancement of CMOS process and fabrication, it has been a trend to maximize digital design while minimize analog correspondents in mixed-signal system designs. So is the case for PLL. PLL has always been a traditional mixed-signal system limited by analog part performance. Around 2000, there emerged ADPLL of which all the blocks besides oscillator are implemented in digital circuits. There have been successful examples in application of Bluetooth, and it is moving to improve results for application of WiMax and ad-hoc frequency hopping communication link. Based on the theoretic and measurement results of existing materials, ADPLL has shown advantages such as fast time-to-market, low area, low cost and better system integration; but it also showed disadvantages in frequency resolution and phase noise, etc. Also this new topic still opens questions in many researching points important to PLL such as tracking behavior and quantization effect. In this thesis, a non-linear phase domain model for all digital phase-locked loop (ADPLL) was established and validated. Based on that, we analyzed that ADPLL phase noise prediction derived from traditional linear quantization model became inaccurate in non-linear cases because its probability density of quantization error did not meet the premise assumption of linear model. The phenomena of bandwidth expansion and in-band phase noise decreasing peculiar to integer-N ADPLL were demonstrated and explained by matlab and verilog behavior level simulation test bench. The expression of threshold quantization step was defined and derived as the method to distinguish whether an integer-N ADPLL was in non-linear cases or not, and the results conformed to those of matlab simulation. A simplified approximation model for non-linear integer-N ADPLL with noise sources was established to predict in-band phase noise, and the trends of the results conformed to those of matlab simulation. Other basic analysis serving for the conclusions above covered: ADPLL loop dynamics, traditional linear theory and its quantitative limitations and numerical analysis of random number. Finally, a present measurement setup was demonstrated and the results were analyzed for future work.

The random fluctuations of signal phase of an oscillator limit the precision of time and frequency measurements. The noise and long-term stability of the system’s oscillator or clock is of major importance in applications such as optical and wireless communications, high-speed digital electronics, radar, and astronomy. The Optoelectronic Oscillator (OE Oscillator), a new class of time delay oscillator with promise as a low-phase noise source of microwave carriers, was introduced by Steve Yao and Lute Malek in 1996. The OE Oscillator combines into a closed loop an RF photonic link and an RF chain. The RF photonic link consists of a laser, electro-optic modulator, optical fibre delay line, and a photo-receiver that together provide an RF delay. An RF chain consists of one or more amplifiers and a RF resonator that together provide the sustaining amplification and the frequency selectivity necessary for single mode oscillation of the loop. The low loss of optical fibres enables the attainment of delays that correspond to optical fibre lengths of several kilometers. It is the long delay, unattainable in an all electronic implementations that is responsible for the superior phase noise performance of an OE Oscillator. In this thesis the fundamental principles of operation of an OE Oscillator are described and the principal sources of in-loop phase fluctuations that are responsible for phase-noise identified. This lays the ground for an exposition of the mechanism that describes the perturbation of a time delay oscillator by injection into the loop of a carrier that is detuned in frequency from the natural frequency of the oscillator. For sufficiently small detuning the oscillator can become phase locked to the injected carrier. The model presented in the thesis generalises the traditional Yao-Maleki and Leeson model to include all the important features that describe the injection locking dynamics of an OE Oscillator. In particular the common assumptions of single mode oscillation and weak injection are removed. This is important to correctly predict the effect of injection locking on the spurious peaks in the phase noise spectrum corresponding to the side-modes of a time delay oscillator. Simulation results are presented in order to validate the dynamics of the oscillator under injection and analytic results on the lock-in range and phase noise spectrum. A 10 GHz OE Oscillator with a single 5km delay line is used as an example in the simulation illustration.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l’étude des lasers à verrouillage de modes à bâtonnets quantiques (MLL QD) sur le système de matériau InAs/InP en vue de leur utilisation pour les applications télécoms. Contrairement aux lasers à deux sections, nous exploitons, tout au long de cette thèse, le phénomène du mélange à quatre-ondes qui est à l’origine du verrouillage de modes dans ces structures. Une analyse du « chirp » des impulsions générées par ce type de lasers, ainsi qu’une étude théorique et expérimentale pour le compenser, ont été décrites. En particulier, nous démontrons la compensation du « chirp » linéaire par un filtrage et par une fibre présentant une dispersion adéquate. D’autre part, une compensation du « chirp » d’ordre supérieur est possible en utilisant une fibre à dispersion spécifique. Une étude a été consacrée à la gigue temporelle, un autre paramètre crucial pour la plupart des applications utilisant les MLLs QD. Dans une première étape, nous avons mis en œuvre une technique de mesure par cross-corrélation optique pour caractériser la gigue temporelle des MLLs à haute fréquence de répétition. Contrairement à la technique de mesure par analyse spectrale, celle-ci permet d’effectuer des mesures à des fréquences de répétitions supérieures à 50 GHz et sur une plage de fréquence allant de presque 0 Hz à quelques centaines de MHz. Ensuite, nous avons caractérisé des diodes lasers présentant une largeur de raie RF record d’une valeur de 850 Hz. Une valeur de gigue de 500 fs a été mesurée sur la bande de fréquence [150 kHz-320 MHz]. Cette valeur correspond à une amélioration d’un facteur 25 par rapport à la valeur mesurée sur une structure à base de puits quantiques pour les mêmes bornes d’intégration. Nous avons également présenté une étude de la réduction du bruit de phase des MLLs basée sur l’effet de la réinjection optique. Nous avons ainsi obtenu une amélioration du niveau de bruit de phase d’un facteur supérieur à 15 dB par rapport à la technique optoélectronique standard. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le potentiel des MLL QD pour la génération des impulsions à très faibles gigue temporelle et ouvrent la voie pour la conception des oscillateurs tout-optiques à faible bruit de phase. Enfin, nous présentons la génération d’un peigne de fréquences WDM en utilisant un MLL QD. En utilisant une telle source, nous avons démontré une transmission canal par canal sur une distance de 50 km de fibre SMF à un débit de 10 Gbit/s. Ce résultat de toute première importance permet d’envisager l’utilisation des MLLs QD pour la transmission WDM / This PhD thesis deals with the integration of InP based quantum dash mode locked lasers for use in optical communication systems and microwave optoelectronic applications. The properties of pulse and characterization methods are described as well as requirements for application in communication systems. Experimental and analytic method for pulse “chirp” characterization and compensation are also discussed. In particular, we demonstrate that high order dispersion can be compensated using specific fibre length. The characterization of quantum dash based mode locked lasers, has shown their potential to generate high spectral purity self-pulsating signals, with state-of-the-art spectral linewidth of ~ 850 Hz. Especially, the importance of, and way to reduce high-frequency jitter is discussed. Indeed, a novel method for measurement of high-frequency jitter based on optical cross-correlation technique is implemented. Systematic investigation of 10 GHz passively mode locked laser based on InAs/InP quantum dashes emitting at 1.55 µm have demonstrated a reduced value of timing jitter of 500 fs in the 150 kHz – 320 MHz frequency range. Compared to typical passively mode-locked quantum well laser which exhibit timing jitter in the range 12 ps (150 kHz – 50 MHz), our device demonstrates an approximately 25 times improvement in timing jitter. Concerning microwave optoelectronic applications, we demonstrate that a low phase noise oscillator can be obtained using a QD MLL integrated in an optical self injection loop without any opto-electronic or electro-optic conversion. A significant reduction of the -3 dB linewedith as low as 200Hz was obtained thanks to optimised tuning of the optical external cavity length. The phase noise has been reduced from -75dBc/Hz to a level as low as -105dBc/Hz at an offset of 100kHz. This yields to ultra low timing jitter and shows the potential to fabricate simple, and yet low noise oscillators based on semiconductor lasers without any high frequency electronics, photodetector or modulator. Finally, we report, for the first time, error-free transmission of 8 WDM channels over 50 km long single mode fiber at 10 Gbit/s using comb-generation in a quantum dash based mode locked laser. Such good performance paves the way for the use of mode locked-lasers in WDM transmission and allows considering such a solution in an integrated WDM transceiver

Les interconnections optiques dans les fermes de données (data centers) nécessitent la mise au point de nouvelles approches technologiques pour répondre aux besoins grandissants en composants d’interface respectant des cahiers de charge drastiques en termes de débit, coût, encombrement et dissipation d’énergie. Les peignes de fréquences optiques sont particulièrement adaptés comme nouvelles sources optiques, à mêmes de générer un grand nombre de porteuses optiques cohérentes. Leur utilisation dans des systèmes de transmission en multiplexage de longueurs d’onde (WDM) et exploitant de nouveaux formats de modulation, peut aboutir à des capacités jamais atteintes auparavant. Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du projet européen BIG PIPES (Broadband Integrated and Green Photonic Interconnects for High-Performance Computing and Enterprise Systems) et a pour but l’étude de peignes de fréquences générés à l’aide de lasers à verrouillage de modes, à section unique, à base de bâtonnets quantiques InAs/InP et puits quantiques InGaAsP/InP. Nous avons entrepris l’étude de nouvelles couches actives et conceptions de cavités lasers en vue de répondre au cahier des charges du projet européen. Une étude systématique du bruit d’amplitude et de phase de ces sources a en particulier été menée à l’aide de nouvelles techniques de mesure afin d’évaluer leur compatibilité dans des systèmes de transmission à très haut débit. Ces peignes de fréquences optiques ont été utilisées avec succès dans des expériences de transmission sur fibre optique avec des débits records dépassant le Tbit/s par puce et une dissipation raisonnable d’énergie par bit, montrant leur fort potentiel pour les applications d’interconnections optiques dans les fermes de données / The increasing demand for high capacity, low cost, high compact and energy efficient optical transceivers for data center interconnects requires new technological solutions. In terms of transmitters, optical frequency combs generating a large number of phase coherent optical carriers are attractive solutions for next generation datacenter interconnects, and along with wavelength division multiplexing and advanced modulation formats can demonstrate unprecedented transmission capacities. In the framework of European project BIG PIPES (Broadband Integrated and Green Photonic Interconnects for High-Performance Computing and Enterprise Systems), this thesis investigates the generation of optical frequency combs using single-section mode-locked lasers based on InAs/InP Quantum-Dash and InGaAsP/InP Quantum-Well semiconductor nanostructures. These novel light sources, based on new active layer structures and cavity designs are extensively analyzed to meet the requirements of the project. Comprehensive investigation of amplitude and phase noise of these optical frequency comb sources is performed with advanced measurement techniques, to evaluate the feasibility of their use in high data rate transmission systems. Record Multi-Terabit per second per chip capacities and reasonably low energy per bit consumption are readily demonstrated, making them well suited for next generation datacenter interconnects

No description available.

K-Band (18 to 26 GHz) dielectric resonator oscillators are typically used as a local oscillator in most K-Band digital transmitter/receiver topologies. Traditionally, the oscillator itself is made up of an active device, a dielectric resonator termination network, and a passive load matching network. The termination network embodies a cylindrical high permittivity dielectric resonator that is coupled on the same plane as a current carrying transmission line. This configuration provides an adequate resonance needed for oscillation but has some limitations. In order to provide a high Q resonance the entire oscillator is placed in a metal box to prevent radiation losses. This increases the overall size of the device and makes it difficult to integrate in smaller transceiver topologies. Secondly, a tuning screw is required to help excite the dominant mode of the resonator to achieve the high Q response. This can cause problems in precision due to the mechanical jitter of the screw inherent in mobile devices. By embedding this resonator inside the substrate it is possible to realize a very high Q resonance at a desired frequency and remove the need for a metal cavity and tuning screw. An additional advantage can be seen in terms of overall size reduction of the oscillator circuit. To demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing a dielectric resonator embedded within a substrate, a K-Band oscillator proof of concept has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The oscillator is comprised of a low noise active transistor device, an embedded k-band dielectric resonator and a passive transmission line load network. All elements within the oscillator are optimized to produce a steady oscillation near 20 GHz. Preliminary investigations of a microstrip resonator S-band (2-3 GHz) oscillator are first discussed. Secondly, various challenges in design and fabrication are discussed. Thereafter, simulated and measured results of the embedded DRO structure are presented. Emphasis is placed on output oscillation power and low phase noise. With further development, the entire oscillator can be embedded within the substrate leaving only the active device on the surface. This allows for a considerable reduction in material cost and simple integration with miniaturized digital transmitter/receiver devices.

No description available.