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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Thermal transport through SiGe superlattices

Chen, Peixuan 21 November 2014 (has links)
Understanding thermal transport in nanoscale is important for developing nanostructured thermolelectric materials and for heat management in nanoelectronic devices. This dissertation is devoted to understand thermal transport through SiGe based superlattices. First, we systematically studied the cross-plane thermal conductivity of SiGe superlattices by varying the thickness of Si(Ge) spacers thickness. The observed additive character of thermal resistance of the SiGe nanodot/planar layers allows us to engineer the thermal conductivity by varying the interface distance down to ~1.5 nm. Si-Ge intermixing driven by Ge surface segregation is crucial for achieving highly diffusive phonon scattering at the interfaces. By comparing the thermal conductivity of nanodot Ge/Si superlattices with variable nanodot density and superlattices with only wetting layers, we find that the effect of nanodots is comparable with that produced by planar wetting layers. This is attributed to the shallow morphology and further flattening of SiGe nanodots during overgrowth with Si. Finally, the experiments show that the interface effect on phonon transport can be weakened and even eliminated by reducing the interface distance or by enhancing Si-Ge intermixing around the interfaces by post-growth annealing. The results presented in this dissertation are expected to be relevant to applications requiring optimization of thermal transport for heat management and for the development of thermoelectric materials and devices based on superlattice structures. / Verständnis des thermischen Transport auf Nanoskala ist sowohl grundlegend für die Entwicklung nanostrukturierter Materialien, als auch für Temperaturkontrolle in nanoelektronischen Bauteilen. Diese Dissertation widmet sich der Erforschung des thermischen Transports durch SiGe basierenden Übergittern. Variationen, der Si(Ge) Schichtdicken, wurden zur systematischen Untersuchung der Normalkomponente zur Wachstumsrichtung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit, von SiGe Übergittern, genutzt. Die Beobachtung des additiven Charakters, des thermischen Widerstands, der SiGe Schichten, mit oder ohne Inselwachstum, ermöglicht die Erstellung von Strukturen mit bestimmter Wärmeleitfähigkeiten durch die Variation der Schichtdicken bis zu einer Minimaldistanz zweier Schichtübergänge von ~1.5nm. Die Ge Segregation führt zu einer Vermischung, von Si und Ge, welche eine essentielle Rolle zur diffusen Phononenstreuung spielt. Unsere Untersuchungen, von planaren Übergittern und Übergittern mit variabler Inseldichte, zeigen, dass Inseln und planare Schichten zu einer vergleichbaren Reduktion, der Wärmeleitfähigkeit, führen. Diese Beobachtung lässt sich, sowohl auf die flache Morphologie als auch die Abplattung der SiGe Inseln, aufgrund der Überwachsung mit Si, zurückführen. Die Experimente zeigen außerdem, dass sich der Barriereneffekt, der Schichtgrenzen, durch Reduktion der Schichtabstände und durch verstärkte Vermischung im Bereich der Schichtgrenzen, durch Erhitzung, eliminieren lässt. Die präsentierten Messungen sind sowohl, für die Entwicklung jener Bauteile, die eine Optimierung des thermischen Transports oder Temperaturmanagment erfordern, als auch von thermoelektrischen Matieralien und Bauteilen, basierend auf Übergittern, relevant.
12

Thermal Transport in Tin-Capped Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Composites for Thermal Energy Management

Kaul, Pankaj B. 21 February 2014 (has links)
No description available.
13

Elektrische und thermische Leitungseigenschaften von ß-Ga2O3 Einkristallen und homoepitaktischen Dünnschichten

Ahrling, Robin Fabian 20 March 2024 (has links)
Die Elektrifizierung unserer Gesellschaft verlangt eine stetige Innovation von elektrischen Bauteilen. Ein vielversprechendes Material ist der transparente Halbleiter ß-Ga2O3. Mit seiner hohen Bandlücke von 4,8 eV bietet das Material gute Voraussetzungen, um im Bereich der Hochleistungselektronik verwendet zu werden. In dieser Arbeit wurden die elektrischen und thermischen Leitungseigenschaften von ß-Ga2O3 untersucht. Dabei werden die Streumechanismen, die den Transport von Elektronen oder Phononen bestimmen, diskutiert. Es wurde eine Abhängigkeit der Ladungsträgerbeweglichkeit von der Schichtdicke der leitfähigen homoepitaktischen ß-Ga2O3 Schichten festgestellt. Während in Volumenproben und dicken Schichten (>150 nm) eine Kombination aus Streuung von Elektronen an Phononen und an ionisierten Störstellen den Transport dominiert, so spielen bei dünnen Schichten Grenzflächeneffekte eine Rolle. Dieser Effekt konnte mit einer modifizierten Variante des Modells nach Bergmann beschrieben werden. Messungen der Wärmeleitfähigkeit haben deren aus der Literatur bekannte Anisotropie bei Raumtemperatur bestätigt. Die Wärmeleitfähigkeit steigt mit sinkender Temperatur, bis bei etwa 30 K ein Maximum von über 1000 W/(mK) erreicht wird. Anhand der mittleren freien Weglängen der Phononen konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Wärmetransport oberhalb von 80 K von Phonon-Phonon Umklappstreuung bestimmt wird. Zwischen 30 K und 80 K zeigt sich der Einfluss von Punktdefektstreuung. Unterhalb von 30 K zeigen sich die Einflüsse der Grenzflächen des Kristalls. Es findet ein Übergang des Phononentransports aus dem diffusiven Transportregime nach Fourier zum ballistischen Phononenstrahlungstransport nach Casimir und Majumdar statt. Eine Betrachtung dieser Materialparameter zeigt, dass ein möglicher Einsatzbereich für ß-Ga2O3 basierte Bauelemente mit flüssigem Stickstoff gekühlte Anwendungen sein könnten. Hier sind sowohl elektrische als auch thermische Parameter gut für hohe Stromdichten geeignet. / The electrification of our society demands continuous innovation in the field of electronic devices. One promising material is the transparent semiconductor ß-Ga2O3. With its high bandgap of 4.8 eV the material shows a great potential to be used in the field of high-power electronics. In this work, the electrical and thermal properties of ß-Ga2O3 have been investigated. The scattering mechanisms that determine the transport of electrons or phonons are discussed. A dependence of the charge carrier mobility on the thickness of the conductive homoepitaxial ß-Ga2O3 layers has been observed. While a combination of electron-phonon scattering (high temperatures) and scattering of electrons on ionized impurities (low temperatures) was shown to dominate the transport in bulk samples and bulk-like layers (>150 nm), in thin layers the influence of boundary scattering plays an increasing role. This effect could be described by a modified version of the Bergmann scattering model for an ideal thin film. Measurements of the thermal conductivity have reproduced the anisotropy previously reported in literature. The thermal conductivity rises with decreasing temperature until it reaches a maximum at approximately 30 K exceeding 1000 W/(mK). The phonon mean free path showed, that the phonon transport is dominated by phonon-phonon Umklapp-scattering above 80 K. Between 30 K and 80 K the influence of point defect scattering was visible. Below 30 K surface effects influence the thermal transport. A transition from diffusive phonon transport in the Fourier model into ballistic phonon-radiative transport described by Casimir and Majumdar takes place. A comparison of these material parameters with those of materials currently used in high-power electronics like SiC and GaN shows, that a possible application for ß-Ga2O3 are devices, that are cooled with liquid nitrogen. In this temperature range the electrical and thermal conductivity of are both well-suited for high current densities.
14

Active Tuning of Thermal Conductivity in Single layer Graphene Phononic crystals using Engineered Pore Geometry and Strain

Radhakrishna Korlam (11820830) 19 December 2021 (has links)
Understanding thermal transport across length scales lays the foundation to developing high-performance electronic devices. Although many experiments and models of the past few decades have explored the physics of heat transfer at nanoscale, there are still open questions regarding the impact of periodic nanostructuring and coherent phonon effects, as well as the interaction of strain and thermal transport. Thermomechanical effects, as well as strains applied in flexible electronic devices, impact the thermal transport. In the simplest kinetic theory models, thermal conductivity is proportional to the phonon group velocity, heat capacity, and scattering times. Periodic porous nanostructures impact the phonon dispersion relationship (group velocity) and the boundaries of the pores increase the scattering times. Strain, on the other hand, affects the crystal structure of the lattice and slightly increases the thermal conductivity of the material under compression. Intriguingly, applying strain combined with the periodic porous structures is expected to influence both the dispersion relation and scattering rates and yield the ability to tune thermal transport actively. But often these interrelated effects are simplified in models.<br><br>This work evaluates the combination of structure and strain on thermal conductivity by revisiting some of the essential methods used to predict thermal transport for a single layer of graphene with a periodic porous lattice structure with and without applied strain. First, we use the highest fidelity method of Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (NEMD) simulations to estimate the thermal conductivity which considers the impact of the lattice structure, strain state, and phononic band structure together. Next, the impact of the geometry of the slots within the lattice is interrogated with Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) models under a Relaxation Time Approximation. A Monte Carlo based Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE) solver is also used to estimate the thermal conductivity of phononic crystals with varying pore geometry. Dispersion relations calculated from continuum mechanics are used as input here. This method which utilizes a simplified pore geometry only partially accounts for the effects of scattering on the pore boundaries. Finally, a continuum level model is also used to predict the thermal conductivity and its variations under applied strain. As acoustic phonon branches tend to carry the most heat within the lattice, these continuum models and other simple kinetic theories only consider their group velocities to estimate their impact on phonon thermal conductivity. As such, they do not take into account the details of phonon transport across all wavelengths.<br><br>By comparing the results from these different methods, each of which has different assumptions and simplifications, the current work aims to understand the effects of changes to the dispersion relationship based on strain and the periodic nanostructures on the thermal conductivity. We evaluate the accuracy of the kinetic theory, ray tracing, and BTE models in comparison to the MD results to offer a perspective of the reliability of each method of thermal conductivity estimation. In addition, the effect of strain on each phononic crystal with different pore geometry is also predicted in terms of change to their in-plane thermal anisotropy values. To summarize, this deeper understanding of the nanoscale thermal transport and the interrelated effects of geometry, strain, and phonon band structure on thermal conductivity can aid in developing lattices specifically designed to achieve the required dynamic thermal response for future nano-scale thermoelectric applications.
15

Forêt de nanofils semiconducteurs pour la thermoélectricité / Forest of semiconducting nanowires for thermoelectricity

Singhal, Dhruv 20 May 2019 (has links)
La conversion thermoélectrique a suscité un regain d'intérêt en raison des possibilités d'augmenter l'efficacité tout en exploitant les effets de taille. Par exemple, les nanofils montrent théoriquement une augmentation des facteurs de puissance ainsi qu'une réduction du transport des phonons en raison d'effets de confinement et/ou de taille. Dans ce contexte, le diamètre des nanofils devient un paramètre crucial à prendre en compte pour obtenir des rendements thermoélectriques élevés. Une approche habituelle consiste à réduire la conductivité thermique phononique dans les nanofils en améliorant la diffusion sur les surfaces tout en réduisant les diamètres.Dans ce travail, la caractérisation thermique d'une forêt dense de nanofils de silicium, germanium, silicium-germanium et alliage Bi2Te3 est réalisée par une méthode 3-omega très sensible. Ces forêts de nanofils pour le silicium, le germanium et les alliages silicium-germanium ont été fabriqués selon une technique "bottom-up" suivant le mécanisme Vapeur-Liquide-Solide en dépôt chimique en phase vapeur. La croissance assistée par matrice et la croissance par catalyseurs en or des nanofils à diamètres contrôlés ont été réalisés à l'aide d'alumine nanoporeuse comme matrice. Les nanofils sont fabriqués selon la géométrie interne des nanopores, dans ce cas le profil de surface des nanofils peut être modifié en fonction de la géométrie des nanopores. Profitant de ce fait, la croissance à haute densité de nanofils modulés en diamètre a également été démontrée, où l'amplitude et la période de modulation peuvent être facilement contrôlées pendant la fabrication des matrices. Même en modulant les diamètres pendant la croissance, les nanofils ont été structurellement caractérisés comme étant monocristallins par microscopie électronique à transmission et analyse par diffraction des rayons X.La caractérisation thermique de ces nanofils a révélé une forte diminution de la conductivité thermique en fonction du diamètre, dont la réduction était principalement liée à une forte diffusion par les surfaces. La contribution du libre parcours moyen à la conductivité thermique observée dans ces matériaux "bulk" varie beaucoup, Bi2Te3 ayant une distribution en libre parcours moyen (0,1 nm à 15 nm) très faible par rapport aux autres matériaux. Même alors, des conductivités thermiques réduites (~40%) ont été observées dans ces alliages attribuées à la diffusion par les surfaces et par les impuretés. D'autre part, le silicium et le germanium ont une conductivité thermique plus élevée avec une plus grande distribution de libre parcours moyen. Dans ces nanofils, une réduction significative (facteur 10 à 15 ) a été observée avec une forte dépendance avec la taille des nanofils.Alors que les effets de taille réduisent la conductivité thermique par une meilleure diffusion sur les surfaces, le dopage de ces nanofils peut ajouter un mécanisme de diffusion par différence de masse à des échelles de longueur atomique. La dépendance en température de la conductivité thermique a été déterminée pour les nanofils dopés de silicium afin d'observer une réduction de la conductivité thermique à une valeur de 4,6 W.m-1K-1 dans des nanofils de silicium fortement dopés avec un diamètre de 38 nm. En tenant compte de la conductivité électrique et du coefficient Seebeck calculé, on a observé un ZT de 0,5. Avec l'augmentation significative de l'efficacité du silicium en tant que matériau thermoélectrique, une application pratique réelle sur les appareils n'est pas loin de la réalité. / Thermoelectric conversion has gained renewed interest based on the possibilities of increasing the efficiencies while exploiting the size effects. For instance, nanowires theoretically show increased power factors along with reduced phonon transport owing to confinement and/or size effects. In this context, the diameter of the nanowires becomes a crucial parameter to address in order to obtain high thermoelectric efficiencies. A usual approach is directed towards reducing the phononic thermal conductivity in nanowires by achieving enhanced boundary scattering while reducing diameters.In this work, thermal characterisation of a dense forest of silicon, germanium, silicon-germanium and Bi2Te3 alloy nanowires is done through a sensitive 3ω method. These forest of nanowires for silicon, germanium and silicon-germanium alloy were grown through bottom-up technique following the Vapour-Liquid-Solid mechanism in Chemical vapour deposition. The template-assisted and gold catalyst growth of nanowires with controlled diameters was achieved with the aid of tuneable nanoporous alumina as templates. The nanowires are grown following the internal geometry of the nanopores, in such a case the surface profile of the nanowires can be modified according to the fabricated geometry of nanopores. Benefiting from this fact, high-density growth of diameter-modulated nanowires was also demonstrated, where the amplitude and the period of modulation can be easily tuned during the fabrication of the templates. Even while modulating the diameters during growth, the nanowires were structurally characterised to be monocrystalline through transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis.The thermal characterisation of these nanowires revealed a strong diameter dependent decrease in the thermal conductivity, where the reduction was predominantly linked to strong boundary scattering. The mean free path contribution to the thermal conductivity observed in the bulk of fabricated nanowire materials vary a lot, where Bi2Te3 has strikingly low mean free path distribution (0.1 nm to 15 nm) as compared to the other materials. Even then, reduced thermal conductivities (~40%) were observed in these alloys attributed to boundary and impurity scattering. On the other hand, silicon and germanium have higher thermal conductivity with a larger mean free path distribution. In these nanowires, a significant reduction (10-15 times) was observed with a strong dependence on the size of the nanowires.While size effects reduce the thermal conductivity by enhanced boundary scattering, doping these nanowires can incorporate mass-difference scattering at atomic length scales. The temperature dependence of thermal conductivity was determined for doped nanowires of silicon to observe a reduction in thermal conductivity to a value of 4.6 W.m-1K-1 in highly n-doped silicon nanowires with 38 nm diameter. Taking into account the electrical conductivity and calculated Seebeck coefficient, a ZT of 0.5 was observed. With these significant increase in the efficiency of silicon as a thermoelectric material, a real practical application to devices is not far from reality.

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