The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes are well known for their regulation of pro-survival signalling cascades that result in increased cell survival and proliferation. However, most of what we understand is based on Class I PI3K enzymes and much less is understood about the Class II enzymes. Loss of PI3K C2α in mice results in embryonic lethality, or severe glomerular injury with increased morbidity. In contrast, PI3K C2β deficient mice display no apparent phenotype and are healthy and viable. Previous work in our laboratory revealed that administration of a sub-nephritogenic dose of nephrotoxic serum led to an augmented immune response resulting in glomerular damage and impaired renal function, which was associated with T-cell infiltration. Elucidating the immunological basis of this sensitivity was the basis of my project. In response to a subcutaneous injection of sheep IgG in complete Freund’s adjuvant, the spleens of PI3K C2β-/- mice showed prominent germinal centre associated cell proliferation that was absent in the controls. Analysis of splenocyte populations revealed that PI3K C2β-/- mice had an increased population of CD4+ T-cells and when cultured in vitro within a total splenocyte population, the increased CD4+ T-cell population was maintained. However, this effect was lost when T-cells were purified and maintained ex vivo. These data suggest that the increased PI3K C2β-/- CD4+ proliferation may be due to additional factors within the total splenocyte population. B-cell populations from the spleens of PI3K C2β-/- mice had higher CD19 expression compared to B-cells from control mice. Elevated levels of CD19 are associated with a reduced activation threshold. In response to stimulation with a sub-optimal dose of LPS and IL-4 PI3K C2β-/- B-cells underwent increased class switch recombination, displayed increased metabolic activity and remained viable for longer than B-cells from control mice. B-cell lysates from PI3K C2β-/- mice also revealed increased levels of phosphorylated MEK1/2. These data indicate that PI3K C2β may serve as a negative regulator of B-cell function and that loss of this PI3K enzyme isoform activity produces a heightened immune response which may lead to a predisposition to associated pathologies.

Les cellules endothéliales (CE) qui tapissent la surface luminale des vaisseaux sanguins sont sensibles aux variations des contraintes hémodynamiques engendrées par le flux sanguin comme les forces de cisaillements (FC). Altérer les mécanismes qui détectent les FC pourrait compromettre l’intégrité des CE entrainant une dysfonction endothéliale et le développement de l'athérosclérose, qui reste la cause majeure des pathologies cardiovasculaires. L'athérosclérose se développe initialement au niveau des embranchements et des courbures des vaisseaux, au niveau de territoires vasculaires où les FC sont faibles et où les CE présentent un phénotype «pro-athérogène». Dans ce contexte physiopathologique, mon projet de thèse cherche à identifier un nouveau mécanisme qui pourrait retarder le développement des plaques d’athéromes au niveau des régions vasculaires qualifiées de «pro-athérogènes» où les FC sont faibles. De façon intéressante le cil primaire (CP), protrusion membranaire présente à la surface de la CE, serait capable d’intégrer ces faibles FC. En réponse à ces forces, cet organelle cellulaire pourrait activer des voies de signalisation protectrices nécessaires pour contrebalancer les mécanismes de dysfonction endothéliale. Ainsi, bloquer l'assemblage et/ou la fonction du CP à la surface des CE pourrait participer à l'accélération du processus athéromateux. Récemment, des études ont établi une communication à double sens entre le CP et l'autophagie en réponse aux faibles FC. Parmi les acteurs de signalisation impliqués dans l'autophagie, les phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K), enzymes clés impliquées dans la production de 3-phosphoinositides (3-PI), pourraient être d'un intérêt majeur. En effet, le PI(3)P, 3-PI produit par les PI3K de classe II et de classe III, est impliqué dans la nucléation de la vésicule d’autophagie. Bien que VPS34 (unique PI3K de classe III) soit décrite comme la principale isoforme de PI3K capable de réguler l'autophagie, l'implication de l’isoforme alpha des PI3K de classe II vient juste d’être caractérisée. De façon originale, la PI3KCIIalpha a également été identifiée comme un régulateur majeur de la biogenèse du CP via la synthèse de PI(3)P dans les fibroblastes embryonnaires et dans les cellules épithéliales rénales. Ainsi, l’ensemble de ces données nous ont amené à étudier la PI3KCIIα au niveau de l'interaction entre le CP et l’autophagie dans les CE. Mon travail a particulièrement mis à jour le rôle central de cette enzyme dans le maintien d’une signalisation protectrice essentielle pour garantir la fonction endothéliale. Mon projet de thèse propose d’identifier les mécanismes moléculaires contrôlant l'interaction entre le CP et l’autophagie in vitro dans les HUVEC et le rôle de la PI3KCIIα dans un contexte de FC in vivo dans des souris ApoE-/- capables de développer spontanément des plaques d’athérome. Mes résultats indiquent que la délétion de la PI3KCIIα abolit la biogénèse du CP et réduit le flux autophagique dans les HUVEC. En utilisant un modèle de souris athéromateuses invalidé pour la PI3KCIIα (ApoE-/- PI3KCIIα+/-), mon travail montre que l'absence de l’interaction entre le CP et l’autophagie in vivo pourrait participer à la progression des plaques d'athérome dans les régions vasculaires où les FC sont faibles. Enfin, nos résultats démontrent qu’en absence de la PI3KCIIα et de l'interaction entre le CP et l’autophagie, les CE de ces zones pro-athérogènes ne sont plus capables de réguler leur morphologie, suggérant que ces cellules perdent leur capacité d’adaptation aux faibles FC. En étudiant l’interaction entre l’autophagie et le CP dans les CE, mon projet de thèse permettra une meilleure compréhension des fonctions biologiques contrôlées par les FC dans ces cellules et offrira de nouvelles perspectives dans l’identification de mécanismes moléculaires originaux impliqués dans les premières étapes du développement de la plaque d'athérome. / Endothelial cells (EC) are highly responsive to changes in hemodynamic shear stress (SS) that drags the vessel luminal surface. Altering the mechanisms that detect SS on EC could compromise its integrity leading to the initiation of endothelial dysfunction and the development of atherosclerosis, the underlying cause of coronary artery disease (CAD). In arterial tree, atherosclerosis develops in a pattern that correlates with low shear stress (SS) localized with branches and curvatures where EC present an “atheroprone” phenotype. In this context, my PhD project proposes to identify novel mechanism in atheroprone territories that could delay atherogenic response induced by low SS. Very interestingly, primary cilium (PC) that protrudes from EC surface was shown to integrate these low SS forces and relay protective signaling pathways in order to counteract EC dysfunction. Thus, we hypothesized that blocking PC assembly and/or functions could participate to the acceleration of atheroma plaque progression. Recent findings links PC with autophagy as an important crosstalk in response to low SS. Among the signaling module involved in autophagy, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) which are key enzymes involved in 3-phosphoinositides (3-PI) production, could be of major interest. Indeed, a critical 3-PI signaling involved in the nucleation of autophagic vesicle is PI(3)P, a product of class II and class III PI3K. Although the class III PI3K VPS34 is largely described as a master regulator of autophagy, the implication of class II PI3K is less characterized. Meanwhile, PI3KCII was also clearly identified in embryonic fibroblast and renal epithelial cell as a regulator of PC biogenesis via PI(3)P synthesis. Altogether, these data led us to investigate the role of PI3KCIIα as an essential protective signaling hub of EC through PC/autophagy interplay. My PhD project defines more specifically the molecular mechanisms controlling PC/autophagy interplay in vitro in HUVEC and the role of PI3KCIIα in fluid flow context in vivo in ApoE-/- atherosclerotic animal model. My results indicate that deletion of PI3KCIIα abrogated PC biogenesis and decreased autophagic flux in HUVEC. Using a mice model deleted for PI3KCIIα prone to atherosclerosis (ApoE-/-PI3KCII+/-), my work reveals that absence of PC/autophagy interplay in vivo could participate to atheroma plaques progression in low SS parts of the arterial tree. Finally, our data support the idea that EC of atheroprone areas were not able to regulate their morphology in absence of PI3KCIIα contributing to a defect in adaptation to low SS in absence of PC/autophagy interplay. By connecting autophagy and PC, my PhD project improve our understanding of the biological functions of EC controlled by SS and open new advances in the comprehension of molecular mechanisms involved in the first steps of atheroma plaque development.

Phosphatidyl D-myo-inositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] contributes to the activation of protein kinase B (PKB) by interacting with the PKB PH domain. PKB is known to be up-regulated in several cancer cell types. Compounds that can display selective inhibition of this kinase have promising chemotherapeutic potential, and inhibition of the PH domain of PKB represents a realistic means by which to achieve this. Analysis of the X-ray crystal structures of apo PKBαPH and PKBαPH bound to D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate [InsP4, the inositol head group of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] led to the design of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and InsP4 analogues as potential PKB PH domain inhibitors. The synthesis of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 analogues modified at the C-4 position was investigated, but it was discovered that such compounds were prone to migration of the 1-position phosphate. Subsequently, a range of racemic InsP4 analogues, modified at the C-1 or C-4 position, were successfully synthesised. Advanced progress has also been made towards the synthesis of enantiomerically pure analogues of InsP4.

No description available.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase is a family of lipid kinases that function by phosphorylating the D3 position of phosphoinositide (PI) lipids generating PI(3)P, PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. These D3 phosphoinositides regulate various cellular processes through the recruitment of effector proteins containing lipid specific pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. PI phosphatases such as PTEN and SHIP function to restrain PI3K signaling by limiting the amount of D3 PI available for binding. Deletion of either PTEN or SHIP significantly alters B cell function and humoral immune responses. TAPP1 and TAPP2 are dual PH domain containing adaptors which selectively bind the phosphoinositide PI(3,4)P2 via their C-terminal PH domains. PI(3,4)P2 is a lipid messenger generated by PI3K and through the inositol phosphatase activity of SHIP. The function of PI(3,4)P2 remains incompletely understood. To identify the functional role of TAPP-PI(3,4)P2 interactions, we utilized a knock-in (KI) mouse bearing mutations within the PI-binding pocket of both TAPPs. Our study assessed the effect of PI3K dependent KI mutation on B lymphocyte development, activation and antibody production. Flow cytometry analyses of lymphoid tissues found that TAPP KI mice develop relatively normal frequencies of mature B cell populations with the exception of peritoneal B1 cells, which are increased by approximately 50%. Strikingly, TAPP KI mice developed substantially elevated serum antibody levels. TAPP KI mice were able to generate high affinity antigen-binding antibodies upon immunization with NP-OVA in alum adjuvant; however, total immunoglobulin production was markedly increased under this immunization condition. We further assessed the germinal centre (GC) response, which are known to require PI3K signaling and a hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) antibody responses. TAPP KI mice generated larger germinal centers (GC) upon immunization, which was associated with increased GC B cell survival. We further assessed whether uncoupling of TAPPs from PI(3,4)P2 alters B cell signaling and functional responses in vitro. B cells purified from TAPP KI mice were found to have altered functional responses in vitro, with significantly increased survival and cell division following antigen receptor cross-linking. Consistent with increased cell survival, TAPP KI B cells show increased Akt phosphorylation on Ser473 and Thr308 after antigen receptor cross-linking. However, reconstitution of B cell deficient mice with either WT or TAPP KI B cells was found to generate similar GC responses, suggesting that activation of other cells may contribute to the enhanced in vivo responses. Consistently, when we examined the CD4+ T follicular helper cells, a subset providing critical cues to GC responses, we found increased expression of ICOS activation marker. Our results indicate the interactions of TAPP adapters with PI(3,4)P2 serve to restrain lymphocyte activation and limit antibody production, providing the first in vivo evidence that this interaction is important for immune function.

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase is a family of lipid kinases that function by phosphorylating the D3 position of phosphoinositide (PI) lipids generating PI(3)P, PI(3,4)P2 and PI(3,4,5)P3. These D3 phosphoinositides regulate various cellular processes through the recruitment of effector proteins containing lipid specific pleckstrin homology (PH) domains. PI phosphatases such as PTEN and SHIP function to restrain PI3K signaling by limiting the amount of D3 PI available for binding. Deletion of either PTEN or SHIP significantly alters B cell function and humoral immune responses. TAPP1 and TAPP2 are dual PH domain containing adaptors which selectively bind the phosphoinositide PI(3,4)P2 via their C-terminal PH domains. PI(3,4)P2 is a lipid messenger generated by PI3K and through the inositol phosphatase activity of SHIP. The function of PI(3,4)P2 remains incompletely understood. To identify the functional role of TAPP-PI(3,4)P2 interactions, we utilized a knock-in (KI) mouse bearing mutations within the PI-binding pocket of both TAPPs. Our study assessed the effect of PI3K dependent KI mutation on B lymphocyte development, activation and antibody production. Flow cytometry analyses of lymphoid tissues found that TAPP KI mice develop relatively normal frequencies of mature B cell populations with the exception of peritoneal B1 cells, which are increased by approximately 50%. Strikingly, TAPP KI mice developed substantially elevated serum antibody levels. TAPP KI mice were able to generate high affinity antigen-binding antibodies upon immunization with NP-OVA in alum adjuvant; however, total immunoglobulin production was markedly increased under this immunization condition. We further assessed the germinal centre (GC) response, which are known to require PI3K signaling and a hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) antibody responses. TAPP KI mice generated larger germinal centers (GC) upon immunization, which was associated with increased GC B cell survival. We further assessed whether uncoupling of TAPPs from PI(3,4)P2 alters B cell signaling and functional responses in vitro. B cells purified from TAPP KI mice were found to have altered functional responses in vitro, with significantly increased survival and cell division following antigen receptor cross-linking. Consistent with increased cell survival, TAPP KI B cells show increased Akt phosphorylation on Ser473 and Thr308 after antigen receptor cross-linking. However, reconstitution of B cell deficient mice with either WT or TAPP KI B cells was found to generate similar GC responses, suggesting that activation of other cells may contribute to the enhanced in vivo responses. Consistently, when we examined the CD4+ T follicular helper cells, a subset providing critical cues to GC responses, we found increased expression of ICOS activation marker. Our results indicate the interactions of TAPP adapters with PI(3,4)P2 serve to restrain lymphocyte activation and limit antibody production, providing the first in vivo evidence that this interaction is important for immune function.

La physiopathologie artérielle comprend différentes pathologies telles que l'hypertension, l'athérosclérose, l'hyperplasie intimale qui sont caractérisées par un remodelage artériel en réponse à différents stress environnementaux. Mon travail de thèse s'est intéressé à décrire les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires mis en jeu en réponse à un stress artériel dans des modèles murins et de proposer de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques dans la prévention des dommages artériels. Ainsi, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle d'une isoforme particulière de la famille des phosphoinositide 3-kinase, la PI3Ky. Cette protéine est largement exprimée dans le compartiment hématopoïétique, où son activité catalytique intervient dans l'inflammation de la paroi artérielle, mais elle est également présente à de plus faible niveau dans les CML et les CE. Associée à son rôle catalytique largement impliqué dans la migration et la libération de facteurs inflammatoires, la PI3Ky a été décrite comme ayant des fonctions non-catalytiques, dite " d'ancrage ", activant des phosphodiestérases (PDE). Ainsi, en utilisant deux modèles murins génétiquement modifiés pour la PI3Ky, l'un délété pour la PI3Ky (PI3KyKO pour knockout) et l'autre exprimant une forme inactive de la PI3Ky (PI3KyKD pour kinase dead) nous avons pu évaluer le rôle des 2 fonctions dans des modèles murins de lésions artérielle. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés au rôle non-catalytique de la PI3Ky dans les CML. A partir d'un modèle murin de remodelage artériel induit par un stress hypertenseur nous avons observé que l'hyperplasie médiale des CML est dépendante de la PI3Ky, mais indépendante de son activité catalytique. In vitro à partir de cultures primaires de CML de souris nous avons démontré que la PI3Ky régule l'activité des PDE indépendamment de son activité, limitant les taux intracellulaires d'AMPc qui est un puissant frein de la prolifération des CML. Ces modèles nous ont aussi permis de tester une stratégie thérapeutique originale utilisant un peptide perméant inhibant l'interaction PI3Ky/PDE. Ce peptide est capable de prévenir à la fois la prolifération des CML in vitro mais aussi l'hyperplasie médiale in vivo. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié comment l'activité PI3Ky inflammatoire, inhibe la cicatrisation endothéliale suite à une lésion endovasculaire. A l'aide de différents modèles in vivo et ex vivo de réendothélialisation chez la souris, nous avons pu observer que suite à une lésion vasculaire l'activité de PI3Ky des lymphocytes T induit la sécrétion d'IFNy, entrainant une production locale de CXCL10 par les CML. Cette chimiokine va directement inhiber la cicatrisation endothéliale, indépendamment du compartiment immun. Ces travaux ont permis d'une part de démontrer que l'inhibition de la PI3Ky représentait une stratégie thérapeutique envisageable dans les complications de l'angioplastie mais ont également permis de montrer les mécanismes d'interactions cellulaires complexes mis en jeu lors d'une agression artérielle. Ils ont notamment permis de démontrer un rôle central de la CML agissant comme un relai entre l'inflammation adventitielle et l'endothélium. L'ensemble de ces données a pu mettre en avant une double fonction de la PI3Ky dans les processus de réponse à un stress inflammatoire ou hémodynamique. D'une part, son rôle pro-inflammatoire contrôlé par son activité catalytique, responsable d'une inhibition de la cicatrisation endothéliale via l'activation des CML. D'autre part, son rôle non-catalytique dans les CML, modulant leur prolifération via la signalisation de l'AMPc. Ces travaux permettent d'envisager de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques visant d'une part à inhiber son activité en utilisant des inhibiteurs hautement spécifiques pour cette isoforme et d'autre part des peptides capables de bloquer le rôle non catalytique de la PI3Ky. / Cardiovascular diseases represent the first cause of death worldwide and a large part of them concerns different arterial disorders as hypertension, atherosclerosis, intimal hyperplasia and aneurism. All of these diseases are characterized by arterial remodeling resulting in a complex collaboration between environment and arterial physiology participants: Blood flow, endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells (SMC) and arterial inflammation. In this context, this thesis project is interested in y-isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3Ky). PI3Ky is largely expressed in hematopoietic compartment where its catalytic activity drives arterial wall inflammation, but it is also lower expressed in cardiovascular system such as SMC and EC. Moreover, in addition to catalytic function implicated in chemoattraction and release of inflammatory mediators, PI3Ky has been described to activate phosphodiesterases (PDE) activity, through a non-catalytic "docking" function. At first, this work studied studied non-catalytic docking function of PI3Ky in SMC. Using hypertension-induced arterial remodeling in mice showed that SMC hyperplasia was dependent of PI3Ky protein expression but independent of its activity. Further, in vitro exploration with primary-SMC from mice aorta highlighted that PI3Ky activates PDE independently of its catalytic function, which promotes SMC proliferation by hydrolysis of an anti-mitotic second messenger: the cyclic-AMP. In the same approach, we tested original therapeutic strategy using a permeant-peptide which inhibits PI3Ky/PDE interaction. This permeant-peptide showed good efficiency to prevent both in vitro SMC proliferation and in vivo arterial SMC hyperplasia. The second part of this work how PI3Ky activity in inflammatory cells modulates endothelial healing following endovascular injury. Using in vivo and ex vivo models of arterial de-endothelialization in mouse, we observed a cellular cross talk in arterial wall between T-cells, SMC and EC. PI3Ky activity in T-cells promotes IFNy secretion following arterial injury which indirectly decreases re-endothelialization through a local secretion of CXCL10 by SMC. Indeed, CXCL10 directly inhibits endothelial healing independently of immune compartment. Our findings provide a new promising target to promote endothelial repair and therefore prevent cardiovascular events following endovascular intervention.Altogether, these works unravel an interesting dual function of PI3Ky in arterial stress response. In one hand, catalytic function of PI3Ky drives inflammatory-induced inhibition of endothelial healing, and in other hand, non-catalytic function controls SMC proliferation via inhibition of cyclic-AMP pathway.

The PIK3R1 gene encodes three proteins - p85$\alpha$, p50$\alpha$ and p55$\alpha$ - that are regulatory subunits of Class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks). These regulatory subunits heterodimerise with one of three catalytic subunit isoforms, namely p110$\alpha$, p110$\beta$, or p110$\delta$. Class IA PI3Ks are critical enzymes involved in fundamental metabolic and mitogenic signalling pathways. This thesis describes the delineation of biochemical and molecular mechanisms whereby PIK3R1 mutations cause diverse disease phenotypes observed in SHORT syndrome (defined by Short stature, Hyperextensibility, Ocular depression, Rieger anomaly and Teething delay), the primary immunodeficiency Activated PI3K-$\delta$ Syndrome 2 (APDS2), and cancer. Initial studies of purified wildtype or mutant PI3K complexes, utilising a modified PI3K fluorescence polarisation lipid kinase assay, established that SHORT syndrome-associated p85$\alpha$ mutations impaired phosphotyrosine peptide-stimulated PI3K activity when heterodimerised with either of the Class IA catalytic subunit isoforms. Two cancer-associated mutations assessed using the same assay demonstrated differential effects on PI3K function, causing either basal activation or impaired phosphotyrosine peptide-stimulated PI3K activity. To examine the effect of SHORT syndrome-associated p85$\alpha$ mutations in insulin-responsive cell types, 3T3-L1 preadipocyte models with conditional overexpression of p85$\alpha$ Y657X or p85$\alpha$ R649W were generated. Doxycycline-induced overexpression of mutant p85$\alpha$ attenuated insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation due to reduced insulin-stimulated association of p85$\alpha$/p110$\alpha$ heterodimers with either IRS1 or IRS2. This in turn resulted in impaired downstream signalling as indicated by low adipogenic efficiency. Cells and tissues isolated from Pik3r1$^{WT/Y657X}$ knock-in mice also demonstrated decreased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Observations from a system with endogenous expression of mutant p85$\alpha$ Y657X supported the results obtained in the 3T3-L1 p85$\alpha$ overexpression models. The final part of this thesis focussed on a PIK3R1 exon skipping mutant (p85$\alpha$ $\Delta$Ex11) that confers PI3K activation in lymphocytes and causes APDS2. APDS2 patients have an immune-restricted phenotype, even though the mutation occurs within the ubiquitously expressed PIK3R1. To investigate this phenomenon, the doxycycline-inducible system was used to model overexpression of p85$\alpha$ $\Delta$Ex11, as well as an activating p110$\alpha$ H1047R mutation associated with cancer, in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Surprisingly, given that APDS2 is not normally associated with metabolic or growth problems, high overexpression of p85$\alpha$ $\Delta$Ex11 severely attenuated insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and adipocyte differentiation. There was also reduced insulin-stimulated recruitment of p110$\alpha$ to either IRS1 or IRS2, and impaired heterodimerisation of p85$\alpha$ $\Delta$Ex11 with p110$\alpha$. Collectively, the data presented in this thesis contributes to the developing knowledge of PIK3R1-related diseases. In particular, these studies provided novel insights into the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of SHORT syndrome-associated p85$\alpha$ mutations. Additionally, these data delivered further understanding of potential mechanisms underlying the immune-specific phenotype of APDS2 caused by PIK3R1 mutations.

Doxorubicin (Dox) is a major anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. However, it causes cardiomyopathy due to the side effect of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. We have previously reported that angiopoietin-1 significantly reduced myocardial infarction after ischemic injury and protected cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. It is hypothesized that angiopoietin-1 may protect cardiomyocytes from Dox-induced apoptosis. Cardiomyocytes H9C2 were transfected with adenovirus expressing angiopoietin-1 (Ad5-Ang-1) 24 h before the cells were challenged with Dox at a concentration of 2 μmol/L. Ad5-GFP served as the vector control. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated using Annexin V-FITC staining and caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity was determined by Western blotting. The results showed that Dox treatment significantly induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis as evidenced by the greater number of Annexin V-FITC stained cells and increases in caspase-3 and caspase-8 activity. In contrast, overexpression of angiopoietin-1 significantly prevented Dox-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanisms by which angiopoietin-1 protected cells from Dox-induced apoptosis, we analyzed both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. We observed that angiopoietin-1 prevented Dox-induced activation of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. Specifically, angiopoietin-1 prevented DOX-induced in-creases in FasL and Bax levels and cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-8 levels in H9C2 cells. In addition, overexpression of angiopoietin-1 also activated the pro-survival phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway and decreased Dox-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) activation. Our data suggest that promoting the expression of angiopoietin-1 could be a potential approach for reducing Dox-induced cardiomyocyte cytoxicity.

Objective: The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment induces cardioprotection following ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and high mobility group box 1 (HMGBx1) signaling plays an important role in LPS-induced cardioprotection. Methods: In in vivo experiments, age- and weight-matched male C57BL/10Sc wild type mice were pretreated with LPS before ligation of the left anterior descending coronary followed by reperfusion. Infarction size was examined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Akt, phospho-Akt, and HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblotting with appropriate primary antibodies. In situ cardiac myocyte apoptosis was examined by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In an in vitro study, rat cardiac myoblasts (H9c2) were subdivided into two groups, and only one was pretreated with LPS. After pretreatment, the cells were transferred into a hypoxic chamber under 0.5% O2. Levels of HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblot. Results: In the in vivo experiment, pretreatment with LPS reduced the at risk infarct size by 70.6% and the left ventricle infarct size by 64.93% respectively. Pretreatment with LPS also reduced cardiac myocytes apoptosis by 39.1% after ischemia and reperfusion. The mechanisms of LPS induced cardioprotection involved increasing PI3K/Akt activity and decreasing expression of HMGBx1. In the in vitro study, pretreatment with LPS reduced the level of HMGBx1 in H9c2 cell cytoplasm following hypoxia. Conclusion: The results suggest that the cardioprotection following I/R induced by LPS pretreatment involves PI3K/Akt and HMGBx1 pathways.