Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) are biocompatible polymers that act as hydrophilic "stealth" drug carriers. As block copolymers, the PEOX group offers a wider variety of functionalization. The goal of this project was to synthesize a poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEO-b-PEOX) block copolymer and functionalize pendent groups of PEOX with phosphonic acid. This was achieved through cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP) of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline monomer onto PEO. These polymerizations used tosylsulfonyl chloride as initiator. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used to determine the molecular weights of the block copolymers. Two samples of 1:2 and one sample of 1:3 of PEO-to-PEOX block copolymers were made. These samples underwent partial hydrolysis of the PEOX pendent groups to form the random block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-co-poly(ethyleneimine) (PEO-b-PEOX-co-PEI). These reactions showed that there was a degree of control based on the moles of acid. Diethyl vinyl phosphonate was attached to the nitrogen of PEI units via Michael addition where the phosphorylation left <1% of PEI units unattached. The ethyl groups on the phosphonates were further hydrolyzed off phosphonate with HCl acid leaving phosphonic acid. After each step of synthesis, structures and composition were confirmed using ¹H NMR. Due to the nature of the phosphonic acid, the polymer can be utilized in the incorporation and release of cationic drugs. / Master of Science

Die strukturelle Vielfalt von Metallphosphonaten macht sie zu vielversprechenden Kandidaten für vielzählige Anwendungen, erschwert aber zugleich eine planmäßige Synthese. Die Untersuchung der Bildungsmechanismen kristalliner Übergangs-metallphosphonate stellt Zusammenhänge zwischen Synthesebedingungen und resultierender Struktur her. In dieser Arbeit wurden unterschiedliche Phosphonsäuren mit divalenten Metallionen umgesetzt und so verschiedene Metallphosphonate mit diversen Strukturen erhalten. Die Kristallstrukturen neuer Verbindungen wurden mittels Röntgenpulver-diffraktometrie aufgeklärt. Systematische Untersuchungen zeigten einen direkten Zusammenhang zwischen bestimmten Strukturmotiven und Eigenschaften der Verbindungen. Das Bestreben nach umweltfreundlichen und wirtschaftlichen Synthesemethoden wird durch die Mechanochemie erfüllt. Die zugrundeliegenden Reaktions-mechanismen liegen im Dunkeln, sodass Mechanochemie größtenteils als „trial and error“-Methode funktioniert. In situ Untersuchungen mechanochemischer Reaktionen erlauben die Aufklärung der Reaktionswege und weitere Optimierung der Prozesse. Nach der Optimierung des experimentellen Aufbaus wurde in dieser Arbeit eine Kombination der Methoden Röntgenpulverdiffraktometrie und Thermographie zur Aufklärung der Bildungmechanismen von Metallphosphonaten eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse der in situ Untersuchungen zeigen die Bildung von Metallphosphonaten als dreistufigen Prozess, der über einen nicht-kristallinen Zustand verläuft. / The structural diversity of metal phosphonates makes them promising candidates for numerous applications, but at the same time makes planned synthesis difficult. The study of the formation mechanisms of crystalline transition metal phosphonates establishes correlations between synthesis conditions and resulting structure. In this work, different phosphonic acids were reacted with divalent metal ions to obtain various metal phosphonates with diverse structures. The crystal structures of new compounds were solved by X-ray powder diffraction. Systematic studies showed a direct correlation between certain structural motifs and properties of the compounds. The search for environmentally friendly and economical synthesis methods is met by mechanochemistry. The underlying reaction mechanisms are unclear, so mechanochemistry functions largely as a "trial and error" method. In situ studies of mechanochemical reactions allow the elucidation of reaction pathways and further optimization of processes. After optimizing the experimental setup, a combination of X-ray powder diffraction and thermography methods was used in this work to elucidate the formation mechanisms of metal phosphonates. The results of the in situ investigations show the formation of metal phosphonates as a three-step process proceeding via a non-crystalline state.

This dissertation focuses on the synthesis and characterization of functional poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx) containing homo- and block copolymers that are potential materials for membrane-based water purification and gas separation, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging and tissue engineering applications. The polymerization of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline (EtOx) was investigated with regard to the effects of initiator structures and reaction parameters such as polymerization time and temperature on molecular weight control and molecular weight distribution, endgroup functionality, living characteristics, and mechanism and kinetics. The structure of initiators was shown to significantly affect the molecular weight control and molecular weight distribution of PEtOx oligomers. Methyl triflate initiated polymerizations were found to result in oligomers with low polydispersity (PDI) values around 1.10-1.15 and symmetrical chromatograms were obtained via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) studies with the use of refractive index, light scattering and viscosity detectors. However, EtOx polymerizations initiated by halide containing initiators such as benzyl chloride, dibromo- and diiodo-p-xylene, and vinylsilylpropyl iodides yielded PEtOx oligomers with higher PDI values ~ 1.30-1.40. Higher molecular weight distributions can be attributed to the presence of covalent species during polymerization and slower initiation rate as evidenced by kinetic studies when compared to PEtOx prepared from methyl triflate initiators. In all cases, termination reactions with aliphatic cyclic amines were quantitative. Mono- and diamine functional PEtOx oligomers with controlled molecular weight and excellent end-group functionality may be used as prepolymers for incorporation into multiblock and graft copolymer and crosslinked structures for a variety of applications such as membranes and hydrogels for tissue engineering matrices. Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) containing block copolymers were prepared using the macroinitiator method. First, amphiphilic triblock copolymers with hydrophobic poly(arylene ether sulfone) (PSF) central block and hydrophilic PEtOx side blocks were synthesized via polymerization of EtOx sequences from tosylate functional telechelic PSF macroinitiators. PSFs are well-known engineering thermoplastics with excellent resistance to hydrolysis and oxidation, as well as displaying good mechanical properties, thermal stability and toughness. Phenol functional PSFs were prepared via step-growth polymerization of dichlorodiphenylsulfone and bisphenol-A (slight excess) monomers. Phenolic chain ends were then converted to aliphatic hydroxyethyl endgroups by reaction with ethylene carbonate. Upon treatment with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride, tosylate functional PSF macroinitiators were prepared. PEtOx-b-PSF-b-PEtOx triblock copolymers (pendent acyl groups of PEtOx side blocks) were partially hydrolyzed in an acidic medium to introduce random charged poly(ethylene imine) units to prepare ionomer structures that may show good salt rejection, water flux and antibacterial properties for membrane-based water purification applications. Phosphonic acid modified poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEO-b-PEtOx) diblock copolymers were prepared via cationic ring opening polymerization of EtOx monomers from tosylate functional PEO macroinitiators and subsequent functionalization reactions on the polyoxazoline block. Post-modification reactions included controlled partial pendent acyl group hydrolysis under an acidic medium to form the random block copolymers of PEtOx and poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI), Michael addition of diethylvinyl phosphonate groups to PEI units and hydrolysis of the ethyl groups on the phosphonates to yield pendent phosphonic acid groups on the polyoxazoline block. After each step of functionalization reactions, structures and compositions were confirmed utilizing 1H NMR and the degree of phosphorylation was found to be > 95%. Both PEO and PEtOx are biocompatible polymers and the anionic quality of the phosphonic acid has the potential to be pH controllable and provide an environment where cationic drugs and contrast agents can be attached. Thus, these polymers have potential as drug carriers and contrast enhancement agents for magnetic resonance imaging applications. / Ph. D.

The current generation of Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) have many advantageous properties over other dental restorative materials but lack the compressive strength of these other materials. The aim of this project is to increase the compressive strength of conventional Glass Poly-Vinyl-Phosphonate cement by inclusion of reactive sub-micron filler particles. The setting characteristics, chemical reactivity and cement strength have been found using oscillating rheology, infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, potentiometer analysis, laser diffractometry and mechanical analysis. The addition of sub-micron filler particles in direct weight by weight replacement of aluminosilicate glass of a control material has increased the ultimate compressive strength of the new cement from 206MPa (control) to 250MPa after 365 days of aging. The strength of the new filler enhanced cements were comparable with the control material after 3 hours. The setting chemistry of the filler enhanced cements follows the same order as the control cement but at a decelerated rate. Theoretical modelling found that a large volume of sub-micron filler could fit into interstitial spacing in formed cement however the alteration of the aluminosilicate glass to polyelectrolyte ratio has been found to drastically alter the cement setting time. The use of cubic and polyhedral shaped filler particles as supposed to spherical particles may increase the cement strength further as greater packing densities are achieved. The formulation of a Glass Ionomer Cement with increased compressive strength may find use as a posterior restorative or as a better material for restoration of lesions and cavity liners.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 1 et 2 (HIV-1 et HIV-2) et de l'Hépatite B (HBV) représentent un intérêt particulier en santé publique. En effet, on estime à plus de 33 millions le nombre de personnes infectées par le virus HIV dans le monde et 360 millions par HBV. La transcriptase inverse (RT) est une enzyme nécessaire à leur réplication et constitue donc une cible majeure des drogues antivirales. Parmi les NRTI commercialisés, les analogues de nucleotides de type phosphonates acyclique, comme l'Adefovir (HEPSERA®, Gilead) et le Tenofovir (VIREAD®, Gilead) sous forme prodrogue, ont révolutionné les traitements contre les virus HBV et HIV. Devant l'emmergence de virus résistants, il est urgent de développer de nouveaux antiviraux plus puissants et surtout actifs sur ces souches afin d'optimiser les multithérapies antivirales. Dans ce but, nous avons conçu des analogues thiophosphonates dérivés de l'Adefovir (PMEA) et du Tenofovir (PMPA), non toxiques pour la cellules et actifs contre HIV-1, HIV-2 et HBV en culture de cellules infectées. Ces composés, baptisés Adethiovir et Tenothiovir, ont été synthétisés selon une méthode originale et ont fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet. Nous avons synthétisé les formes diphosphates correspondantes : incorporés par la RT, terminateurs de chaîne, ils contournent la résistance associée au mutant K65R. Notre objectif est donc de les pousser plus loin dans le « pipe-line » du développement de médicaments antiviraux. / The Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 and type 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and Hepatitis B (HBV) constitue a special interest in public health. Indeed, it is estimated that more than 33 million people infected with HIV worldwide and 360 million with HBV. Reverse transcriptase (RT) is an enzyme required for their replication and is therefore a key target for antiviral drugs. Among the NRTI marketed, nucleotide analogues like acyclic phosphonates, such as adefovir (Hepsera ®, Gilead) and Tenofovir (VIREAD ®, Gilead) as a prodrug form, have revolutionized the treatment against HBV and HIV. With the emmergence of resistant virus, there is a need to develop new antiviral compounds that are targetting especially these to optimize antiviral combination therapies. For this purpose, we designed analogues thiophosphonates derivatives Adefovir (PMEA) and tenofovir (PMPA), that are non-toxic in cells and active against HIV-1, HBV and HIV-2 infected cell cultures. These compounds, named Adethiovir Tenothiovir, were synthesized according to an original method and were the subject of a patent. We synthesized the corresponding diphosphates forms: incorporated by RT, chain terminators, they bypass the resistance associated with the K65R mutant. Our goal is to push them further in the "pipeline" development of antiviral drugs.

Title: Bifunctional chelators for selective copper(II) binding Autor: Bc. Monika Paúrová Department: Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Jan Kotek, Ph.D. Supervisor's e-mail: modrej@natur.cuni.cz Abstract: In this Master thesis, cyclam bifunctional derivatives bearing pendant phosphinate groups (4-methyl-11-p-aminobenzyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8- bis(methylenephosphinic acid)) and phosphonate groups (4-methyl-11-p-aminobenzyl- 1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-1,8-bis(methylenephosphonic acid)), were prepared and studied as potential ligands for complexation of divalent copper. These ligands are suitable for binding to a macromolecular carrier. Keywords: radiomedicine, copper, cyclam, chelating agent, phosphinate, phosphonate, kinetic inertness, kinetic lability, thermodynamic stability

Les systèmes hydrothermaux associés à la serpentinisation sont anoxiques et riches en $H_2$, $CH_4$ et molécules organiques. Ces composants alimentent des micro-organismes qui colonisent les systèmes serpentinisés, et ce en dépit d’un pH élevé et de faibles concentrations en accepteurs d'électrons et en carbone dissous. Dans ce travail, les communautés microbiennes ont été étudiées en se focalisant sur Prony, un écosystème serpentinisé côtier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, puis, en comparant différents écosystèmes serpentinisés, pour faire émerger des similarités taxonomiques et fonctionnelles. À Prony, nos analyses de métabarcoding ont mis en évidence l'importance d’une biosphère rare. L'analyse de métagénomes a permis de reconstruire 82 génomes procaryotes. Un de ces génomes est phylogénétiquement proche des espèces du genre Serpentinomonas, bactéries chimiolithotrophes isolées du site serpentinisé The Cedars, qui détiennent le record d’alcalophilie. Ces espèces et d'autres phylotypes, tels que les taxons affiliés aux Lost City Methanosarcinales, ont été trouvés dans plusieurs sites serpentinisés et pourraient contribuer à la définition d'une signature biologique des phénomènes de serpentinisation. En ciblant spécifiquement les métabolismes enrichis dans les milieux serpentinisés, nous avons pu mettre en évidence l'importance du métabolisme de l'hydrogène, des mécanismes cellulaires de réponse aux stress et d’une voie de dégradation des phosphonates, reposant sur l’activité d'une C-P lyase. Cette voie métabolique, qui a un rôle clé dans l'assimilation du phosphore et la libération de molécules organiques, vient enrichir les modèles écologiques des systèmes serpentinisés. / Serpentinizing hydrothermal systems are anoxic and enriched in $H_2$, $CH_4$ and organic molecules. These compounds support microbes that colonize serpentinizing systems, despite high pH and low concentrations of electron acceptors and dissolved inorganic carbon. In this work, two axes were explored to study the microbial communities. On the one hand, we focused on Prony, a coastal serpentinizing site in New Caledonia, and on the other hand we compared different serpentinizing systems to reveal taxonomic and functional similarities. At Prony, our metabarcoding analyses highlighted the importance of the rare biosphere. Moreover, 82 prokaryotic genomes were successfully reconstructed using five metagenomes from Prony. One of these genomes was phylogenetically close to the species of the genus Serpentinomonas, chemolithotrophic bacteria isolated at the serpentinizing site The Cedars that are capable of growth up to pH 12.5. These species, and other phylotypes, such as taxa affiliated with Lost City Methanosarcinales were identified in several serpentinizing sites and could contribute to the definition of a biological signature associated with serpentinization. By specifically targeting enriched metabolisms in serpentinizing environments, we highlighted key functions associated with hydrogen metabolism and environmental stress response mechanisms. The comparison of serpentinizing metagenomes revealed the importance of a phosphonate degradative pathway, based on the activity of a C-P lyase. This metabolic pathway, which plays a key role in the uptake of phosphorus and the release of organic molecules, was integrated into the ecological models of serpentinizing systems.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé un synthon original équipé à la fois d'une fonction phosphonate et d'une fonction xanthate qui a permis la création de deux liaisons carbone–carbone à la suite, dans une séquence efficace d'addition radicalaire–oléfination de Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons. L'intérêt de ce nouveau xanthate a été par ailleurs illustré en réalisant la synthèse d'alcaloïdes présentant un noyau pyridine, les xestamines C, E, et H. Ce synthon s'est montré aussi très utile dans la synthèse d'hétérocycles soufrés peu décrits dans la littérature, les thiéno[2,3-b]thiopyranones. Une séquence réalisée dans le même pot a permis l'obtention de divers composés très fonctionnalisés. La chimie radicalaire a servi pour la fonctionnalisation de la position 2 alors que la chimie ionique a servi pour la fonctionnalisation de la position 6. Nous avons aussi développé une nouvelle réaction radicalaire qui permet de transformer la fonction xanthate en thioéther arylique. Dans certains cas, une oxydation suivie d'une élimination du sulfoxyde résultant a conduit à des vinylsilanes intéressants. Enfin, nous avons mis au point une nouvelle méthodologie qui permet d'accéder rapidement et efficacement à des motifs bicyclo[3.2.1]octanes fonctionnalisés. Ceci nous a permis par la suite de réaliser une synthèse relativement courte du précurseur insaturé d'un modèle du maritimol, un diterpènoïde tétracyclique. La stratégie appliquée repose principalement sur une étape d'addition radicalaire par transfert de xanthate et de cyclisation radicalaire. La synthèse de l'énantiomère naturel du maritimol a ensuite été entreprise, et un intermédiaire relativement avancé a pu être obtenu.

Chiral Baeyer-Villiger (BV) oxidation of cyclic ketones allows rapid access to asymmetric lactones as valuable intermediates in organic chemistry and frequently encountered precursors in enantioselective synthesis. In the first part, BV oxidation of functionalized ketones, especially cyclic &amp / #61537 / -hydroxy and acetoxy ketones is described which could be a straightforward route to the &amp / #61537 / -hydroxy lactones and &amp / #61537 / -hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives. The &amp / #61537 / -acetoxylation of indanone, tetralone and chromanone derivatives by using Mn(OAc)3 followed by the enzyme catalyzed kinetic resolution of acetoxy ketones gives both of the enantiomers of &amp / #61537 / -acetoxy ketones in good chemical and optical yields. The Bayer-Villiger oxidation of &amp / #61537 / -acetoxy ketones with m-CPBA, CF3SO3H, and CH2Cl2, at rt gives the corresponding lactones without racemization. The phenyl moiety migrates selectively in order to form lactones. The mild hydrolysis of lactones affords phenolic &amp / #61537 / -hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives. Because of the high importance of pyrrole derivatives which exist in the structure of many natural products possessing biological activity beside their valuable feature of being versatile building blocks in organic synthesis and important starting materials for various synthetic transformations, a convenient method for the synthesis of 1,2,3,5-tetrasubstituted pyrrole derivatives starting from 1,3,-dicarbonyl compounds throuh acid catalyzed cyclization reaction is presented in the second part of the thesis. Alkylation of 1,3-dicarbonyl compound with propargyl bromide followed by one step cyclization with the introduction of primary amines in the presence of catalytic amount of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) affords the corresponding pyrrole derivatives in high yields. The third part of the thesis describes the cyano-phosphorylation of various alkyl and aryl phosphonates in the presence of diethyl cyanophosphonate (DEPC) as the phosphorylating agent under the promotion of the KCN catalyst. Reaction of acyl phosphonates with DEPC forms the phosphonocyanohydrin-O-phosphates which are the important starting materials of quaternary &amp / #945 / -hydroxy carboxylic acid and phosphonate containing &amp / #946 / -aminoalcohol derivatives.