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Many organizations form a visual language to brand and gain a competitive advantage in a competitive marketplace. The institutions of higher education are no exception. However, the conditions and context of branding in higher education are complex. The aim of this study is to explore how higher education uses the characteristics of their photographic language to brand and differentiate from other higher education institutions. The findings of this study rely on interviews with Communication Officers of four different Swedish universities. The analysis of the interviews suggests that there are distinct characteristics of the photographic language that the universities use for differentiation. The Communication Officers also argue that authenticity and inclusion are important aspects of their communication, pointing to the conclusion that all universities adapt to these as similar characteristics. The interviews also indicate that higher education want to differentiate from the visual language of global image banks and that they are all hesitant to mention competition within their context. To develop theories and models for visual branding within the context of higher education is a suggestion for future research, that might come to benefit many university representatives.

Molar Incisor Hypomineralization definieras som ett specifikt tillstånd orsakat av störningar i den tidiga fasen av emaljbildning av en eller flera permanenta första molarer med eller utan involvering av permanenta incisiver. Tidigare studier har visat att standardiserad intraoral fotograferingsteknik kan vara användbar för epidemiologiska studier av emaljdefekter. Denna studies syfte var att utveckla och utvärdera en fotografisk klassificering av allvarlighetsgraden av Molar Incisor Hypomineralization genom att studera metodens validitet och reliabilitet. 164, 10-12 åriga svenska barn granskades fotografiskt avseende prevalensen av Molar Incisor Hypomineralization. Först granskades endast första molarens ocklusalyta, därefter ocklusal- och buckalyta. Granskningarna jämfördes sedan med en tidigare utförd klinisk registrering, baserad på etablerade kriterier. Den fotografiska metodens validitet och reliabilitet beräknades. Vid beräkning av validiteten framgick att överensstämmelsen mellan den fotografiska och kliniska registreringen låg mellan 82-84 % på individnivå. Sensitiviteten för den fotografiska diagnostiken av ocklusalytorna var 48 % och specificiteten 95 %. Motsvarande siffror då buckalytorna inkluderades var 73 % och 88 %. Metodens reliabilitet resulterade i Cohens Kappa koefficienter som motsvarade ”moderat” och ”good” inom Kappa statistiken. Fotografisk klassificering bedöms användbar för diagnostisering av molar incisor hypomineralization, förutsatt att registreringen föregås av noggrann diagnostisk träning och kalibrering. / Molar Incisor Hypomineralization is defined as a specific condition caused by disturbance in the early phase of enamel formation in one or more of the permanent first molars, with or without the involvement of permanent incisors. Previous studies have shown that standardized intraoral photographic technique can be useful in epidemiological studies of enamel defects. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a photographic classification of the severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization by studying the validity and reliability of the methods. 164, 10 – 12 year old Swedish children were examined photographically for Molar Incisor Hypomineralization prevalence. The first examination only included the occlusal surface of the first molars, thereafter the occlusal and the buccal surfaces were examined. The findings from the photographical examinations were compared to a previously performed clinical registration, based on recognized criteria. The photographical method´s validity and reliability was calculated. The agreement between the photographic and the clinical examinations varied between 82-84 % on individual level. The sensitivity for the photographic examination of the occlusal surface only, was 48% and the specificity 95%. Corresponding results for occlusal and buccal surface were 73% and 88%. The reliability of the method, calculated using the Cohens Kappa coefficient, was judged as “moderate” to “good”. The photographic diagnostic method seems to be useful for diagnosis of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization. However, careful diagnostic training and calibration prior to registration is necessary.

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Cette étude s'attache au statut des ruines dans la photographie de guerre et en dresse l'inventaire de leurs aspects esthétiques. Le cas de la ville de Beyrouth, défigurée par les bombardements pendant la guerre civile (1975-1990), est à bien des égards exemplaire puisqu'elle a fait l'objet d'une commande photographique confiée à des photographes prestigieux, en 1991, qui avaient pour mission de conserver la mémoire d'un immense champ de ruines. Cette commande photographique est donc, pour cette raison, au centre de notre recherche. Pour saisir pleinement les enjeux des choix effectués par les photographes au cours de cette commande, il était nécessaire dans un premier temps, d'analyser la mise en place de la constitution d'une esthétique des ruines dans l'histoire de la photographie de guerre de 1853 à 1945, à travers des exemples célèbres sur les champs de bataille. Dans un deuxième temps, il était important de considérer les motivations et les objectifs de chacun des photographes dans le contexte de la commande, en les mettant en résonance avec d'autres expériences photographiques menées à Beyrouth pendant et après le conflit, mais aussi en filiation avec les cas étudiés dans la première partie. La troisième partie de cette thèse constitue un compendium des aspects esthétiques dans le traitement photographique des ruines de guerre à Beyrouth qui permet d'affirmer aujourd'hui que, la ruine de guerre est un genre à part entière en photographie. / The present study explores the status of ruins in war photography and draws up the inventory of their aesthetic features. Disfigured by bombing and shelling during the civil war (1975-1990), the city of Beirut is in many respects an examplary case since it was the subject of a photographic commission entrusted to prestigious photographers in 1991, the mission of which was to preserve the memory of an immense field of ruins. For this very reason, this photographic commission is at the core of our research project. Firstly, in order to understand fully what was at stake in the choices made by the photographers within the framework of this commission, we had to analyze how the aesthetics of ruins has been elaborated in the history of war photography from 1853 to 1945, using famous examples from battlefields. Secondly, it was important to consider the motivations and objectives of each of the photographers within the context of the commission. For this purpose we made these elements echo other photographic experiences conducted in Beirut during and after the conflict, then we related them to the cases studied in the first part. The third part of the present thesis forms a compendium of aesthetic aspects in the photographic vision of war ruins in Beirut that makes it possible to assert that war ruins form a fully fledged genre in photography.

Thesis (M. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2011 / The purpose of the study is to mitigate the restrictions of ocularcentrism by employing an interactive hermeneutical approach to the creation and interpretation of the implied meanings in a photograph. The principles of hermeneutic phenomenology are applied to outline the putative strengths and weaknesses associated with ocularcentrism as applied to photography and to attempt to illustrate how the proposed model of aesthetic participation may overcome these weaknesses. The literature review shows that ocularcentrism is a mode of perception concerned with a one-sided preference to sight over the other senses and may limit photographers and perceivers to create or interpret meaning in a photograph solely on what they see. Concerning ocularcentrism, it is not the art object alone, but the self-centred worldviews of the photographer and perceiver that limit the basis for the development of an interactive aesthetic experience. The photographer who successfully challenges the ocularcentric worldviews of perceivers in the world of the work succeeds in initiating participation between all the coordinates of the proposed interactive hermeneutical model of aesthetic participation. Interactivity between the coordinates artist, perceiver, artwork and worldviews is achieved through the application of creative strategies during the creation of photographs. These creative strategies may include facets that contradict consistency building, illusion building, defamiliarization, irony, the deliberate stimulation or frustration of a perceiver's interpretation and the use of a known theme placed within an unknown context with a view on challenging the ocularcentric perceptions of perceivers. The application of any combination of these strategies is the decision of the photographer, who applies them according to the imaginary embodiment of the photographer in the position of the perceiver. The photographs produced by the author for analysis in this study presents three images which elicit allegorical, figurative and esoterical forms of interpretation. Each step of the hermeneutic phenomenological process was carefully documented prior to the analysis and are presented in the hermeneutic phenomenological format in conjunction with the proposed interactive model of aesthetic participation. The main point that emerged from this study is that a hermeneutical approach to creative perception as an element in photography will give rise to interactive participation between all the coordinates of the proposed interactive hermeneutical model of aesthetic participation and thus ocularcentric restrictions may be overcome by photographers and perceivers by employing an interactive hermeneutical approach when creating as well as interpreting the implied meanings in a photograph.

O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi investigar a função informativa da legenda fotográfica no caso do Massacre do Realengo, analisando as relações entre a linguagem verbal e a visual no jornalismo contemporâneo. Foram estudados os contextos em que a fotografia jornalística transita como discurso pelos meios de comunicação, cujos alcances estão se expandindo pelas novas tecnologias. O corpus da pesquisa contou com 39 capas das edições impressas de jornais brasileiros do dia 8/4/2011, para o estudo de caso da tragédia conhecida como Massacre do Realengo. Foram utilizadas principalmente as metodologias de análise iconográfica de Kossoy e Gervereau, comparadas à análise das unidades de informação (quem, onde, quando, o que e como) contidas nas legendas fotográficas inspiradas nas metodologias de Morin e Santos. Foi aplicado também questionário sobre legenda fotográfica, respondido pelos jornalistas das redações dos jornais estudados (redatores-chefes, editores executivos, diretores de redação ou editores de fotografia). Constatou-se que mais de 50% dos jornais publicaram as fotografias do caso com suas respectivas legendas. Ao separar cada unidade de informação, verificou-se como a função informativa em cada caso promovia o diálogo entre o sentido imagético da fotografia e o sentido lógico do texto. A outra metade das fotografias publicadas formou predominantemente narrativas que facilitaram sua entrada na instância da imagem ao vivo, conceito elaborado por Bucci. Foi, enfim, possível concluir que a legenda fotográfica como unidade visual de fácil percepção do leitor cumpriu sua função informativa de dar suporte de sentido à imagem iconográfica em diálogo com outros módulos de texto do jornal, em geral, sob as seguintes tendências: 1) algumas legendas, redigidas com base nas unidades de informação, deram suporte de sentido à imagem; 2) algumas legendas continham apenas descrição do que se via na imagem e, portanto, não deram nenhum suporte de sentido à imagem; 3) e, outras, foram escritas com informações que não se relacionaram com as imagens e deram suporte de sentido à reportagem em geral e à mensagem sensacionalista que a maioria dos jornais pretendeu transmitir. / The goal of this research was to investigate the informative function of photographic captions focused on the case of the Massacre of Realengo, analyzing the relation between verbal and visual language in contemporary journalism. The essay analyses the contexts in which journalistic photography transits as a discourse through the media, which reaches have been expanded due to the new information technologies. The corpus of this research included 39 first pages of Brazilian newspapers printed editions, dated April 8th 2011, for the study of a tragedy known as the Massacre of Realengo. Kossoy and Gervereau\'s iconographic analysis methods were the most used, and they were compared to the analysis of information units (who, where, when, what and how), contained in the captions inspired by Morin and Santos´ methods. A questionnaire about photographic caption had also been applied to newsrooms\' journalists of the analysed newspapers (editor in chief, executive editors, newsroom directors or photo editors). It was found that over 50% of the newspapers published photographs of the event with their respective captions. By separating each information unit, it was verified how the informative function in each case promoted the dialogue between the imagery sense of the photograph and the logical sense of the text. The other half of the published photographs formed mostly narratives that facilitated their entry into the instance of the live image, a concept developed by Bucci. It was finally concluded that the photographic caption, as a visual unit of easy perception for the readers, fulfilled its reporting function to support the sense of iconographic image in dialogue with other modules of the newspaper text, in general, under the following trends: 1) some captions, written based on the information units, provided support for the meaning of the image; 2) some captions contained only description of what was being seen in the image, therefore, they did not give any support for the meaning of the image; 3) and others were written with information which did not relate to the images, giving sense support to the overall report and to the sensationalist message which most newspapers intended to transmit.

Esta pesquisa interdisciplinar centrada no segmento da fotografia de acervo de intelectual apresenta o estudo de caso de 84 imagens feitas pelo fotógrafo amador Ulysses Freyre de alguns prédios e ruas das cidades de Olinda e do Recife entre 1923 e 1925. Ulysses fotografou durante passeios de bicicleta aos domingos ao lado do irmão, o sociólogo Gilberto Freyre. Objetiva-se traçar os dois usos dados por Gilberto às fotos de Ulysses: de base aos desenhos de Manoel Bandeira para o \"Livro do Nordeste\", organizado pelo sociólogo em 1925 para o centenário do Diário de Pernambuco; e como parte da concepção de inventário de edificações da arquitetura civil que serviu à Inspetoria de Monumentos Estaduais em 1928 em Pernambuco. Vale-se do campo acerca do circuito fotográfico nestas cidades, que estavam sob reformas urbanas no início do século XX, a fim de situar e revelar a fotografia de Ulysses como artefato de memória propulsor do embrionário projeto político-intelectual de Gilberto neste período. As fotos estão no acervo da Fundação Gilberto Freyre, em Recife, Pernambuco. / This interdisciplinary research focused on the segment of the photographic collection of intellectual presents a case study of 84 images taken by amateur photographer Ulysses Freyre about some buildings and streets of the cities of Olinda and Recife from 1923 to 1925. Ulysses took the photos during trips bicycle on Sundays with his brother, the sociologist Gilberto Freyre. The objective is to trace two uses of their photographs: as a basis for drawings by Manoel Bandeira for the \"Livro do Nordeste\", organized by the sociologist in 1925 on the centenary of the Diario de Pernambuco newspaper and as part of a project of inventory of the civil architecture. These photographs were used by the Historic Superintendence of Monuments in 1928 in Pernambuco. These studies are related to the field of the photographic circuit at these cities in urban transformation in the early twentieth century in order locating and disclosing the Ulysses\' photos as artifact of memory to the political-intellectual embryonic project of Gilberto in the period. The photos are in the collection of Gilberto Freyre Foundation, in Recife, Pernambuco.