Hybrid microstructured fibers, utilizing both air holes and high index cladding structures, provide important advantages over conventional fiber including robust fundamental mode operation with large core diameters (>30 mu m) and spectral filtering (i.e. amplified spontaneous emission and Raman suppression). This work investigates the capabilities of a hybrid fiber designed to suppress stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and modal instability (MI) by characterizing these effects in a counter-pumped amplifier configuration as well as interrogating SBS using a pump-probe Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS) diagnostic suite. The fiber has a 35 mu m annularly gain tailored core, the center doped with Yb and the second annulus comprised of un-doped fused silica, designed to optimize gain in the fundamental mode while limiting gain to higher order modes. A narrow-linewidth seed was amplified to an MI-limited 820 W, with near-diffraction-limited beam quality, an effective linewidth similar to 1 GHz, and a pump conversion efficiency of 78%. Via a BGS pump-probe measurement system a high resolution spectra and corresponding gain coefficient were obtained. The primary gain peak, corresponding to the Yb doped region of the core, occurred at 15.9 GHz and had a gain coefficient of 1.92x10(-11) m/W. A much weaker BGS response, due to the pure silica annulus, occurred at 16.3 GHz. This result demonstrates the feasibility of power scaling hybrid microstructured fiber amplifiers

The emission properties of bent ZnO microwires with diameters ranging from 1.5  μm to 7.3  μm are systematically investigated by cathodoluminescence spectroscopy at T ≈ 10 K. We induced uniaxial strains along the c-axis of up to ±2.9 %. At these high strain values, we observe a nonlinear shift of the emission energy with respect to the induced strain, and the magnitude of the energy shift depends on the sign of the strain. The linear and non-linear deformation potentials were determined to be D1=−2.50±0.05 eV and D2=−15.0±0.5 eV, respectively. The nonlinearity of the energy shift is also reflected in the observed spectral broadening of the emission peak as a function of the locally induced strain, which decreases with increasing strain on the compressive side and increases on the tensile side.

We studied the doping efficiency of Al and Ga dopants in (Mg,Zn)O alloys as a function of the growth temperature and post growth annealing times. High-temperature growth results in the highest structural quality and highest electron mobility; the doping efficiency is limited by the dopant’s solubility. It was investigated in detail that a low growth temperature is needed to achieve free carrier densities above the solubility limit of the dopants. Samples grown at temperatures of 300 °C and below have a free carrier density significantly above the solubility limit yielding the minimum resistivity of ρmin=4.8×10−4  Ω cm for Mg0.05Zn0.95O: Al thin films grown on glass at 300 °C. Annealing of these samples reduces the free carrier density and the absorption edge to values similar to those of samples grown at high temperatures. The saturation of the free carrier density and the optical bandgap at their high temperature growth/annealing values is explained by the thermal creation of acceptor-like compensating defects in thermodynamic equilibrium.

In the present thesis, computational methods for theanalysis and design of photonic bandgap structure areconsidered. Many numerical methods have been used to study suchstructures. Among them, the plane wave expansion method is veryoften used. Using this method, we show that inclusions ofelliptic air holes can be used effectively to obtain a largercomplete band gap for two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals.An optimal design of a 2D photonic crystal is also consideredin the thesis using a combination of the plane wave expansionmethod and the conjugate gradient method. We find that amaximum complete 2D band gap can be obtained by connectingdielectric rods with veins for a photonic crystal with a squarelattice of air holes in GaAs. For some problems, such as defect modes, the plane waveexpansion method is extremely time-consuming. It seems that thefinite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is promising, sincethe computational time is proportional to the number of thediscretization points in the computation domain (i.e., it is oforderN). A FDTD scheme in a nonorthogonal coordinate systemis presented in the thesis to calculate the band structure of a2D photonic crystal consisting of askew lattice. The algorithmcan easily be used for any complicated inclusion configuration,which can have both the dielectric and metallic constituents.The FDTD method is also applied to calculate the off-plane bandstructures of 2D photonic crystals in the present thesis. Wealso propose a numerical method for computing defect modes in2D crystals (with dielectric or metallic inclusions). Comparedto the FDTD transmission spectra method, our method reduces thecomputation time and memory significantly, and finds as manydefect modes as possible, including those that are not excitedby an incident plane wave in the FDTD transmission spectramethod. The FDTD method has also been applied to calculateguided modes and surface modes in 2D photonic crystals using acombination of the periodic boundary condition and theperfectly matched layer for the boundary treatment. Anefficient FDTD method, in which only real variables are used,is also proposed for the full-wave analysis of guided modes inphotonic crystal fibers. / QC 20100629

Dans ce manuscrit, nous rapportons les développements, théoriques et expérimentaux, en cours à TRT ainsi qu’à TAV et au LAC, visant la réalisation d’un gyromètre résonant passif en fibre optique à cœur creux atteignant des performances permettant la navigation inertielle. Nous y décrivons mathématiquement l’effet Sagnac, effet relativiste à la base des mesures optiques dans les gyromètres. Ensuite, nous exposons en détail les méthodes utilisées à ce jour pour mesurer des rotations avec des gyromètres passifs par les différentes équipes de recherches. Nous explicitons les limitations de ces méthodes, et en quoi la fibre optique à cœur creux semble être la solution la plus prometteuse pour pallier les défauts des gyromètres passifs résonants actuels. Une partie de cette thèse est alors consacrée à l’étude des propriétés physiques des fibres à cœur creux (Kagomé et bande interdite photonique), telles que leur atténuation, leur capacité à maintenir la polarisation, et leur rétrodiffusion. Nous présentons la première mesure de zone aveugle (plage de faibles vitesses de rotations non mesurables par un gyromètre) dans un gyromètre résonant passif en fibre à cœur creux. Un modèle mathématique est posé pour expliquer le lien entre cette zone aveugle et la rétrodiffusion au sein de la cavité résonante. Nous décrivons ensuite un protocole expérimental permettant de s’affranchir de cette limitation dans notre gyromètre. Nous détaillons enfin la mise en œuvre de ce protocole et caractérisons les performances ainsi atteintes par notre gyromètre / In this manuscript, we report the theoretical and experimental developments at TRT, TAV and LAC, aiming the realization of a hollow-core passive resonant fiber optical gyroscope that can achieve navigation grade performances. We mathematically describe the Sagnac effect, which is a relativistic effect used to optically probe mechanical rotations. Then, we detail the state of the art in passive resonant fiber optical gyroscope development. We identify their limitations, and explain why the hollow core fiber seems to be the best solution to cope with the actual limitations of such gyroscopes. We then focus on two different types of hollow core fibers: Kagome and photonic bandgap. We evaluate their performances in terms of transmission, polarization holding and backscattering. We describe the first measurement of a lock in region in a hollow core fiber passive optical gyroscope, i.e the range of rotation rates that cannot be measured because of backscattering. A mathematical model is propounded to link the lock in to the backscattering of the cavity. We then discuss the experimental protocol that we implemented to circumvent this limitation. Finally, we characterize the performances of our gyroscope based on these features

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GeorgeDFA_Capa_ate_pag15.pdf: 8968407 bytes, checksum: 05f7b40d8df8312cf173aaad3ec43f83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-04 / Recently, planar antennas have been studied due to their characteristics as well as the advantages that they offers when compared with another types of antennas. In the mobile communications area, the need for this kind of antennas have became each time bigger due to the intense increase of the mobile communications this sector. That needs of antennas which operate in multifrequency and wide bandwidth. The microstrip antennas presents narrow bandwidth due the loss in the dielectric generated by radiation. Another limitation is the radiation pattern degradation due the generation of surface waves in the substrate. In this work some used techniques to minimize the disadvantages (previously mentioned) of the use of microstrip antennas are presented, those are: substrates with PBG material - Photonic Bandgap, multilayer antennas and with stacked patches. The developed analysis in this work used the TTL - Transverse Transmission Line method in the domain of Fourier transform, that uses a component of propagation in the y direction (transverse to the direction real of propagation z), treating the general equations of electric and magnetic field as functions of Ey and Hy. One of the advantages of this method is the simplification of the field equations. therefore the amount of equations lesser must the fields in directions x and z be in function of components Ey and Hy. It will be presented an brief study of the main theories that explain the superconductivity phenomenon. The BCS theory. London Equations and Two Fluids model will be the theories that will give support the application of the superconductors in the microfita antennas. The inclusion of the superconductor patch is made using the resistive complex contour condition. This work has as objective the application of the TTL method to microstrip structures with single and multilayers of rectangular patches, to obtaining the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of each structure / Recentemente as antenas planares t?m despertado interesses devido ?s suas caracter?sticas, assim como pelas vantagens que oferecem quando comparadas com os demais tipos de antenas. Na ?rea de comunica??es m?veis a necessidade de antenas desse tipo tem-se tornado cada vez maior devido ao intenso crescimento desse setor, necessitando de antenas que operem em multifreq??ncia e em banda larga. As antenas de microfita apresentam largura de banda estreita devido ?s perdas no diel?trico geradas pela irradia??o. Outra limita??o ? a degrada??o do diagrama de irradia??o devido ? gera??o de ondas de superf?cie no substrato. Neste trabalho s?o apresentadas algumas t?cnicas usadas para tentar minimizar as desvantagens (citadas acima) do uso de antenas de microfita, sendo elas: substratos com material PBG - Photonic Bandgap, antenas em multicamadas e a utiliza??o de patches fabricados de materiais supercondutores. As an?lises desenvolvidas neste trabalho foram realizadas com a utiliza??o do m?todo LTT - Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa no dom?nio da transformada de Fourier, que utiliza uma componente de propaga??o na dire??o y (transversa ? dire??o real de propaga??o z), tratando assim as equa??es gerais dos campos el?tricos e magn?ticos em fun??es de Ey e Hy. Uma das vantagens desse m?todo ? a simplifica??o das equa??es de campo, pois a quantidade de equa??es ? menor devido os campos nas dire??es x e z ficarem em fun??o das componentes Ey e Hy. Ser? apresentado um breve estudo das principais teorias que explicam o fen?meno da supercondutividade. As teorias BCS, Equa??es de London e modelo dos Dois Fluidos ser?o as teorias que dar?o suporte a aplica??o dos supercondutores nas antenas microfita. A inclus?o do patch supercondutor ? feita utilizando-se a condi??o de contorno complexa resistiva. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a aplica??o do m?todo LTT ?s estruturas de microfita

Un des problèmes à résoudre lors de la réalisation d'un endoscope non linéaire pour des applications biomédicales concerne la propagation d'impulsions ultra courtes dans une fibre optique. Les processus non linéaires concernés nécessitent de grandes puissances d'excitation, réalisables seulement pour des impulsions de très courte durée qui sont déformés et allongés par la dispersion et les non linéarités des fibres. La plupart des techniques d'illumination fibrées pour la microscopie non linéaire emploient des systèmes de pré-compensation pour neutraliser les effets de ces phénomènes. Dans ce travail, nous explorons les possibilités offertes par la formation de solitons de grande énergie dans une fibre à bandes interdites photoniques à coeur solide. Les solitons optiques ont la propriété de conserver leur forme lors de leur propagation, et leur durée reste proche de la valeur minimum définie par la limite physique imposée par leur largeur spectrale, sans avoir besoin de recourir à un système de pré-compensation. De plus, la longueur d'onde et le retard relatif des solitons peuvent être accordés en changeant la puissance lumineuse en entrée de fibre. Plusieurs sources de lumière ont été conçues et réalisées, pour générer de nombreux contrastes non linéaires. Des images d'échantillons biologiques ont d'abord été réalisées en tirant profit de la courte durée des solitons. Puis, des mesures d'absorption transitoire ont été menées dans une configuration pompe-sonde en contrôlant le retard des solitons dans la fibre. Enfin, un montage de CRS basé sur le principe de focalisation spectrale a été réalisé, et son utilité a été démontrée en suivant un équilibre chimique. / One of the issues that has to be overcome to realize a nonlinear endoscope for biomedical applications is the propagation of ultra-short pulses in an optical fiber. Nonlinear processes require high peak powers in the focal volume in order to generate observable signals, so the pulses should be as short as possible. This makes them sensitive to the dispersion and nonlinearities of the fibers. Most of the existing techniques of ultra-short pulses fiber-delivery rely on complex pre-compensation systems to counteract these effects. In this work, we explore the possibilities offered by the generation of high-energy solitons in a custom-built solid-core photonic bandgap fiber, for nonlinear microscopy and spectroscopy. Optical solitons preserve their shape when they propagate in a fiber, and their duration remains close to the minimum value physically allowed by their bandwidth, without the need of any pre-compensation. Moreover, the wavelength and delay of the soliton can be tuned by changing the power at the input of the fiber. Several soliton-based light sources were designed and realized, generating contrast in the most prevalent nonlinear microscopy modalities. TPEF and SHG images of biological samples were first realized by taking advantage of the short duration of the solitons. By controlling the delay of the soliton, transient absorption measurements were then realized in a pump-probe configuration. Finally, the wavelength tunability of the soliton was used to generate the Stokes beam in a CRS setup based on the spectral focusing technique. The capabilities of this scheme were demonstrated by performing CRS microspectroscopy to monitor a chemical equilibrium.

Photonic crystals (PhCs) are structures periodic in thedielectric constant. They exhibit a photonic bandgap, i.e., arange of wavelengths for which light propagation is forbidden.Engineering of defects in the PhC lattice offers new ways toconfine and guide light. PhCs have been manufactured usingsemiconductors and other material technologies. This thesisfocuses on two-dimensional PhCs etched in InP-based materials.Only recently, such structures were identified as promisingcandidates for the realization of novel and advanced functionsfor optical communication applications. The primary focus was on fabrication and characterization ofPhC structures in the InP/GaInAsP/InP material system. Thedemands on fabrication are very high: holes as small as100-300nm in diameter have to be etched at least as deep as 2µm. Thus, different etch processes had to be explored andspecifically developed for InP. We have implemented an etchingprocess based on Ar/Cl2chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE), thatrepresents the state of the art PhC etching in InP. Different building blocks were manufactured using thisprocess. A transmission loss of 10dB/mm for a PhC waveguide, areflection of 96.5% for a 4-row mirror and a record qualityfactor of 310 for a 1D cavity were achieved for this materialsystem. With an etch depth of 4.5 µm, optical loss wasfound to be close to the intrinsic limit. PhC-based opticalfilters were demonstrated using (a) a Fabry-Pérot cavityinserted in a PhC waveguide and (b) a contra-directionalcoupler. Lag effect in CAIBE was utilized positively to realizehigh quality PhC taper sections. Using a PhC taper, a couplingefficiency of 70% was demonstrated from a standard ridgewaveguide to a single line defect PhC waveguide. During the course of this work, InP membrane technology wasdeveloped and a Fabry-Pérot cavity with a quality factorof 3200 was demonstrated. Keywords:photonic crystals, photonic bandgap materials,indium phosphide, dry etching, chemically assisted ion beametching, reactive ion etching, electron beam lithography,photonic integrated circuits, optical waveguides, resonantcavities, optical filtering, finite difference time domain,plane wave expansion.

Photonic crystals (PhCs) are periodic dielectric structures that exhibit a photonic bandgap, i.e., a range of wavelength for which light propagation is forbidden. The special band structure related dispersion properties offer a realm of novel functionalities and interesting physical phenomena. PhCs have been manufactured using semiconductors and other material technologies. However, InP-based materials are the main choice for active devices at optical communication wavelengths. This thesis focuses on two-dimensional PhCs in the InP/GaInAsP/InP material system and addresses their fabrication technology and their physical properties covering both material issues and light propagation aspects. Ar/Cl2 chemically assisted ion beam etching was used to etch the photonic crystals. The etching characteristics including feature size dependent etching phenomena were experimentally determined and the underlying etching mechanisms are explained. For the etched PhC holes, aspect ratios around 20 were achieved, with a maximum etch depth of 5 microns for a hole diameter of 300 nm. Optical losses in photonic crystal devices were addressed both in terms of vertical confinement and hole shape and depth. The work also demonstrated that dry etching has a major impact on the properties of the photonic crystal material. The surface Fermi level at the etched hole sidewalls was found to be pinned at 0.12 eV below the conduction band minimum. This is shown to have important consequences on carrier transport. It is also found that, for an InGaAsP quantum well, the surface recombination velocity increases (non-linearly) by more than one order of magnitude as the etch duration is increased, providing evidence for accumulation of sidewall damage. A model based on sputtering theory is developed to qualitatively explain the development of damage. The physics of dispersive phenomena in PhC structures is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Negative refraction was experimentally demonstrated at optical wavelengths, and applied for light focusing. Fourier optics was used to experimentally explore the issue of coupling to Bloch modes inside the PhC slab and to experimentally determine the curvature of the band structure. Finally, dispersive phenomena were used in coupled-cavity waveguides to achieve a slow light regime with a group index of more than 180 and a group velocity dispersion up to 10^7 times that of a conventional fiber. / QC 20100712