The photovoltaics is seen internationally regarded as a very promising technology. It is estimated that Brazil currently has a high capacity for solar power generation. Furthermore, from a strategic point of view, Brazil has a number of favorable natural features, such as high levels of insolation and great quality quartz reserves that can generate important competitive advantage for the production of silicon with high purity, photovoltaic cells and modules of high added value. In order to make the generation of Brazilian photovoltaics globally competitive, some government incentives are providing the growth, expansion and modernization of this technology. Despite the favorable environment in which it is the generation of electricity from renewable sources there are still gaps that undermine the competitiveness of plants that generate energy from photovoltaic source, such as the qualifications of labor available, the adequacy of suppliers to their demands and the great need for investment in technology. In this sense, this master thesis aimed to propose a modeling able to measure the level of competitiveness in the generation of photovoltaic energy, based on a bibliographical and documentary research on industry characteristics were raised 41 performance indicators, using for both assumptions regarding the Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) and elements of the multi-criteria approach to decision support. The proposed survey instrument was applied in two Brazilian solar plants, a research center on renewable energy the European Union and the metal-mechanic sector industry that has a solar system in operation. The test evaluation phase generated an index that represents the competitive performance of each of the participating research companies, Usina Eletrosul had a competitive percentage of 46.80%, the company Tramontina Eletrik 58%, Usina Tauá 74.75 % and 76.64% Cener, allowing a comparative discussion of the results. Later, they were recommendations proposed able to leverage the competitiveness of Usina Eletrosul, involving the simulation of indicators that showed unsatisfactory levels, demonstrating the relevance of modeling to increase the competitiveness of companies generating photovoltaic front power to the scenario at hand. / A energia fotovoltaica é vista internacionalmente como uma tecnologia bastante promissora. O Brasil tem atualmente uma elevada capacidade de geração de energia solar, além disso, do ponto de vista estratégico, possui uma série de características naturais favoráveis, tais como, altos níveis de insolação e grandes reservas de quartzo de qualidade, que podem gerar importante vantagem competitiva para a produção de silício com alto grau de pureza, células e módulos fotovoltaicos de alto valor agregado. Com o objetivo de tornar a geração de energia fotovoltaica brasileira mundialmente competitiva, alguns incentivos do governo estão proporcionando o crescimento, expansão e modernização desta tecnologia. Apesar do ambiente favorável em que se encontra a geração de energia elétrica a partir de fontes renováveis ainda existem lacunas que prejudicam a competitividade de usinas que geram energia a partir da fonte fotovoltaica, como a qualificação da mão-de-obra disponível, as adequações dos fornecedores às suas demandas e a grande necessidade de investimento em tecnologia. Neste sentido, esta dissertação de mestrado teve por objetivo propor uma modelagem capaz de mensurar o nível de competitividade na geração da energia fotovoltaica, fundamentada em uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental sobre as características do setor foram levantados 41 indicadores de desempenho, utilizando-se para tanto os pressupostos referentes aos Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) e elementos da abordagem multicritério de apoio à decisão. O instrumento de pesquisa proposto foi aplicado em duas Usinas Solares brasileiras, um centro de pesquisa em energias renováveis da União Europeia e uma indústria do setor metalmecânico que possui um sistema solar em operação. A fase de avaliação do teste gerou um índice que representa o desempenho competitivo de cada uma das empresas participantes da pesquisa, a Usina da Eletrosul apresentou um percentual competitivo de 46,80%, a empresa Tramontina Eletrik 58%, a Usina Tauá 74,75% e o Cener 76,64%, permitindo uma discussão comparativa dos resultados obtidos. Posteriormente, foram propostas recomendações capazes de alavancar a competitividade da Usina da Eletrosul, envolvendo a simulação de indicadores que apresentaram níveis insatisfatórios, demonstrando-se a relevância da modelagem para elevar a competitividade de empresas geradoras de energia fotovoltaica frente ao cenário em que se apresenta.

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-05T15:16:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1606899 bytes, checksum: 90c3cfba727598d80a41bea38edd76ef (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-05T15:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1606899 bytes, checksum: 90c3cfba727598d80a41bea38edd76ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present work aims to simulate the effects of connecting photovoltaic power plants in the active energy losses of the distribution system at the west of the state of Paraíba. Initially was done the modeling of the distribution system, which has one supply point, 20 substations 69/13.8 kV and 25 distribution lines 69 kV. For network analysis was used the Newton-Raphson method for solution of power flow after and before the insertion of photovoltaic plants and finally an optimized allocation of solar photovoltaic plants has been proposed with the aim of minimizing losses of active power using genetic algorithms. / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo simular os efeitos da conexão de centrais geradoras fotovoltaicas nas perdas de energia ativa do sistema de distribuição do oeste do estado da Paraíba. Inicialmente foi realizada a modelagem do sistema de distribuição, que possui um ponto de suprimento, 20 subestações rebaixadoras 69/13,8 kV e 25 linhas de distribuição 69 kV. Para análise da rede foi utilizado o método de Newton-Raphson para solução do fluxo de potência do sistema antes e depois da inserção das centrais fotovoltaicas e por fim foi proposta uma alocação otimizada das centrais solares fotovoltaicas com o objetivo de minimização das perdas de energia ativa utilizando algoritmos genéticos.

Submitted by JORGE MARIO AVELLA RUIZ null (jmaverui@gmail.com) on 2016-08-22T20:10:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 avella_jm_me_guara.pdf: 2916680 bytes, checksum: 8dc01146f5007c3e858113a4d41eeab3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-24T17:05:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 avellaruiz_jm_me_guara.pdf: 2916680 bytes, checksum: 8dc01146f5007c3e858113a4d41eeab3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-24T17:05:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 avellaruiz_jm_me_guara.pdf: 2916680 bytes, checksum: 8dc01146f5007c3e858113a4d41eeab3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Atualmente, governos de todo o mundo estão se preocupando pelos efeitos das economias, indústrias e políticas no meio ambiente, criando regulações para fomentar a utilização de tecnologias menos poluidoras. No Brasil, a Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL) é o ente federal de promover a implementação de fontes renováveis para a geração de eletricidade. A ANEEL mediante a resolução Nº 482/2012 permite aos usuários finais a instalação de tecnologias renováveis para produzir eletricidade para suas cargas elétricas, incrementando assim a porcentagem de energias alternativas na matriz energética nacional, considerando também os projetos renováveis de grande escala. Neste trabalho, realizou-se um estudo para conhecer a viabilidade da implementação de sistemas híbridos de geração de energia elétrica (SHGEEE) em edifícios, utilizando energia eólica e solar fotovoltaica. A metodologia para a análise técnica consistiu em obter o consumo de energia elétrica de edifícios residenciais de baixa, média e alta renda no Brasil, para assim com base nos recursos eólicos e solares de Fortaleza (CE) e Lagoa Santa (MG), realizar o balanço energético anual e desta forma dimensionar os SHGEE para seis cenários estudados. Baseado nos resultados técnicos, a metodologia econômica analisou a viabilidade financeira de implementar no Brasil os seis SHGEE dimensionados utilizando engenharia econômica para conhecer o investimento dos projetos, os custos da energia elétrica gerada pelas plantas híbridas e o período de retorno do investimento. A análise ambiental fundamentou-se em determinar a quantidade de dióxido de carbono economizado e a eficiência ecológica de cada cenário estudado considerando as fontes de energia da rede elétrica. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os SHGEE são capazes de fornecer a eletricidade para as cargas do edifício. Os períodos de retorno do investimento dos seis SHGEE dimensionados se encontram dentro da vida útil das plantas. Em termos ambientais, as tecnologias utilizadas nos SHGEE não são totalmente não poluentes, no entanto, comparando com outras fontes de energia, estas têm baixo impacto ambiental. Conclui-se, que as aplicações de energia renováveis para edifícios são viáveis técnica, econômica e ambientalmente no Brasil. / Nowadays, governments around the world are worried about the effects of economies, industries and environment policies, making them to create regulations to encourage the use of less polluting technologies. In Brazil, the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) is the federal entity to promote the implementation of renewable sources for generating electricity. ANEEL Resolution No. 482/2012 allows end users to install renewable energy sources to produce electricity for their electrical charges, increasing the percentage of alternative energy in the national energy matrix, in addition of renewable projects of large scale. In this work was made a study to know the feasibility of implementing hybrid electricity generation systems SHGEE in buildings, using wind power and solar photovoltaic energy. The methodology for the technical analysis consisted in obtaining the electricity consumption of a low, medium and high income residential building in Brazil, thus based on wind and solar resources in Fortaleza (Ceara State) and Lagoa Santa (Minas Gerais State), performing annual energy balance for dimensioning SHGEE for six scenarios studied. Considering the technical results, the economic methodology analyzed the financial feasibility of implementing in Brazil six SHGEE sized applying economic engineering and determining the project investments, the costs of electricity generated by hybrid plants and the payback period of the investment. In the environmental analysis determined the amount of carbon dioxide saved and the ecological efficiency of each scenario studied considering the sources of utility grid. The results showed that SHGEE are capable of supplying electricity to loads of the building. It is not generated electricity in all months of the year, however, with the normativity, it compensates with the months of surplus production of electricity. The return period of the investment of the six scaled SHGEE are within the lifetime of the plants. In environmental terms, the technology used in SHGEE are not completely non-polluting, nevertheless, compared with other energy sources, they have low environmental impact. In general, renewable energy applications for buildings are feasible technically, economically and environmentally in Brazil.

Este trabalho faz uma compilação e análise sobre a intersecção entre energia, capitalismo e desenvolvimento. A partir desse ponto comum, observa-se que a energia fotovoltaica pode ser importante vetor para o estabelecimento de projetos de inclusão social e desenvolvimento sustentável. A viabilidade econômica também é um ponto fundamental para o sucesso de médio e longo prazo desses projetos. Conclui-se que o custo da energia, no caso a fotovoltaica, representa parcela pouco significativa em relação ao custo total do projeto. / The present work analysis the intersection between energy, capitalism and development. It is verified that photovoltaic energy (PV) can be an important driver to help establishing social inclusiveness and sustainable development. Economic viability is considered one of the main points for the success of these projects in the medium and long terms. In conclusion, it is realized that the cost of energy (in the case PV energy) represents a small amount in relation to the total project cost.

O Brasil é afortunado com sua riqueza natural e tradicionalmente faz bom uso do potencial hídrico e de biocombustíveis para compor sua matriz energética. Na década de 2010, o destaque está na implementação na matriz elétrica nacional, de sistemas de energia eólica e de energia solar fotovoltaica, estes últimos com expectativa de acentuada expansão. Alguns fatores levam a esta expectativa, como a boa irradiação solar em grande parte do país, custo da energia fotovoltaica próximo às tarifas de energia elétrica vigente, e ambiente regulatório que estimula investidores. Este trabalho descreve a saga dos atores do setor elétrico brasileiro em propiciar o desenvolvimento da cadeia da energia fotovoltaica e enfatiza a importância dos recursos humanos especializados na área. O arcabouço legal e tributário, que embasa as políticas publica de estímulo, as ações de padronização dos sistemas, as pesquisas desenvolvidas e as ações para capacitar profissionais, a partir de 1991 até 2017, estão ordenados. O cenário mundial mostra que o aumento da potência instalada de sistemas que utilizam as fontes alternativas de energia renovável leva à geração de empregos, que exigem novos conhecimentos e habilidades. A expansão, no Brasil, do número de instalações de usinas centralizadas e sistemas de geração distribuída fotovoltaica no país leva ao aumento de postos de trabalho. Um dos desafios para a continuidade da disseminação dos sistemas fotovoltaicos, que exige um contingente elevado de recursos humanos, está na formação de profissionais. São profissionais para concepção, instalação, comercialização, operação e manutenção dos sistemas. No cenário mundial, entre as modalidades de energia renovável, a cadeia da energia fotovoltaica é a que apresenta maior número de postos de trabalho por quilowatt instalado, representando cerca de 30% dos postos de trabalho. Este trabalho também aponta caminhos para a implementação de cursos na área de energia renovável e eficiência energética na Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica, com foco na inserção da energia fotovoltaica, seus sistemas e instalações. Para a consolidação do mercado da energia fotovoltaica é essencial que haja disponibilidade de profissionais que garantam a segurança e a eficiência na produção das instalações dos sistemas ao longo de sua vida útil. O desenvolvimento da cadeia de energia solar fotovoltaica promove a oportunidade de agregar energia sustentável à matriz energética, promove a geração de empregos e renda pelo extenso território nacional. O desenvolvimento da referida cadeia não prescinde da estruturação de uma rede de ensino com foco na área fotovoltaica. / Brazil is fortunate in natural resources and traditionally makes good use of water potential and biofuels in its energy matrix. In the 2010-decade the highlight is in the setting up of large-scale wind energy and photovoltaic solar energy systems, these last with a forecast of marked expansion. Some factors give support to this expectation; good solar irradiation in most of the countrys surface, cost reduction of photovoltaic energy being close to the current electricity tariffs and a regulatory system stimulating investors. This work describes the Brazilian electric sector actors saga on the photovoltaic energy chain development, whilst highlights the importance of photovoltaic specialized human resources. The legal and tributary framework, which is the basis of the public policy stimulus, PV systems standardization actions, the developed research, as well as the professionals training actions, from 1991 to 2017, are described. The world scenario shows that the capacity increase of renewable energy systems leads to jobs creation, which requires new knowledge and skills. The growth number of centralized generation plants and distributed photovoltaic generation systems, leads to the increase of jobs in Brazil. One of the challenges for the continuity of the photovoltaic systems dissemination, which requires a high contingent of human resources, lies in the training of professionals. These are professionals trained for the design, installation, commercialization and systems operation and maintenance. In the world scenario, among the renewable energy modalities, the photovoltaic energy chain is the one that exhibits the highest number of jobs per installed kilowatt, representing about 30% of the jobs. This work describes the renewable energy and energy efficiency courses implanted at the Rede Federal de Educação Profissional, Científica e Tecnológica focusing on the insertion of photovoltaic energy, its systems and facilities. The availability of skilled personnel is mandatory to ensure the photovoltaic energy market consolidation. Those professionals are needed to ensure the safety and the efficiency of energy production systems throughout their life cycle. The development of the photovoltaic solar energy chain promotes the opportunity to add sustainable energy to the energy matrix, promotes the generation of jobs and financial income throughout the national territory. The development of the PV chain cannot neglect the need to increase of a teaching network focused on the photovoltaic area.

La demande d'énergie consommée par les habitants a connu une croissance significative au cours des 30 dernières années. Par conséquent, des actions sont menées en vue de développement des énergies renouvelables et en particulier de l'énergie solaire. De nombreuses solutions technologiques ont ensuite été proposées, telles que les capteurs solaires PV/T dont l'objectif est d'améliorer la performance des panneaux PV en récupérant l’énergie thermique qu’ils dissipent à l’aide d’un fluide caloporteur. Les recherches en vue de l'amélioration des productivités thermiques et électriques de ces composants ont conduit à l'intégration progressive à l’enveloppe des bâtiments afin d'améliorer leur surface de captation d’énergie solaire. Face à la problématique énergétique, les solutions envisagées dans le domaine du bâtiment s’orientent sur un mix énergétique favorisant la production locale ainsi que l’autoconsommation. Concernant l’électricité, les systèmes photovoltaïques intégrés au bâtiment (BIPV) représentent l’une des rares technologies capables de produire de l’électricité localement et sans émettre de gaz à effet de serre. Cependant, le niveau de température auquel fonctionnent ces composants et en particulier les composants cristallins, influence sensiblement leur efficacité ainsi que leur durée de vie. Ceci est donc d’autant plus vrai en configuration d’intégration. Ces deux constats mettent en lumière l’importance du refroidissement passif par convection naturelle de ces modules. Ce travail porte sur la simulation numérique d'une façade PV partiellement transparente et ventilée, conçu pour le rafraichissement en été (par convection naturelle) et pour la récupération de chaleur en hiver (par ventilation mécanique). Pour les deux configurations, l'air dans la cavité est chauffé par la transmission du rayonnement solaire à travers des surfaces vitrées, et par les échanges convectif et radiatif. Le système est simulé à l'aide d'un modèle multi-physique réduit adapté à une grande échelle dans des conditions réelles d'exploitation et développé pour l'environnement logiciel TRNSYS. La validation du modèle est ensuite présentée en utilisant des données expérimentales du projet RESSOURCES (ANR-PREBAT 2007). Cette étape a conduit, dans le troisième chapitre du calcul des besoins de chauffage et de refroidissement d'un bâtiment et l'évaluation de l'impact des variations climatiques sur les performances du système. Les résultats ont permis enfin d'effectuer une analyse énergétique et exergo-économique. / The demand of energy consumed by human kind has been growing significantly over the past 30 years. Therefore, various actions are taken for the development of renewable energy and in particular solar energy. Many technological solutions have then been proposed, such as solar PV/T collectors whose objective is to improve the PV panels performance by recovering the heat lost with a heat removal fluid. The research for the improvement of the thermal and electrical productivities of these components has led to the gradual integration of the solar components into building in order to improve their absorbing area. Among technologies capable to produce electricity locally without con-tributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) releases is building integrated PV systems (BIPV). However, when exposed to intense solar radiation, the temperature of PV modules increases significantly, leading to a reduction in efficiency so that only about 14% of the incident radiation is converted into electrical energy. The high temperature also decreases the life of the modules, thereby making passive cooling of the PV components through natural convection a desirable and cost-effective means of overcoming both difficulties. A numerical model of heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of natural convection of air is therefore undertaken so as to provide reliable information for the design of BIPV. A simplified numerical model is used to model the PVT collector so as to gain an understanding of the complex processes involved in cooling of integrated photovoltaic arrays in double-skin building surfaces. This work addresses the numerical simulation of a semi-transparent, ventilated PV façade designed for cooling in summer (by natural convection) and for heat recovery in winter (by mechanical ventilation). For both configurations, air in the cavity between the two building skins (photovoltaic façade and the primary building wall) is heated by transmission through transparent glazed sections, and by convective and radiative exchange. The system is simulated with the aid of a reduced-order multi-physics model adapted to a full scale arrangement operating under real conditions and developed for the TRNSYS software environment. Validation of the model and the subsequent simulation of a building-coupled system are then presented, which were undertaken using experimental data from the RESSOURCES project (ANR-PREBAT 2007). This step led, in the third chapter to the calculation of the heating and cooling needs of a simulated building and the investigation of impact of climatic variations on the system performance. The results have permitted finally to perform the exergy and exergoeconomic analysis.

Cette thèse porte sur l’étude du comportement thermique des systèmes photovoltaïques (PV). La première partie de la thèse rassemble et étend l’état de l’art sur la dépendance en température des rendements de conversion PV. L’analyse détaille l’ensemble des phénomènes physiques mis en jeu afin d’améliorer la compréhension des coefficients de température des différentes technologies de cellules PV. La seconde partie de la thèse recense les travaux de recherches effectués pour mitiger l’impact négatif de la température sur les performances des systèmes PV et propose une approche originale qui consiste à prendre en compte les conditions de fonctionnement du système dans le processus d’optimisation de ses caractéristiques. Afin de réaliser de telles optimisations, un modèle thermique complet et général pour les systèmes de conversion photovoltaïque est développé. Enfin, des applications à des systèmes photovoltaïque et thermophotovoltaïque démontrent la pertinence de l'approche proposée. / This Ph.D. thesis manuscript reports on a study about the physics of the thermal behavior of photovoltaic (PV) systems. While it is long known that the conversion efficiency of PV devices deteriorates when their temperature increases, a detailed analysis of all the mechanisms involved was not available to date in the literature. Part I of this manuscript gathers and extends the existing works on the topic in order to offer a comprehensive view of the physics involved in the temperature sensitivities of PV systems. First, temperature coefficients, which quantify the temperature dependences, are analyzed in the radiative limit (which is the fundamental limit for PV conversion). Then, the additional loss mechanisms of real PV devices are introduced and their impacts on the temperature coefficients are assessed. The existing theoretical expressions of the temperature coefficients of important solar cell parameters (namely open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current and fill factor) are reviewed. A new formulation of the temperature coefficient of the open-circuit voltage that incorporates the concept of External Radiative Efficiency (ERE) is proposed. The theoretical expressions are compared to experimental results on crystalline silicon cells from measurements made at the University of New South Wales (UNSW, Australia) and from the literature. Using the understanding of the relation between the temperature coefficients and device physics, the special cases of silicon heterojunction cells and cells made from compensated silicon are examined. Because temperature has a critical impact on the performances of PV devices, several studies aimed on the one hand at predicting the temperature of PV modules from their operating conditions and on the other hand at designing inexpensive cooling solutions. The goal of Part II of this manuscript is to propose an original approach to minimize the temperature-induced losses in PV systems. The idea is to include the operating conditions in the optimization of the system parameters in order to maximize the power produced in these conditions rather than in the Standard Test Conditions (STC). These original optimizations are based on a comprehensive thermal model of PV cells that captures all of the physical mechanisms involved in the generation of heat within the cell. Following the presentation of this thermal model, several examples of global optimization (i.e. a thermal criterion is added to the usual optical and electrical ones) are presented. Some of these examples apply to standard solar cells while others demonstrate that this kind of optimization can be applied to other PV systems such as thermophotovoltaic (TPV) converters (solar or near-field TPV). The recent trend of the PV industry towards the creation of products specifically adapted to a given use suggests that these original optimizations that take into account the system operating conditions could be implemented in the near future.

With the ever-increasing adoption of renewable energy sources, the seamless integration of PV systems into existing grids becomes imperative. Therefore, this study investigates the integration of a PV-ESS system into sustainable urban living. It entails the development and evaluation of forecasting models for PV production and electricity consumption using artificial neural network models, as well as the analysis of linear optimization algorithms. These investigations give insight into the benefits, challenges, and implications of implementing a PV-ESS system. The photovoltaic generation forecasting model demonstrates high accuracy in winter months while encountering complexity in dynamic summer conditions. The model for estimating power demand poses challenges due to a variety of factors, including human behaviour and data quality.Moreover, the study focuses on the formulation and assessment of linear optimization models with two aims: minimizing costs and optimizing self-consumption. The first continually reduces electricity costs while increasing self-consumption, whereas the second maximizes self-consumption, with limitations in winter battery use. Finally, forecast precision appears as a crucial factor for optimization models. Forecast errors have an impact on the system’s operation. Improving forecasting accuracy and adaptive control strategies are therefore critical. / Med den ständigt ökande användningen av förnybara energikällor blir sömlös integration av solcellssystem i befintliga elnät nödvändig. Därför undersöker denna studie integrationen av ett solcellsenergilagringssystem (PV-ESS) i hållbart stadsboende. Det innefattar utveckling och utvärdering av prognosmodeller för solcellsproduktion och elförbrukning med hjälp av artificiella neurala nätverksmodeller, samt analys av linjär optimeringsalgoritmer. Dessa undersökningar ger insikt om fördelarna, utmaningarna och konsekvenserna av att implementera ett PV-ESS-system. Modellen för prognostisering av solcellsgeneration visar hög noggrannhet under vintermånaderna men stöter på komplexitet under dynamiska sommarförhållanden. Modellen för att uppskatta elförbrukning står inför utmaningar på grund av olika faktorer, inklusive mänskligt beteende och datakvalitet. Dessutom fokuserar studien på formulering och utvärdering av linjära optimeringsmodeller med två mål: att minimera kostnader och optimera självkonsumtion. Den första minskar kontinuerligt elkostnader samtidigt som den ökar självkonsumtionen, medan den andra maximerar självkonsumtionen med begränsningar i vinterbatterianvändning. Slutligen framstår precision i prognoser som en avgörande faktor för optimeringsmodeller. Prognosfel påverkar systemets drift. Därför är förbättring av prognosnoggrannhet och adaptiva kontrollstrategier avgörande.

[pt] Esta dissertação analisa o custo, viabilidade e otimização do desempenho de um sistema híbrido de produção de energia elétrica, constituído de módulos fotovoltaicos, banco de baterias e gerador diesel. Foram realizadas simulações para diferentes configurações de sistema, variando tanto a profundidade de descarga quanto a capacidade total e operacional do banco de baterias, e o consumo total. O perfil do consumo foi mantido inalterado em todas as simulações realizadas. Para a simulação foi utilizado banco de dados constituído por informações meteorológicas, preços dos equipamentos do sistema, demanda de eletricidade e perfil de consumo da agrovila de Campinas (AM). Em posse desse conjunto de informações foi então elaborada análise de viabilidade econômica do fornecimento de eletricidade para uma comunidade rural localizada em uma região remota. Ou seja, localizada em uma região distante do acesso as redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. A simulação foi configurada para um sistema que possibilitasse acesso a equipamentos básicos (atendendo o Manual de Projetos Especiais – necessidade de atender refrigeração, comunicação e iluminação), fornecendo eletricidade com o menor custo possível. A avaliação do projeto demonstra que o mesmo é uma boa opção de investimento, considerando que o fornecimento elétrico é peça chave para o desenvolvimento econômico e social de qualquer localidade. Para a realização do estudo utilizou-se banco de dados de radiação solar e temperatura do município de Manaus, pertencente ao Estado do Amazonas, pressupondo-se que a localidade em questão possui condições meteorológicas semelhantes à área de estudo, desprezando-se possíveis diferenças. Além do que, o referido estudo adotou um período de vida útil de 25 anos ou mais para o sistema. / [en] This dissertation analyses the cost, feasibility and optimization performance of a hybrid electric energy production system, composed of photovoltaic modules, storage batteries and a diesel generator. Several performance simulations were made for different system configurations, varying discharge depth, both total and operating capacity of the storage batteries, and total consumption, using the same profile shape. A data base was used for the simulations, using meteorological information, component prices, and electric energy power and consumption profiles for the rural Village of Campinas (AM). As a result, an economically feasible proposal was detailed for supplying electric energy to a rural village, which is away from available commercial networks. The simulation was used to determine the basic equipment configuration to minimize the electricity cost. The project evaluation shows it is a good investment option, considering that electric energy supply is fundamental for the social and economic development. Solar radiation and temperature data for the city of Manaus, AM, ware used for the simulations, which is considered to be approximately the same as for the rural Village of Campinas due to its proximity. In addition, this study adopted a working life of 25 years or more for the system.

[FR] L'énergie photovoltaïque se présente comme une solution primordiale dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Malgré la maturité et la fiabilité de la technologie des cellules en silicium cristallin, les défis liés à la purification énergivore du silicium restent un obstacle coûteux. Dans cette optique, les pérovskites halogénées, notamment le FAPbI3, se profilent comme des alternatives prometteuses au silicium en raison de leur capacité à être synthétisées à faible coût à température ambiante, tout en présentant des propriétés optiques et électroniques attractives. Cependant, l'instabilité des pérovskites en contact avec l'air ambiant constitue un obstacle majeur à leur utilisation comme couche absorbante. Pour surmonter ce défi, une approche a consisté à modifier la composition chimique des pérovskites en utilisant la technique du spin-coating. L'étude a révélé que les pérovskites mixtes contenant de l'iodure (I) et du brome (Br), tels que le FAPbI2Br et le FAPbBr2I, offrent un compromis intéressant entre stabilité et bande interdite. Contrairement au FAPbI3, qui perd ses propriétés optiques après un certain temps en conditions ambiantes, ces pérovskites mixtes conservent leur capacité d'absorption dans le visible même après vieillissement. De plus, le FAPbBr2I s'est avéré environ trois fois plus photoluminescent que le FAPbI3, suggérant une conversion plus efficace des photons absorbés en paires électron-trou, ce qui en fait un candidat attractif pour les applications photovoltaïques. Cependant, il convient de noter que le FAPbBr2I présente un gap énergétique trop large pour de telles applications. Pour remédier à cette limitation, le dopage du FAPbBr2I avec du bismuth a été étudié, montrant une réduction significative du gap énergétique avec l'augmentation de la concentration en bismuth. Néanmoins, il a été observé que les photons émis par photoluminescence avaient une énergie supérieure à celle des photons absorbés, ce qui pourrait être dû à la dissipation de la chaleur dans le réseau cristallin. Ce décalage anti-Stokes nécessite une enquête plus approfondie. / [ES] La energía fotovoltaica se presenta como una solución clave en la lucha contra el calentamiento global. A pesar de la madurez y confiabilidad de la tecnología de células de silicio cristalino, los desafíos de la purificación de silicio intensiva en energía siguen siendo un obstáculo costoso. Con esto en mente, las perovskitas halogenadas, especialmente FAPbI3, están emergiendo como alternativas prometedoras al silicio debido a su capacidad de ser sintetizadas a bajo costo a temperatura ambiente, aunque tiene propiedades ópticas y electrónicas atractivas. Sin embargo, la inestabilidad de las perovskitas en contacto con el aire ambiente constituye un obstáculo importante para su uso como capa absorbente. Para superar este desafío, un enfoque fue modificar la composición química de las perovskitas utilizando la técnica de recubrimiento por centrifugación. El estudio reveló que las perovskitas mixtas que contienen yoduro (I) y bromo (Br), como FAPbI2Br y FAPbBr2I, ofrecen un compromiso interesante entre la estabilidad y la brecha de banda. A diferencia de FAPbI3, que pierde sus propiedades ópticas después de un cierto tiempo en condiciones ambientales, estas perovskitas mixtas conservan su capacidad de absorción en el visible incluso después del envejecimiento. Además, se encontró que FAPbBr2I era aproximadamente tres veces más fotoluminiscente que FAPbI3, lo que sugiere una conversión más eficiente de los fotones absorbidos en pares electrón-agujero, y, esto lo convierte en un candidato atractivo para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que FAPbBr2I tiene una brecha de energía más amplia que la ideal para tales aplicaciones. Para superar esta limitación, se estudió el dopaje de FAPbBr2I con bismuto, mostrando una reducción significativa de la brecha energética con el aumento de la concentración de bismuto. Sin embargo, se ha observado que los fotones emitidos por la fotoluminiscencia tienen una energía superior a la de los fotones absorbidos, y, esto podría deberse a la disipación de calor en la red cristalina. Este retraso anti-Stokes requiere más investigación. / [EN] Photovoltaic energy emerges as a crucial solution in the fight against climate change. Despite the maturity and reliability of crystalline silicon cell technology, challenges related to the energy-intensive purification of silicon remain a costly barrier. In this context, halide perovskites, especially FAPbI3, are emerging as promising alternatives to silicon due to their ability to be synthesized cost-effectively at room temperature while exhibiting attractive optical and electronic properties. However, the instability of perovskites in contact with ambient air poses a major obstacle to their use as an absorbing layer. To overcome this challenge, one approach has been to modify the chemical composition of perovskites using the spin-coating technique. The study revealed that misted perovskites containing iodide (I) and bromide (Br), such as FAPbI2Br and FAPbBr2I, offer an interesting compromise between stability and bandgap. Unlike FAPbI3, which loses its optical properties after some time under ambient conditions, these misted perovskites retain their absorption capacity in the visible range even after aging. Furthermore, FAPbBr2I was found to be approximately three times more photoluminescent than FAPbI3, suggesting a more efficient conversion of absorbed photons into electron-hole pairs, making it an attractive candidate for photovoltaic applications. However, it is worth noting that FAPbBr2I has a wider energy gap than ideal for such applications. To address this limitation, doping FAPbBr2I with bismuth was studied, showing a significant reduction in the energy gap with increasing bismuth concentration. Nevertheless, it was observed that the photons emitted by photoluminescence had higher energy than those absorbed, which could be due to heat dissipation in the crystal lattice. This anti-Stokes shift requires further investigation. / Abdoulaye, T. (2024). Etude de stabilité des pérovskites aux halogénures mixtes plombate de Formamidinium FAPbX3 avec X={ Cl,Br,I} [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203190