Increasing  environmental  pressure  makes  it  significantly  important  to  improve  the share  of  renewable  energy  source  in  terms  of  sustainable  development.  Photovoltaic  (PV)  cells are one of the most promising technologies at present for utilizing solar radiation. However,  the large  scale  of  PV  penetration  with  its  character  of  intermittency  may  cause  problems  for  the power system and requires a more complex power system control. Self-consumption is a feasible solution to reduce the negative impact of PV on the power system. On the other hand, Plugged-in electric vehicle which could get charged by the electricity from the grid is a potential load for the general household in the future since the introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) is critical for building  a  fossil-fuel  independent  transportation.  The  aim  of  the  project  is  to  investigate  the effect on the power consumption profile when adding PV generation and electric vehicle load, as well  as  whether  the  introduction  of  electric  vehicle  will  help  improve  the  matching  between electricity consumption and PV generation. This study is done on both an individual household scale and a national scale. Conclusion from the simulation is that home-charged EV accounts for a  great  deal  of  energy  consumption  for  a  single  household  and  it  could  improve  the  national energy  consumption  to  some  extent  if  largely  introduced  into  the  power  system.  In  addition, Home-charged EV without strategic control does not improve self-consumption of PV either for a single household or on a national scale. / <p></p><p></p>

The current pressure on water bodies is a structural problem that may compromise the satisfaction of future water demand and the good status of the natural environment. Activities such as wastewater reuse or desalination provide an additional source of water resources to meet demand without the need to increase natural water abstractions. In addition, reuse also contributes to improving water quality by limiting abstractions and reducing discharges. However, reuse has not been widespread as a source of supply in resource-rich contexts. In resource-abundant areas, the high cost of reusing water is a strong disincentive to its use, which puts the focus on reducing pollution through discharge without assessing the potential of reuse as an additional source of resources. The use of reclaimed water has a great margin for development that should be exploited in the coming years to obtain a guarantee of supply and an improvement in the environmental quality of water in the current context of increasing scarcity. However, the financial and environmental situation of reuse requires the involvement of the public sector. In this work, two instruments with the potential to facilitate the development of reuse have been studied. The first of these is photovoltaic self-consumption, in order to reduce the cost of energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants, given that this is their main financial operating cost. This possibility, however, has shown little capacity to reduce these costs since, except in the case of the floating photovoltaic installation, the cost of electricity from self-consumption is higher or similar to the market price. If we consider the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions derived from self-consumption, this alternative is much more competitive. The situation is, once again, of an activity that presents financial losses and environmental benefits derived from the current excess of emissions. The responsibility lies with the public sector in the same way as in the case of reuse. Water tariffs, as one of the main revenues from water treatment, is an instrument that can be evaluated with a view to increasing revenues through an increase in the price of water. The results obtained show large differences in the impact of such an increase depending on the region but make it clear that the potential for additional revenue from this possibility is small. This analysis has also shown that there is a problem in the current tariffs that reduces their effectiveness by not valuing the type of household. The problem lies not in the structure of the tariff or the number of household members, but in the characteristics of the household. By not taking these into account and calculating the bill without these details, the tariffs are not fully effective. In conclusion, both reuse and photovoltaic self-consumption are beneficial activities for society, but the financial costs involved in their implementation require the involvement of a public sector with a reduced capacity to increase current revenues.

No description available.

The global market for photovoltaics (PV) has increased rapidly: during 2014, 44 times more was installed than in 2004, partly due to a price reduction of 60-70% during the same time period. Economic support schemes that were needed to make PV competitive on the electricity market have gradually decreased and self-consumption of PV electricity is becoming more interesting internationally from an economic perspective. This licentiate thesis investigates self-consumption of residential PV electricity and how more PV power can be allowed in and injected into a distribution grid. A model was developed for PV panels in various orientations and showed a better relative load matching with east-west-oriented compared to south-oriented PV panels. However, the yearly electricity production for the east-west-system decreased, which resulted in less self-consumed electricity. Alternatives for self-consumption of PV electricity and reduced feed-in power in a community of detached houses were investigated. The self-consumption increased more with shared batteries than with individual batteries with identical total storage capacity. A 50% reduction in feed-in power leads to losses below 10% due to PV power curtailment. Methodologies for overvoltage prevention in a distribution grid with a high share of PV power production were developed. Simulations with a case with 42% of the yearly electricity demand from PV showed promising results for preventing overvoltage using centralized battery storage and PV power curtailment. These results show potential for increasing the self-consumption of residential PV electricity with storage and to reduce stress on a distribution grid with storage and power curtailment. Increased self-consumption with storage is however not profitable in Sweden today, and 42% of the electricity from PV is far more than the actual contribution of 0.06% to the total electricity production in Sweden in 2014.

The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to develop a smart charging algorithm for electric vehicles (EVs) and examine the potential of the smart charging scheme, compared to uncontrolled charging scheme at residential houses with an installed photovoltaic (PV) system. The thesis examines if smart charging can increase the photovoltaic self-consumption and self-sufficiency of houses. Also, the thesis will evaluate if the smart charging scheme can reduce the household peak loads compared to the uncontrolled charging scheme. The presented results show that the implementation of the proposed algorithm will reduce the household peak load on average by 38.64 percent at a house with an installed PV system. The self-consumption and self-sufficiency increased by 4.69 percent and 4.97 percent when the smart charging algorithm was applied. To increase the credibility of the developed model a sensitivity analysis considering a number of houses and vehicles was done.  From the results, it can be concluded that the proposed smart charging algorithm could be an option to reduce the household peak load and increase the usage of renewable energy sources.

Submitted by Marcia Leitzke (marcia.leitzke@unioeste.br) on 2017-06-12T12:58:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 2017_Sandra_Ventorim.pdf: 1401133 bytes, checksum: e02dfb86efd17800c3fb8d36b198b1ad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-12T12:58:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 2017_Sandra_Ventorim.pdf: 1401133 bytes, checksum: e02dfb86efd17800c3fb8d36b198b1ad (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The present study presents results of a research on a characterization of the residents and the practice of the Rural Village State Program, having as object the Vila Rural São Camilo, located in the municipality of Palotina, in the State of Paraná. The research identified the profile of the villager of Vila Rural and how the program is put into practice. We analyzed the factors that make it difficult to achieve the objectives of the program, such as the production goal for self-consumption. The research was done through the collection of primary and secondary data, having as an open and closed questions, applied to all 42 families residing in Rural Village, In the response to the invitation to participate, it is highlighted that the majority of families were represented by the female. The results showed that few carry out a commercialization of the products, as well as perform functions to meet their financial needs. It was also observed that the inhabitants of Vila Rural have a shortage of financial resources, and that they depend on programs provided by Government, and also, that there is a lack of technical incentive, for a population that does not plant the products and their commercialization. / O presente estudo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa sobre a caracterização dos moradores e a prática do Programa Estatal Vilas Rurais, tendo como objeto a Vila Rural São Camilo, situada no município de Palotina, no Estado do Paraná. A pesquisa identificou o perfil dos moradores da Vila Rural e como o programa é colocado em prática. Foram analisados os fatores que dificultam que os objetivos do programa sejam alcançados, como a meta de produção para o autoconsumo. A pesquisa deu-se por meio de coleta de dados primários e de dados secundários, tendo como instrumento um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas, aplicado à totalidade das 42 famílias residentes na Vila Rural. Na resposta ao convite para a participação, destaca-se que a maioria das famílias foi representada pelo sexo feminino. E os resultados demonstraram que poucos realizam a comercialização dos produtos, bem como desempenham funções fora da vila rural para suprir as suas necessidades financeiras. Observou-se, ainda, que os habitantes da Vila Rural têm carência de recursos financeiros, que dependem de programas disponibilizados pelo governo, e também que existe falta de incentivo e de apoio técnico para instruir a população no plantio dos produtos e na sua comercialização.

Most of the photovoltaic (solar cell) systems in Sweden today are installed on private houses and connected to the public grid. Photovoltaic (PV) power can be consumed directly in the house, called self-consumption, or fed in to the public grid. For the house owner self-consumed PV energy often has a higher economic value than sold excess PV energy, since the savings from not buying one kWh is larger than the income of selling one kWh. The self-consumption can be expressed as an absolute value; amount of produced/consumed kWh, or as a relative; absolute self-consumption divided with total PV production. The PV production and self-consumption were calculated on an hourly basis. In this Master thesis a MATLAB tool for calculating and optimizing the production, absolute and relative self-consumption and profit for PV systems with panels in one (1DPV), two or three directions (3DPV) was developed. The results show possibilities to increase especially the relative self-consumption with 3DPV. There is however no economic gain of using 3DPV instead of south-directed 1DPV for the studied case; a private house close to Västerås with a 1DPV system of 3360 W and variable electricity prices based on hourly Nord Pool Spot prices. The rated power of the inverter can be decreased with 3DPV compared to south-oriented 1DPV and still keep minimal production losses. A smaller inverter and other peripheral equipment such as cables might compensate for the lower yearly profit with 3DPV when calculating the payback period. Further studies of economic aspects and how to optimize them have to be carried out for 3DPV systems, since economy is very crucial for investment decisions.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO ANTONIA IVANILCE.pdf: 3324275 bytes, checksum: bbf9805aca89ccce3574712fb6179cf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-07 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This study aimed to analyze the structural processes of the environmental governance and food safety in rural communities of Benjamin Constant municipality, Amazonas state, Brazil. Based on the complex systems paradigm, a case study was carried out, using the following sources of evidence: fieldwork, direct observation, semi-structured interview, and focus groups with children and adults. The social organization is based on kinship and communal ownership of natural resources, including tenure, use and management of extractivism spaces. The families‟ units of production have weakly tied to the market, and, therefore, less dependent on it. The reciprocity logic motivates not only a large share of agriculture production, but, the resource management and factors of production, as well. Therefore, reciprocity leads to agriculture production that is socially motivated. The families, including children, recognize and perceive the landscape units and the system components, showing a deep knowledge of not only the homegardens, but the entire environment. Adopted agriculture practices by the family farmers follow the management systems, integrating agriculture to accessed environments. Food self-sufficiency level of families unities is 70% of products total consumption, and, therefore, access to food items is mainly non-monetary. The existing social organizations at the communities favor people participation, regarding environmental decision-making. The concept of Environmental Governance, constructed in this study, includes system elements the human adaptability, accessed units of landscape, diversification of agriculture production, social organization for production and marketing of goods, use of common property resources, and reciprocity economy. Main results, driven from these system elements, considered indicators, show that the traditional production strategies used by agriculture families of Alto Solimões region adopt a governance system that leads to both socio-cultural reproduction and ecosystems conservation. / O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os processos estruturantes da governança ambiental, sob o ponto de vista da segurança alimentar em comunidades rurais, no município de Benjamim Constant, estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Foi adotada na pesquisa a abordagem sistêmica, ligada à escola filosófica da Complexidade, que propõe uma abordagem multidisciplinar e multirreferencial para a construção do conhecimento. O método empregado foi o estudo de caso, combinando várias técnicas: diário de campo, observação direta, entrevistas semi-estruturadas e reuniões com grupos focais de crianças e adultos. A organização social é fundada no parentesco e na apropriação comunal dos recursos naturais existentes, incluindo a propriedade, o uso e o manejo dos espaços para o extrativismo. As unidades familiares apresentam fraca vinculação e dependência ao mercado e suas regras. A lógica da reciprocidade motiva uma parte importante da produção, transmissão e também do manejo dos recursos e dos fatores de produção. Assim, a reciprocidade gera uma produção socialmente motivada, que vai além das necessidades elementares das unidades familiares ou da aquisição de bens via trocas. As famílias, incluindo as crianças, reconhecem e percebem as unidades de paisagem e os componentes do sistema de produção, demonstrando um amplo conhecimento tanto em relação ao componente sítio, que se localiza ao redor das moradias, quanto sobre o ambiente, como um todo. As formas de produção adotadas pelos agricultores familiares correspondem aos sistemas de manejo que integram a agricultura aos diversos ambientes acessados. O patamar de auto-suficiência em alimentos das unidades familiares é de 70% do total de produtos consumidos, portanto, a forma de acesso aos alimentos é principalmente não-monetária. As organizações sociais existentes nas comunidades favorecem a participação de todos e de cada um nas decisões que envolvem o ambiente. A noção de Governança Ambiental, construída na pesquisa, considera como elementos do sistema: adaptabilidade humana, unidades de paisagem acessadas, opção pela diversificação da produção agrícola, organização social para a produção e comercialização, uso dos recursos de propriedade comum e economia da reciprocidade. A partir destes elementos do sistema, considerados indicadores, é possível concluir que as formas tradicionais de produção, adotadas pelos agricultores familiares do Alto Solimões, utilizam um sistema de governança que possibilita a reprodução sócio cultural e a conservação dos ecossistemas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO_Wanda_Hirai.pdf: 2522544 bytes, checksum: 17deab1589373377b2cfd49ff1f2f7c3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-25 / The present dissertation approaches the theme of food security in the family agricultural context, having as its basis a research performed in the municipalities of Pelotas, São Lourenço do Sul and Canguçu. The focus of the study is centered upon the issue of self-consumption, which involves a myriad of practices adopted by families to ensure the full or partial demand of their feeding needs, both for immediate consummation products (vegetable or animal source) and transformed, which is the case of those items of the so-called rural domestic industry (cheeses, sausages, preserves, etc.). The self-consumption practices present a cultural matrix among rural families, in spite of the symbolic value attributed to products generated within the very rural establishment, as compared to the ones which are acquired externally in usual commerce or from other production units.The field-work was performed within 30 family agricultural establishments whose main commercial activity lies on the milk, peach and/or tobacco production. The results show that in spite of the several transformations which have occurred through time, the cultivation practices for self-provision still remain among the researched establishments, though this does not assure that this production be quantitatively and qualitatively sufficient to supply all the family group necessities. The decreasing number of people who comprise the family nucleus, the high cost of income, the scarcity of labor, and the absence of an agricultural politics which ensures satisfactory prices to products, all were named as factors which give economic vulnerability to the families in this region. The effort to answer to the new material necessities forces families to increase the production of commercial cultivation, thus sacrificing the selfconsumption production. The more and more frequent presence of vans which sell 8 horticulture farming products is a clear evidence in the decline of the performance level of self-consumption for a large number of rural families. family agriculture, food security, self-consumption. / Esta dissertação aborda o tema da segurança alimentar no contexto da agricultura familiar, tendo como base pesquisa realizada nos municípios de Pelotas, São Lourenço do Sul e Canguçu, no extremo sul gaúcho. O foco do estudo centrou-se na questão do autoconsumo, envolvendo o conjunto de práticas adotadas pelas famílias para assegurar o atendimento pleno ou parcial de suas necessidades alimentares, tanto de produtos de consumo imediato (de origem vegetal ou animal) quanto transformados, como é o caso dos artigos da chamada indústria doméstica rural (queijos, embutidos, conservas, etc.). As práticas de autoconsumo expressam a matriz cultural das famílias rurais, em que pese o valor simbólico atribuído aos produtos gerados no próprio estabelecimento rural em comparação com o que é adquirido externamente, no comércio, ou em outras unidades de produção. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada em trinta (30) estabelecimentos de agricultura familiar cuja atividade comercial principal das famílias reside na produção do leite, pêssego e/ou fumo. Os resultados indicam que apesar das inúmeras transformações ocorridas através do tempo, as práticas de cultivo para a autoprovisão persistem nos estabelecimentos pesquisados, embora isso não assegure que essa produção seja quantitativa e qualitativamente suficiente para suprir todas as necessidades do grupo familiar. A diminuição do número de pessoas que compõem o núcleo familiar, o alto custo de insumos, a escassez de mão-de-obra e a ausência de políticas agrícolas que assegurem preços satisfatórios aos produtos foram apontados como fatores que conferem vulnerabilidade econômica às famílias dessa região. O esforço por atender às novas necessidades materiais empurra as famílias rurais a incrementarem a produção de cultivos comerciais, sacrificando a produção para o autoconsumo. A presença, cada vez mais freqüente, de camionetas vendendo 6 hortifrutigranjeiros é um claro indício do declínio no nível de protagonismo da produção de autoconsumo para um grande número de famílias rurais.

The worldwide fast growth of the transportation sector contributes to a large andgrowing share of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The Swedish TransportAdministration report indicates that emissions from domestic transport increasedin 2018. Having an idea that the workplace parking lots have the potential toincrease the share of renewable energy production in Sweden, an investigation forthe solar-powered electric vehicle (EV) charging station is conducted. This studyaims to clarify the knowledge on what the potentials are, financial assessment, andassessment of the photovoltaic (PV) self-consumption of EV charging in theworkplace charging station. Without knowledge about the highlighted parameters,investors may hesitate to invest in a PV project such as a solar-powered EV chargingstation system. To achieve the objective of this thesis, appropriate tools and/orsoftware are used. PV*SOL software tool is used for simulation and analysis ofenergy system efficiency with EV charging station integrated for different PVsystems deployed in the same location of Sweden. This software tool allows thedesign and calculations of the PV system and EV charging station integrated.Currently registered cars in Sweden indicate that EVs are dominating and will keepthe pulse in the future. This domination will enforce more need for electricity, callfor renewable energy use, and promising significant GHG emissions reduction –sustainable environment. The study has proven that there is no immense insolationin Sweden, thus, the power converter can be undersized up to 30 % with respect tothe PV array to reduced energy loss. A feasible solar-powered EV charging stationrequires several factors such as initial investment (EV charging station, PV module,inverter, transport and installation, operation, and maintenance, etc.), andelectricity trading rate. The study of five PV system cases showed that the increasein size significantly increases the self-sufficiency ratio while self-consumption ratiodecreases. By increasing the PV array, both levelized cost of electricity and paybackperiod were considerably decreased as was intended. However, the more PV arrayincreased in size the more initial investment is required. Study on GHG emissionsof the solar-powered EV charging station as well as the deployment of local energystorage and EV smart charging are recommended as future works.