Thesis. (M. Tech. (Dept. Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology))--Vaal University of Technology, 2011. / There are a number of ways to produce hydrogen using solar energy as the primary source. Water electrolysis, which uses solar electrical energy, is the rapidly available process. Hydrogen can be produced by using solar electric energy from photovoltaic (PV) modules for the electrolysis of water without emitting carbon dioxide or requiring fossil fuels. Solar hydrogen energy systems are considered one of the cleanest hydrogen production technologies, where the hydrogen is obtained from sunlight by directly connecting the photovoltaic modules to the hydrogen generator. This dissertation presents a designed solar photovoltaic electrolyser hydrogen production and storage system for various applications such as in the power generation and telecommunications industries. Various experiments were performed on the designed system to ensure its reliability and conformity with theoretical findings. The purity of the generated hydrogen was determined. The relationship between the amount of solar irradiance reaching the surface of the PV panel, the PV panel surface temperature, the PV panel tilt angle and the maximum power point voltage and current of the PV panel array were also considered. The effect of dust on the panel voltage and current outputs was also determined. Finally, the factors to consider when designing a solar photovoltaic electrolyser hydrogen system (based on this study) were enumerated.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para realizar a gestão ativa da demanda de energia elétrica de consumidores, providos de armazenamento de energia elétrica e geração solar fotovoltaica, inseridos em redes inteligentes. Tal metodologia pode ser utilizada em instalações residenciais e comerciais. Utilizando estratégias de otimização e inteligência artificial, a metodologia configura um sistema de tomada de decisão para o gerenciador do conversor da bateria, que realiza a gestão da energia armazenada, visando reduzir o custo com energia elétrica para o consumidor final. Esta gestão propicia contribuição com a distribuidora em forma de aumento da reserva de capacidade da rede elétrica nos casos em que a tarifa de energia elétrica for mais cara no horário de pico. De qualquer forma, há potencial postergação da necessidade de expansão da rede elétrica e redução de impactos ambientais advindos da geração convencional de energia elétrica, uma vez que tal gestão de energia propicia redução de consumo de energia elétrica da rede. O mesmo sistema de tomada de decisão do gerenciador do conversor da bateria pode ser utilizado em vários consumidores com características semelhantes (mesmo tipo, localização e tarifação de energia elétrica, e perfil de consumo similar), uma vez que tal sistema é composto por uma rede neural treinada com dados locais. Estudo de caso foi conduzido considerando consumidor residencial na cidade de São Paulo. Foram construídos quinze perfis de consumo, que foram combinados com três perfis de geração solar. A metodologia apresentou desempenho satisfatório, tanto na avaliação da etapa de otimização quanto de treinamento da rede neural, uma vez que as curvas de armazenamento de energia apresentaram comportamentos próximos aos esperados. O sistema de tomada de decisão também respondeu de forma adequada, alterando a curva de carga do consumidor vista pela rede de forma a reduzir o custo diário com energia elétrica e o consumo de energia no horário de pico da residência em todos os casos estudados. A análise econômica apontou a necessidade de encontrar formas de tornar a iniciativa positiva do ponto de vista econômico no estudo de caso realizado. / This work presents a methodology developed to perform the active demand side management for consumers, provided with energy storage and solar photovoltaic power, inserted in smart grids. Such methodology can be used in residential and commercial installations. Using optimization and artificial intelligence strategies, the methodology sets up a decision-making system for the battery converter manager, which performs energy storage management, in order to reduce the cost with electricity for the final consumer. This management contributes with the utility increasing the grid reserve capacity when the electricity tariff is more expensive during peak hours. Anyway, there is potential postponement of the need to expand the grid, and environmental impacts reduction from conventional power generation, since such power management provides a reduction of the grid electricity consumption. The same decision-making system of the battery converter manager can be used in several consumers with similar characteristics (same type, location and electricity tariff, and similar consumption profile), since this system is composed by a neural network trained with local data. A case study was conducted considering household in the city of São Paulo. Fifteen consumption profiles were built, which were combined with three solar generation profiles. The methodology presented satisfactory performance both in the evaluation of the optimization stage and the neural network training stage, since the energy storage curves presented behaviors close to those expected. The decision-making system also responded adequately, changing the consumer load curve seen by the grid in order to reduce the daily electricity cost, and energy consumption at peak hours of the household in all cases studied. The economic analysis pointed to the need to find ways to make the initiative positive from an economic point of view in the case study carried out.

Este trabalho apresenta um estudo de medições e simulações de fluxo harmônico na Usina Solar Fotovoltaica do Estádio Mineirão em Belo Horizonte/MG. O objetivo foi verificar o comportamento dos inversores solares fotovoltaicos na geração de harmônicos e a atenuação ocorrida pela agregação de múltiplos inversores. Para isso, foram realizadas medições em seis pontos estratégicos da usina investigada, por meio de analisadores de qualidade de energia, o que possibilitou a verificação do comportamento da usina em horários distintos e condições climáticas diversas. Foi avaliada a injeção de harmônicos no sistema elétrico pelos inversores e comparados os valores com os limites previstos em normas, procedimentos e recomendações vigentes. Além disso, o modelo completo da usina foi desenvolvido e simulado utilizando os softwares OpenDSS, ANAH e PowerFactory para análise harmônica e sua validação com os dados de medição. Os resultados obtidos indicam boa conformidade das medições e adequações dos modelos desenvolvidos. / This work presents a study of harmonic measurements and flow simulations in Photovoltaic Solar Plant of the Mineirao Stadium in Belo Horizonte/MG. The objective was to verify the behavior of photovoltaic solar inverters in the generation of harmonics and the attenuation occurred by the aggregation of multiple inverters. For this, measurements were performed on six strategic points of the investigated plant through power quality analyzers, allowing the verification of the plant's behavior at different times and different climates. It was evaluated the injection of harmonics in the electrical system for inverters and compared the values with the limits laid down in standards, procedures and current recommendations. In addition, the complete model of the plant was developed and simulated using the OpenDSS, ANAH and PowerFactory softwares to harmonic analysis and its validation with the data measurement data. The results indicate good agreement between measurement and developed models.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-12T09:25:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Danúsia Arantes Ferreira.pdf: 11101700 bytes, checksum: 31f194f258e45b32949a820dedbfd1f0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-12T09:25:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Danúsia Arantes Ferreira.pdf: 11101700 bytes, checksum: 31f194f258e45b32949a820dedbfd1f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-05 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss, in a scientific and methodological way, the theme of interdisciplinarity in the context of public social policies, highlighting the Methodology of Interdisciplinary Action - MAI, as a practice of governance. The themes, global climate changes, water crises and renewable energies are at the center of the proposed reflections, in a scenario of challenges and ample opportunities that reveal the research problem of the present study: how to propose a Social Public Policy whose conception and practice are based on the epistemology of interdisciplinarity? In this way, the general objective is inclined to analyze a Social Public Policy conceived and implemented. The specific objectives include: defining the strategic actions that make up the structuring axes of the Interdisciplinary Intervention Project; which proposes the integration and interaction between the actors of the quadruple propeller state-company-organized civil society; generate and disseminate information related to the Interdisciplinary Intervention Project - Goiás Solar Program. The methodology used is exploratory and descriptive, with qualitative analysis. The method used was the bibliographic research and the documentary research, followed by a field research, applying as technique the action research with which the researcher has the proposal to intervene. Thus, the results obtained and discussions allowed to observe that there is a real possibility of undertaking a Social Public Policy based on the epistemology of interdisciplinarity integrating concept and practice of intersectoral alliances, quadruple propeller and network governance. As well as confirming that the conception adopted and the Methodology of Interdisciplinary Action - MAI, create the ambience for the initiatives, innovative actions and induce new interdisciplinary knowledge and, also, sediments the network governance that promotes the integration and interaction between the actors involved, allows the development of the innovation ecosystem in the context of the State Renewable Energy Management Policy - Interdisciplinary Intervention Project called: Goiás Solar Program / A presente tese de doutoramento tem por finalidade discutir de forma científica e metodológica, a temática da interdisciplinaridade no contexto das políticas públicas sociais, dando destaque para a Metodologia da Ação Interdisciplinar (MAI), como prática de governança. As temáticas, mudanças climáticas globais, crises hídricas e energias renováveis estão na centralidade das reflexões propostas, num cenário de desafios e amplas oportunidades que revelam o problema de pesquisa do presente estudo: como propor uma Política Pública Social, cuja concepção e prática estejam embasadas na epistemologia da interdisciplinaridade? Dessa forma, o objetivo geral se inclina a analisar a “Políticas Públicas Sociais” proposta e implantada no contexto das mudanças climáticas e de gestão de energias renováveis. Já os objetivos específicos preveem: definir as ações estratégias que compõe os eixos estruturantes do Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção, que propõe a integração e interação entre os atores que compõe as esferas: estado-empresa-sociedade civil organizada; gerar e difundir informações relacionadas ao projeto interdisciplinar de intervenção – Programa Goiás Solar; propor política pública social, tendo como ação integradora o Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção. A metodologia empregada é de caráter exploratório e descritivo, com análise qualitativa. O método utilizado foi a pesquisa bibliográfica e a pesquisa documental, seguida de uma pesquisa de campo, aplicando como técnica a pesquisa-ação com a qual o pesquisador tem a proposta de intervir. Assim, os resultados obtidos e discussões permitiram observar que existe a real possibilidade de empreender uma Política Pública Social embasada na epistemologia da interdisciplinaridade, integrar conceito e prática de alianças intersetoriais, hélice quádrupla e governança em rede, assim como, confirmar que a concepção adotada e a Metodologia da Ação Interdisciplinar (MAI) criam a ambiência para as iniciativas, ações inovadoras e indutoras de novos conhecimentos interdisciplinares e, também, sedimenta a governança em rede que promove a integração e interação entre os atores envolvidos, permite o desenvolvimento do ecossistema de inovação no contexto da Política Estadual de Gestão de Energias Renováveis – Projeto Interdisciplinar de Intervenção denominado: Programa Goiás Solar

As edificações comerciais, públicas e residenciais foram responsáveis em 2014 por 50% do consumo de eletricidade no país. Considerando os últimos dez anos, enquanto o consumo médio dos diferentes setores da economia cresceu 3,5% ao ano, o consumo do setor comercial cresceu 5,4%. Os edifícios de escritórios corporativos representam grandes consumidores de energia, chegando a valores superiores aos 200 kWh/m2.ano. A geração distribuída é uma solução que vem sendo estudada no país, primeiramente pela aprovação da Resolução Técnica 482:2012 da ANEEL, que regulamenta a geração de eletricidade na baixa tensão e depois pela aprovação da Portaria 381:2015 que dispõe sobre a geração de eletricidade na média tensão. Apesar do crescimento da geração por fontes fotovoltaicas no mundo, no Brasil essa geração ainda é mínima frente às fontes hídricas e térmicas. Nos edifícios de escritórios corporativos a instalação de painéis fotovoltaicos na cobertura é bastante limitada, devido à disputa de espaço com outros serviços, como as áreas técnicas e heliponto. Nesse contexto, as fachadas aparecem como oportunidade para geração de eletricidade, através da tecnologia fotovoltaica integrada na arquitetura (BIPV). Nesse estudo foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica e financeira da geração integrada à arquitetura dos edifícios de escritórios corporativos da cidade de São Paulo a partir do uso de vidros fotovoltaicos. Os resultados indicam que existe um potencial de redução de 15% no consumo de eletricidade anual, considerando tanto a geração de eletricidade, quanto a redução do consumo do sistema de ar condicionado, que tem sua carga térmica reduzida com o uso dos vidros fotovoltaicos. A tecnologia já é viável financeiramente no mercado brasileiro quando associada ao vidro refletivo, apresentando um tempo de retorno simples de 2,9 anos, uma TIR de 34,2% e um VPL de 1.779.257,53, para um edifício em torre com 28.010 m2 de área condicionada e 21 andares. / Commercial, public and residential buildings accounted in 2014 for 50% of electricity consumption in Brazil. Considering the last ten years, while the average consumption of the different sectors of the economy increased by 3.5% per year, the consumption of the commercial sector grew 5.4%. Corporate buildings are major energy consumers, reaching values in the range of 200 kWh/m2.year. Distributed generation is a solution that has been studied in the country, primarily with the approval of the Technical Resolution 482:2012, which regulates the generation of electricity at low voltage and then with the approval of the General Ordinance 381:2015 which regulates the generation of electricity at medium voltage. Despite the growth in generation from photovoltaic sources in the world, in Brazil this generation is still minimal when compared to other sources, like hydro and thermal plants. In commercial buildings, the space to install photovoltaic panels on the roof is quite limited. In this context the facades appear as an opportunity to generate electricity through photovoltaic technology integrated in the architecture (BIPV). In this study we evaluated the technical and financial feasibility of the integrated generation to the architecture of corporate buildings in the city of Sao Paulo. The results indicate a 15% reduction potential in annual electricity consumption, considering both the electricity generation and the reduction of the consumption by the air conditioning system, which has a reduced thermal load when photovoltaic glass is used. The BIPV technology is already feasible in the Brazilian market when coupled with reflective glass, showing a simple payback of 2.9 years, an IRR of 34.2% and a NPV of 1,779,257.53, for a building with 28,010 m2 and 21 floors.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida uma metodologia para realizar a gestão ativa da demanda de energia elétrica de consumidores, providos de armazenamento de energia elétrica e geração solar fotovoltaica, inseridos em redes inteligentes. Tal metodologia pode ser utilizada em instalações residenciais e comerciais. Utilizando estratégias de otimização e inteligência artificial, a metodologia configura um sistema de tomada de decisão para o gerenciador do conversor da bateria, que realiza a gestão da energia armazenada, visando reduzir o custo com energia elétrica para o consumidor final. Esta gestão propicia contribuição com a distribuidora em forma de aumento da reserva de capacidade da rede elétrica nos casos em que a tarifa de energia elétrica for mais cara no horário de pico. De qualquer forma, há potencial postergação da necessidade de expansão da rede elétrica e redução de impactos ambientais advindos da geração convencional de energia elétrica, uma vez que tal gestão de energia propicia redução de consumo de energia elétrica da rede. O mesmo sistema de tomada de decisão do gerenciador do conversor da bateria pode ser utilizado em vários consumidores com características semelhantes (mesmo tipo, localização e tarifação de energia elétrica, e perfil de consumo similar), uma vez que tal sistema é composto por uma rede neural treinada com dados locais. Estudo de caso foi conduzido considerando consumidor residencial na cidade de São Paulo. Foram construídos quinze perfis de consumo, que foram combinados com três perfis de geração solar. A metodologia apresentou desempenho satisfatório, tanto na avaliação da etapa de otimização quanto de treinamento da rede neural, uma vez que as curvas de armazenamento de energia apresentaram comportamentos próximos aos esperados. O sistema de tomada de decisão também respondeu de forma adequada, alterando a curva de carga do consumidor vista pela rede de forma a reduzir o custo diário com energia elétrica e o consumo de energia no horário de pico da residência em todos os casos estudados. A análise econômica apontou a necessidade de encontrar formas de tornar a iniciativa positiva do ponto de vista econômico no estudo de caso realizado. / This work presents a methodology developed to perform the active demand side management for consumers, provided with energy storage and solar photovoltaic power, inserted in smart grids. Such methodology can be used in residential and commercial installations. Using optimization and artificial intelligence strategies, the methodology sets up a decision-making system for the battery converter manager, which performs energy storage management, in order to reduce the cost with electricity for the final consumer. This management contributes with the utility increasing the grid reserve capacity when the electricity tariff is more expensive during peak hours. Anyway, there is potential postponement of the need to expand the grid, and environmental impacts reduction from conventional power generation, since such power management provides a reduction of the grid electricity consumption. The same decision-making system of the battery converter manager can be used in several consumers with similar characteristics (same type, location and electricity tariff, and similar consumption profile), since this system is composed by a neural network trained with local data. A case study was conducted considering household in the city of São Paulo. Fifteen consumption profiles were built, which were combined with three solar generation profiles. The methodology presented satisfactory performance both in the evaluation of the optimization stage and the neural network training stage, since the energy storage curves presented behaviors close to those expected. The decision-making system also responded adequately, changing the consumer load curve seen by the grid in order to reduce the daily electricity cost, and energy consumption at peak hours of the household in all cases studied. The economic analysis pointed to the need to find ways to make the initiative positive from an economic point of view in the case study carried out.

As electric vehicles (EVs) become more popular, the utility companies are forced to increase power generations in the grid. However, these EVs are capable of providing power to the grid to deliver different grid ancillary services in a concept known as vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V), in which the EV can serve as a load or source at the same time. These services can provide more benefits when they are integrated with Photovoltaic (PV) generation. The proper modeling, design and control for the power conversion systems that provide the optimum integration among the EVs, PV generations and grid are investigated in this thesis. The coupling between the PV generation and integration bus is accomplished through a unidirectional converter. Precise dynamic and small-signal models for the grid-connected PV power system are developed and utilized to predict the system’s performance during the different operating conditions. An advanced intelligent maximum power point tracker based on fuzzy logic control is developed and designed using a mix between the analytical model and genetic algorithm optimization. The EV is connected to the integration bus through a bidirectional inductive wireless power transfer system (BIWPTS), which allows the EV to be charged and discharged wirelessly during the long-term parking, transient stops and movement. Accurate analytical and physics-based models for the BIWPTS are developed and utilized to forecast its performance, and novel practical limitations for the active and reactive power-flow during G2V and V2G operations are stated. A comparative and assessment analysis for the different compensation topologies in the symmetrical BIWPTS was performed based on analytical, simulation and experimental data. Also, a magnetic design optimization for the double-D power pad based on finite-element analysis is achieved. The nonlinearities in the BIWPTS due to the magnetic material and the high-frequency components are investigated rely on a physics-based co-simulation platform. Also, a novel two-layer predictive power-flow controller that manages the bidirectional power-flow between the EV and grid is developed, implemented and tested. In addition, the feasibility of deploying the quasi-dynamic wireless power transfer technology on the road to charge the EV during the transient stops at the traffic signals is proven.

La qualité d’un réseau électrique se mesure notamment par sa résilience, à savoir sa capacité à continuer de fournir, de façon stable, une électricité de qualité malgré les incidents. Cette continuité d’alimentation est notamment assurée par le réglage de la fréquence, ce dernier faisant office de moyen de coopération entre les différentes sources du réseau. Les travaux de cette thèse étudient en profondeur les différentes façons d’assurer ce réglage de la fréquence sur des microréseaux alternatifs îlotés au regard des problématiques nouvelles : intégration croissante de sources d’énergie renouvelables intermittentes et baisse (voire disparition) de l’inertie inhérente aux groupes synchrones tournants. L’objectif principal est de proposer un ensemble de modèles analytiques permettant d’appréhender le comportement dynamique de la fréquence et des puissances actives transitant sur un microréseau, quelle que soit la topologie de ce dernier, afin de constituer une aide au dimensionnement. À cet objectif global s’ajoute un certain nombre de sous-objectifs qui structurent et guident l’ensemble des travaux :- Un objectif pédagogique : les couplages entre l’équilibre des puissances actives et la fréquence sur un réseau alternatif sont clairement explicités, que ces couplages relèvent de la structure et des paramètres physiques du microréseau ou qu’ils soient liés aux lois et paramètres de commande. La lecture des modèles doit ainsi permettre de comprendre analytiquement les différents liens de cause à effet entre les paramètres du système, la fréquence et les puissances,et les spécificités propres à chaque topologie de microréseau.- Un objectif de simplicité et de modularité : les modèles proposés doivent pouvoir être adaptés selon les cas particuliers de topologies, afin que tout lecteur puisse les réutiliser facilement en dehors du cadre de cette étude. Pour ce faire, ces travaux utilisent des modèles mathématiques sous forme de schémas blocs, intégrables sous Matlab.- Enfin, un objectif de modélisation « grand signal » : pour trancher avec l’approche petit signal de beaucoup de modélisations de microréseaux classiques, et pour permettre d’appréhender le comportement du microréseau sur une large plage de déséquilibre de puissance / The quality of an electricity grid is measured by its resilience, namely its ability to continue to provide electricity despite the incidents. This continuity of supply is ensured by the frequency control, acting as a means of cooperation between the different sources of the grid. This thesis examines in depth the different ways to ensure this frequency control on stand-alone microgrids with regard to new issues: increasing integration of intermittent energy sources and decreasing (or disappearing) of the synchronous rotating groups with their inertia. The main objective is to propose a set of analytical models explaining the dynamic behavior of the frequency and the active powers transiting on a microgrid, whatever the topology, in order to constitute an aid to the sizing. To this overall objective is added a number of sub-objectives that structure and guide this work:- An educational objective: the nature of the link between the balance of active powers and the frequency on an AC microgrid is clearly explained, whether this link is based on physical parameters or is related to control laws. The goal is to understand the different links of cause and effect between the paramers of the system, the frequency and the active power and thespecificities to each topology of microgrid. - An objective of simplicity and modularity: the models proposed must be adaptable to particular cases, so that any reader can reuse easily outside the scope of this study. To do this, mathematical models in the form of block diagrams which can be integrated in Matlab are used. - Finally, a "big signal" simulation objective: to decide with the small signal approach of many traditional microgrid models, and to make it possible to understand the behavior of the microgrid over a wide range of power imbalance.

This thesis focuses on improving the adhesion of electroless metal layers plated to pit contacts in interdigitated, backside buried contact (IBBC) solar cells. In an electrolessly plated, pit contact IBBC cell, the contact grooves are replaced with lines of pits which are interconnected by the plated metal. It is shown, however, that electroless metal layers, plated by the standard IBBC plating sequence, are not adherent on pit contact IBBC solar cells. The cause of this adhesion problem is investigated by examining the adhesive properties of each of the metal layers in the electroless metallization sequence on planar test structures. This investigation reveals that Pd activation of heavily P diffused Si impedes Ni silicide growth and that, in the absence of a silicide at the Ni/Si interface, an electrolessly plated Cu layer will cause the underlying Ni layer to peel away from the substrate. It is also found that the Ni silicidation process itself intermittently causes the unreacted Ni to spontaneously peel away from the substrate. An electroless metallization sequence that results in thick, adhesive Cu deposits on planar &lt 100&gt surfaces is developed in this thesis. It is shown that this process leads to the formation of a Ni silicide on both n- and p- type, heavily diffused surfaces. Fully plated, pit contact IBBC solar cells were not able to be fabricated during the course of this work but it is reasonable to expect that the modified plating sequence developed in this work will result in the metal layers being adhesive on these cells.

The manufacture of photovoltaic (PV) system components has a role to play in the industrialisation and poverty reduction strategies of developing countries. It has also been suggested that small scale local manufacture of balance of systems components has the potential to improve the maintenance, installation and use of the technology. However, PV is a complex technology and most developing countries have not been able to build the capabilities required to manufacture PV system components of an appropriate quality and price, either in the modern or small scale sectors. The factors that determine the success of PV manufacturers in developing countries are therefore of interest. Previous studies on learning in the PV industry have been focused on industry-wide concerns and have not explicitly addressed enterprise-level capability building or challenges specific to developing countries. In particular, there has been very little published about small scale PV manufacture. This thesis therefore aims to improve understanding of the factors that influence capability building, with a view to assisting decision making in relation to PV manufacture in developing countries. The aims of the study have been fulfilled by the development and assessment of a software simulation training tool for PV cell production line engineers, the development of an analysis framework, and application of it to several case study PV enterprises. Through the application of the framework to the case studies, it has been possible to assess the role of software simulations, the suitability of countries with different types of infrastructure for hosting PV manufacturing and the institutional arrangements or interventions that could be used to promote capability building for PV manufacturers in developing countries. While further case studies are required to make more than tentative conclusions, the framework developed and tested in this thesis may now be used as a tool to systematically and rapidly analyse the appropriateness of different types of PV manufacture in particular countries, to identify the weaknesses in their PV technological systems and therefore to suggest where resources should be invested and where appropriate institutional changes could be made. The simulation software has been demonstrated to be an effective capability building tool, thus providing one of the key elements required for successful manufacturing.