This diploma thesis introduces the reader to the possible types of electric energy storage technologies, their comparisons and utilization. After its introduction, it follows the description of individual technologies and principles that are currently meaningful and useful in practice. The thesis continues with the part characterizing the ways of using the accumulation in the grid. However, the main points of this thesis include the analysis of the influence of the photovoltaic installation on the specified distribution grid operation at the low voltage level and the analysis of the influence on the grid with connected accumulation. Another important objective was the model for the calculation of steady-state, which was programmed on the basis of the theory supported by the principles of production from intermittent sources and the principle of accumulation function. The outputs of the model in the form of the calculated voltage ratios at the individual supply points and current flows at the distribution transformer point were used to evaluate the analyzes mentioned above. The courses of the calculated parameters are broken down by different scenarios (according to the period, the degree of integration of production and the accumulation or the power output of the production), graphically processed and compared from the point of view of voltage fluctuations and changes in the power (or current) balance of the supply transformer.

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics

MSc (Physics) / Department of Physics

Traditional sources of electrical energy are finite and can produce significant pollution. Solar cells produce clean energy from incident sunlight, and will be an important part of our energy future. A new nanostructured extremely thin absorber solar cell with 0.98% power conversion efficiency and maximum external quantum efficiency of 61% at 650 nm has been fabricated and characterized. This solar cell is composed of a fluorine-doped tin oxide base layer, n-type aluminum doped zinc oxide nanowires, a cadmium selenide absorber layer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) as a p-type layer, and thermally evaporated gold as a back contact. Zinc oxide nanowire electrodeposition has been investigated for different electrical environments, and the role of a zinc oxide thin film layer has been established. Cadmium selenide nanoparticles have been produced and optimized in-house and compared to commercially produced nanoparticles. Argon plasma cleaning has been investigated as a method to improve electronic behavior at cadmium selenide interfaces. The thermal anneal process for cadmium selenide nanoparticles has been studied, and a laser anneal process has been investigated. It has been found that the most efficient solar cells in this study are produced with a zinc oxide thin film, zinc oxide nanowires grown under constant -1V bias between the substrate material and the anode, cadmium selenide nanoparticles purchased commercially and annealed for 24 hours in the presence of cadmium chloride, and high molecular weight poly(3-hexylthiophene) spin-coated in a nitrogen environment.

The objective of this research is to build a decision model for a comprehensive assessment of solar photovoltaic technologies using multiple perspectives. These perspectives include: social, technological, economic, environmental, and political (STEEP) with each perspective consisting of multiple criteria. Hierarchical decision modeling and expert judgment quantification are used to provide the relative ranking of the perspectives and criteria. Such modeling is effective in addressing technology evaluations with competing and contrasting perspectives and criteria where both quantitative and qualitative measurements are represented. The model is then operationalized by constructing desirability functions for each criterion. The combined results provide an overall numerical score for each technology under consideration as well as criteria desirability gaps. This model is useful for assessing photovoltaic technologies from varying worldviews such as the electric utility worldview, the photovoltaic manufacturer's worldview, or the national policy worldview. This model can also provide guidance to decision makers and practitioners on areas of improvement for a selected technology. The research utilizes the electric utility worldview as a case study.

The needs to the sustainable development of electricity, energy efficiency improvement, and environment pollution reduction have favored the development of distributed generation (DG). But the problems come with increasing DG penetration in distribution networks. This thesis presents the Solar Energy Grid Integration System (SEGIS) Stage III project done by Portland General Electric (PGE), Advanced Energy, Sandia National Lab on a PGE selected distribution feeder. The feeder has six monitored commercial solar PV systems connected. The total power output from the PV systems has the potential to reach 30% of the feeder load. The author analyzes the performance of the solar feeder on both generation and voltage effects. As a project report, it introduced a new islanding detection done by other team members to give an islanding solution of future high penetration distribution networks. At last, the author describes micro-grid and grid support concepts in a SEGIS concept paper with some examples.

Recent studies suggest that integration of photovoltaic panels with green roofs may improve the performance of both. While vegetation may provide a benefit by reducing the net radiation load on the underside of the photovoltaic (PV) panels, it may also affect convective cooling of panels, and consequently, panel efficiency. Both effects likely diminish with the height of the PV panel above the roof, although placing PV panels too close to the vegetation increases the risk of the plants growing over the edges of, and shading the PV panel. There is a gap in the literature with respect to evaluating these competing effects. The present study aims to fill this gap. Experiments were conducted over a two-month period during summer using two identical PV panels within an array of rooftop-mounted panels. These experiments were performed at two heights (18 cm and 24 cm) using three roofing types: white, black and green (vegetated). Results showed that the mean power output of the system in which the PV panel was mounted above a green roof was 1.2% and 0.8% higher than that of the PV-black roof and the PV-white roof at the 18 cm height. At the 24 cm height, the benefit of the green roof was slightly diminished with power output for the PV panel above a green roof being 1.0% and 0.7% higher than the black and white roof experiments, respectively. These power output results were consistent with measured variations in mean panel surface temperatures; the green roof systems were generally cooler by 1.5˚C to 3˚C. The panel surface mean heat transfer coefficients for the PV-green roof were generally 10 to 23% higher than for the white and black roof configurations, suggesting a mixing benefit associated with the roughness of the plant canopy. As expected, the results indicate that the best PV panel performance is obtained by locating the PV panel above a green roof. However, the relative benefits of the roof energy balance diminish with distance between the PV panel and the roof. Moreover, the results of this study showed that the mean power output of the PV panel above the white roof was 0.7% and 0.44% higher than that of the PV panel above the black roof at 18 cm and 24 cm heights, respectively. The results of the power output differences in all the experiments were statistically significant at the 95% confidence interval (P < 0.01).

The aim of the master project is to design nearly zero-energy university building in Hradec Králové. The thesis consists of three parts, architectural-construction part, building services and energy assessment report to a photovoltaic power plant. The building has two above-ground floors and a basement under part of the building. In the basement there is utility room and storage. On the first floor there is entrance hall, sanitary facilities and locker room. On the second floor there are two lecture halls and office rooms. The vertical load-bearing structures are designed as a reinforced concrete frame system. Horizontal load-bearing structures are designed as prestressed panels. The building is insulated with expanded mineral wool. There are solar panels situated on the flat roof over the second floor. The building is heated by heat exchange station and the whole building is ventilated by two air conditioning units. The main part in my master project is energy assessment report to a photovoltaic power plant. The project is carried out in ArchiCAD and HelioScope software.

The master thesis designs a low-energy mixed-use building in Dolní Kralovice. The thesis consists of three parts, architectural-construction part, environment technology of building and energy assessment report to a photovoltaic power plant. The building has two above-ground floors and a basement under part of the building. The basement includes sanitary facilities and utility room, ground floor includes a restaurant and small sports hall and first floor offices. The building is founded on reinforced concrete foundation slab and foundation pads. The vertical load-bearing structures are designed as a frame system with shear core. Horizontal load-bearing structures are designed as cast-in-place reinforced slabs. External wall is designed from aerated concrete blocks with and mineral wool insulation. The building has a flat roof. In the building is air condition and cooling system and heating is with geothermal heat pumps with a borehole collector. Part of electricity demand is covered by photovoltaics on the roof. The thesis was developed in Revit software.

<p> Integrating solar energy into the electric vehicle (EV) market alleviates the demand for</p> <p>fossil fuels used to generate the electricity used to power these vehicles. Integrated solar panels</p> <p>provide a new method of power generation for an electric vehicle, but researchers must consider</p> <p>new dependent variables such as drag in the figure of vehicle efficiency. For the solar array to be</p> <p>deemed a viable option for power generation, the solar array must generate enough energy to</p> <p>overcome the added weight and aerodynamic drag forces the solar system introduces. The thesis</p> <p>explores the application of photovoltaic modules for power generation in an EV system.</p> <p>Researchers installed an off-the-shelf solar module on the roof of an EV and investigated the</p> <p>system to explore the efficiency tradeoffs. The research sought to identify an optimized solar</p> <p>panel configuration for minimized drag based on maximized panel surface irradiance, cooling,</p> <p>and array output voltage parameters. The study utilized computational fluid dynamics modeling,</p> <p>wind tunnel testing, and full-scale track testing to analyze the system. The results of this study</p> <p>provide an optimized configuration for a Renogy RNG-100D atop a Chevrolet Bolt. The system</p> <p>was considered optimal at a tilt angle of zero degrees when in motion. The performance benefits</p> <p>due to the increased angle of the solar panel tilt were deemed insufficient in overcoming the</p> <p>aerodynamic drag forces introduced into the system while in motion.</p>