Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The process of the thermal modification on wood is the application of heat in order to improve its quality. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of the thermal modification in industrial scale on the wood quality of Tectona grandis Linn. F. To this end, boards of approximately 35 x 100 x 2200 mm (thickness, width and length), separated and numbered in quality classes. First-class boards were with the highest presence of core and free of defects, such as cracks, knots, warps, among others, while the second class boards presented larger portions of sapwood and defects mentioned above. In this way, four batches of wood were separated into four treatments, with T1 and T2 being the natural wood of the first and second quality respectively, and in the same order of quality, however, the T3 and T4 treatments were thermally modified. The original pieces of 2200 mm length were divided into two pieces of equal size (1100 mm), one of them corresponding to the wood control (T1 and T2), that is, the non-thermally modified, for later comparison with the treated wood (T3 and T4). The VAP HolzSysteme® thermal modification was conducted according to the program used by the company, where the final temperature was 160 ° C. After the heat treatment, the wood was tested by the quantification of defects; Effect on chemical composition; In the physical and mechanical properties, and, finally, of the resistance to xylophagous fungi. The defects were analyzed by the standard NBR 9487 (ABNT, 1986) through cracks (top and surface) and warping (bending, bending and recessing). In addition, the moisture content was also measured. The chemical analyzes followed the methodologies described in the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry - TAPPI (Tappi, 1999), through the analysis of total extractives, lignin Klason, holocellulose, hemicellulose and alpha cellulose. For the physical tests (equilibrium moisture content, apparent specific mass, total swelling and swelling anisotropy), the procedures established in ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000) were used. Colorimetry followed ASTM D 2244-09a (ASTM, 2009). The test of static flexion and parallel compression of the fibers followed the standard ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000). The test of shear strength in parallel compression to the fibers in the glue line was according to ASTM D - 905 (ASTM, 2008a) and the percentage of failure of the specimens, followed the standard ASTM D - 3110 (ASTM, 2008 b). The assembly of the biological analyzes followed the recommendation of the European norm EN 113 (1996). The fungus used was Ganoderma applanatum (white rot) and the resistance was evaluated by the ASTM D 2017 standard. The heat treatment influenced the increase of the moisture content, but this did not interfere with the quality of the wood. The quality of the thermal modification was satisfactory, if evaluated by the defects of cracks and warpage. In addition, the quality of the wood was paramount for the lowest defect rate. The content of extractive and alpha cellulose increased significantly with thermal modification, in contrast, holocellulose and hemicellulose reduced, and still, for the latter, the quality of the wood may have influenced. The Klason lignin content was not significantly altered by temperature or by the quality of the wood. The equilibrium moisture content, apparent specific mass of the wood, total swelling and anisotropy of wood swelling decreased after heat treatment, due to loss of hemicellulose mass and increase of total extractives. Therefore, the dimensional stability of the wood has been increased. The colorimetry was influenced by the thermal modification of the wood, through the darkening and increase of the reddish hue. The quality of the wood did not influence the physical properties, except the colorimetry, which was altered by the difference in the proportion of the sapwood and core of the specimens. The failures in the wood caused by the shear strength in the glue line were satisfactory. The mechanical strength of all tests was reduced by the quality of the wood and the thermal modification, which in the latter case caused hemicellulose degradation. The wood was considered very resistant, although the loss of mass in contact with the fungus increased in the thermally treated wood. The results may have been influenced by the quality of the wood and the degradation of the hemicelluose. It was concluded that, in general, the effect of the thermal modification on the quality of the wood was significant in all evaluated properties (chemical, physical, mechanical and biological), and the presence of heartwood, sapwood had little influence. The main responsible for the changes in the wood after the thermal modification was the degradation of hemicellulose. / O processo da modificação térmica da madeira é a aplicação de calor a fim de melhorar a sua qualidade. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da modificação térmica em escala industrial na qualidade da madeira de Tectona grandis Linn. F. Para isso, foram utilizadas tábuas de aproximadamente 35 x 100 x 2200 mm (espessura, largura e comprimento), separadas e numeradas em classes de qualidade. As tábuas de primeira classe foram aquelas com a maior presença de cerne e livres de defeitos, tais como rachaduras, nós, empenamentos, dentre outros, ao passo que as de segunda classe apresentaram porções maiores de alburno e os defeitos citados anteriormente. Desta forma, foram separados quatro lotes de madeira, em quatro tratamentos sendo o T1 e T2 para a madeira natural de primeira e segunda qualidade respectivamente e, na mesma ordem de qualidade, entretanto modificadas termicamente os tratamentos T3 e T4. As peças originalmente de 2200 mm de comprimento dividiram-se em duas peças de iguais dimensões (1100 mm), sendo uma delas correspondendo à madeira testemunha (T1 e T2), ou seja, a não modificada termicamente, para posterior comparação com a tratada (T3 e T4). A modificação térmica VAP HolzSysteme® foi conduzida de acordo com o programa utilizado pela empresa, em que a temperatura final foi de 160ºC. Posteriormente ao tratamento térmico, a madeira foi testada pelo efeito na composição química; nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas e, por fim, na resistência aos fungos xilófagos. As análises químicas seguiram as metodologias descritas nas normas Technical Association of pulp and Paper Industry - TAPPI (Tappi, 1999), onde foi determinado os teores de extrativos totais, de lignina Klason, de holocelulose, de hemicelulose e de alfa celulose. Para a realização dos ensaios físicos (teor de umidade de equilíbrio, massa específica aparente, inchamento total e anisotropia de inchamento) foram utilizados os procedimentos estabelecidos na norma ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000). A colorimetria seguiu a norma ASTM D 2244-09a (ASTM, 2009). O teste de flexão estática e compressão paralela as fibras seguiram a norma ASTM D 143-94 (ASTM, 2000). O teste de resistência ao cisalhamento na compressão paralela às fibras na linha de cola foi conforme a norma ASTM D - 905 (ASTM, 2008a) e o percentual de falhas dos corpos de prova, seguiu a norma ASTM D - 3110 (ASTM, 2008 b). A montagem das análises biológicas seguiu a recomendação da norma Europeia EN 113 (1996). O fungo utilizado foi o Ganoderma applanatum (podridão-branca) e a resistência foi avaliada pela norma ASTM D 2017. O teor de extrativos e alfa celulose aumentaram significativamente com a modificação térmica, em contrapartida, a holocelulose e hemicelulose reduziram, e ainda, para esse último, a qualidade da madeira pode ter influenciado. O teor de lignina Klason não foi alterado significativamente pela temperatura e pela qualidade da madeira. O teor de umidade de equilíbrio, a massa específica aparente, o inchamento total e anisotropia de inchamento da madeira diminuíram após o tratamento térmico, devido à perda de massa da hemicelulose e aumento dos extrativos totais. Por conseguinte, elevou-se a estabilidade dimensional da madeira. A colorimetria foi influenciada pela modificação térmica da madeira, por meio do escurecimento e aumento da tonalidade avermelhada. A qualidade da madeira não influenciou nas propriedades físicas, exceto a colorimetria, que foi alterada pela diferença de proporção do alburno e cerne dos corpos de prova. As falhas na madeira causada na resistência do cisalhamento na linha de cola foram satisfatórias. A resistência mecânica de todos os testes foi reduzida pela qualidade da madeira e a modificação térmica, que neste último caso, causou a degradação da hemicelulose. A madeira foi considerada muito resistente, apesar da perda de massa em contato com o fungo ter aumentado na madeira tratada termicamente. Os resultados podem ter sido influenciados pela qualidade da madeira e a degradação da hemiceluose. Conclui-se que de maneira geral, o efeito da modificação térmica na qualidade da madeira foi significativo em todas as propriedades avaliadas (químicas, físicas, mecânicas e biológicas), sendo que, a presença de cerne, alburno tiveram pouca influência. A principal responsável pelas mudanças na madeira após a modificação térmica foi a degradação da hemicelulose.

Temas relacionados ao desenvolvimento de novos materiais têm sido cada vez mais abordados e discutidos, num contexto em que questões como meio ambiente, sociedade, economia de energia e aproveitamento de resíduos, vêm se tornando relevantes. Neste cenário, faz-se necessário estudar aplicações de insumos alternativos na produção de pisos de madeira, tanto para reduzir o consumo de essências tropicais quanto para suprir o aumento da demanda de madeira nas indústrias deste segmento. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir painéis de partículas homogêneos de alta densidade, com resíduos de madeira de Pinus elliottii e casca de aveia (Avena sativa), aderidos sob pressão com dois tipos de adesivo, poliuretano à base de óleo de mamona e melamina formaldeído, nos percentuais de 11 e 13%, e avaliar o desempenho físico-mecânico de tais painéis para aplicação em pisos. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis (Planejamento I - 20 tratamentos) foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2006 e 2013). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (percentual de casca de aveia, percentual de adesivo e tipo de adesivo), além das interações entre tais fatores (dois a dois e três a três) nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Também foi avaliado o desempenho para pisos, tanto dos painéis (Planejamento II - 12 tratamentos) quanto de três espécies de madeira tropical (Angelim Vermelho, Dinizia excelsa; Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata e Jatobá, Hymenaea sp.), segundo diversas normas relacionadas a pisos de madeira. Os resultados apontaram propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis, em alguns tratamentos superiores aos requisitos estipulados por normas nacionais e internacionais. Quanto ao desempenho para pisos, os painéis apresentaram desempenho semelhante as três espécies de madeira, na maioria das propriedades avaliadas. A análise de porosimetria por intrusão de mercúrio confirmou a similaridade entre os painéis (do Planejamento II) e as três espécies de madeira avaliadas, evidenciando a potencialidade dos painéis produzidos para aplicação na indústria de pisos engenheirados. / Matters related to the development of new materials have been increasingly addressed and discussed in a context where issues such as the environment, society, energy and waste recovery economy, is becoming relevant. In this scenario, it is necessary to study alternative inputs for applications in the production of wood floors, both to reduce the consumption of tropical essences as to meet the increasing demand for wood in industries in this segment. The aim this study was to produce high density homogeneous particleboard with waste wood of Pinus elliottii and oat hulls (Avena sativa), adhered under pressure with two types of adhesive, castor oil-based polyurethane and melamine formaldehyde, the percentage of 11 and 13%, and evaluate the physical and mechanical performance of such panels for use in floors. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels (Planning I - 20 treatments) was evaluated based on the NBR 14810 (2006 and 2013) standards. We conducted an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the influence of individual factors (oat hulls percentage, adhesive percentage and type of adhesive), and the interactions between these factors (two by two and three by three) on the physical properties-mechanical panels. It was also evaluated the performance for floors, both panels (Planning II - 12 treatments) as three species of tropical wood (Angelim Vermelho, Dinizia excelsa; Cumaru, Dipteryx odorata e Jatobá, Hymenaea sp.), according to various standards related to wood floors. The results indicated physical and mechanical properties of the panels, in some treatments superior to the requirements stipulated by national and international standards. As for performance flooring, panels statistically equivalent to the three species of wood, most of the evaluated properties. Porosimetry analysis by mercury intrusion confirmed the similarity between the panels (from Planning II) and the three wood species evaluated, demonstrating the potential of the panels produced for use in the flooring industry engineered.

L'avancée de la technologie des PRF a suscité l'intérêt de l'introduction de nouvelles fibres, comme la fibre de basalte, qui a un potentiel d'offrir une solution efficace, lorsqu’utilisée dans les structures en béton, soit sur la résistance à la corrosion, la durabilité et la rentabilité. En outre, les codes et les guides disponibles, ne fournissent pas de recommandations pour l'utilisation de barres en PRFB puisque les recherches passées dans ce domaine sont limitées. Donc, des travaux de recherche sont nécessaires pour caractériser et comprendre le comportement des barres de PRFB dans les éléments en béton armé. En conséquence, les objectifs principaux sont d'évaluer les caractéristiques à court et long terme des barres de PRFB nouvellement développées, ainsi que d'évaluer les performances structurales de ces nouvelles barres comme renforcement interne dans les poutres et les dalles de pont et d'introduire ce nouveau renforcement dans les codes et les guides de dimensionnement. Les tests expérimentaux ont été faits en trois parties. La première partie porte sur le développement de trois nouvelles barres et tendons en PRFB pour déterminer leurs propriétés physiques et mécaniques. Les performances à long terme et de durabilité ont été réalisées en conditionnant les barres de PRFB dans une solution alcaline simulant les conditions humides dans le béton pour déterminer la compatibilité comme renforcement interne dans les éléments en béton. Par la suite, les propriétés ont été déterminées et comparées avec des spécimens non conditionnés (référence). La seconde partie a porté sur sept dalles de pont en béton armé grandeur réelle avec les bords restreints, simulant les tabliers de pont les plus utilisés en Amérique du Nord, pour évaluer la performance des dalles renforcées de PRFB et d'acier. Les dalles mesurent 3000 mm de long × 2500 mm de large × 200 mm d'épaisseur. Les dalles ont été testées jusqu'à la rupture sous une charge concentrée au centre de celles-ci simulant l'empreinte d'une roue d'un camion. Les capacités en poinçonnement sont prédites en utilisant les exigences réglementaires disponibles, et sont comparées aux résultats expérimentaux. La troisième partie de cette étude portait sur les essais de 14 poutres en béton de 3100 mm de long × 200 mm de large × 300 mm de profond pour examiner le comportement en flexion et les performances en service des barres de PRFB avec deux états de surfaces: fini sablé et crénelé. Les poutres ont été testées en flexion en quatre points avec une portée libre de 2700 mm jusqu'à la rupture. Les résultats sont introduits et discutés en terme : du comportement de la fissuration, des flèches, de la capacité en flexion et des modes de ruptures. De plus, le coefficient d'adhérence (kb) des barres de PRFB est déterminé et comparé avec les recommandations des codes et guides actuels. Les résultats sont introduits et discutés en terme : du comportement de la fissuration, des flèches, de la capacité en flexion et des modes de ruptures. De plus, le coefficient d'adhérence des barres de PRFB est déterminé et comparé avec les recommandations des codes et guides actuels. Les résultats de l'étude concluent sur la viables pour la production des barres de PRFB pour respecter les exigences des codes actuelles. Également, les résultats d'essai indiquent que les barres de PRFB ont de bonnes propriétés mécaniques et peuvent être placées dans la même catégorie que les barres de PRFV, soit grade III. De plus, le comportement des poutres et des dalles de pont renforcées de PRFB est similaire que pour un renforcement en PRFV et PRFC et les exigences réglementaires sont applicables pour les barres de PRFB. / Abstract: The advances in fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) technology have spurred interest in introducing new fibers, such as basalt FRP (BFRP), which has the potential to offer an efficient solution when implemented in concrete structure, such as corrosion resistant, durable and cost-effective. Furthermore, the available design codes and guides do not provide any recommendations for the use of BFRP bars since fundamental studies and relevant applications are still limited. Therefore, investigations are needed to characterize and understand the behavior of BFRP bars in concrete members. Consequently, the main objectives of this experimental investigation are to evaluate the short- and long-term characteristics of newly developed BFRP bars, as well as evaluate the structural performance of these new bars as internal reinforcement for concrete beams and bridge-deck slabs to introduce these new reinforcing bars to the design codes and guides. The experimental tests were completed through three parts. The first part was conducted on three newly developed BFRP bars and tendons to investigate their physical and mechanical properties. Durability and long-term performance were assessed by conditioning the BFRP bars in an alkaline solution simulating the moist concrete environment to determine their suitability as internal reinforcement for concrete elements. Thereafter, the properties were assessed and compared with the unconditioned (reference) values. The second part of this study was conducted on seven full-scale edge-restrained concrete bridge-deck slabs simulating actual slab-on-girder bridge-deck that is commonly used in North America to evaluate the performance of concrete bridge-deck slabs reinforced with BFRP and steel bars. The deck slabs measured 3000 mm long × 2500 mm wide × 200 mm deep. The slabs were tested up to failure under single concentrated load acting on the center of each slab simulating the footprint of sustained truck wheel load. The punching shear capacities were predicted using the available provisions, and compared with the experimental results. The third part of this study included testing of fourteen concrete beams of 3100 mm long × 200 mm wide × 300 mm deep to investigate the flexural behavior and serviceability performance of sand-coated and ribbed BFRP bars in concrete beams. The beams were tested under four-point bending over a clear span of 2700 mm until failure. The results are introduced and discussed in terms of cracking behavior, deflection, flexure capacity, and failure modes. In addition, the bond-dependent coefficient (kb) of the BFRP bars was determined and compared with the recommendations of the current FRP design codes and guides. The findings of this study concluded the feasibility of producing BFRP bars meet the requirements of the current FRP standards. Also, the test results revealed that the BFRP bars had good mechanical behavior and could be placed in the same category as grade II and grade III GFRP bars. Moreover, the behavior of the concrete bridge-deck slabs and beams reinforced with BFRP bars was quite similar to the counterparts reinforced with glass- and carbon-FRP bars and the available FRP provisions are applicable for BFRP bars. The beam test results yielded an average bond-dependent coefficient (kb) of 0.76±0.03 and 0.83±0.03 for the sand-coated and ribbed BFRP bars, respectively.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to describe the wood anatomy, study the physical characteristics and verify its variation along the tree height, and determine the mechanical properties of Tetrorchidium rubrivenium (Euphorbiaceae) wood, to identify possible uses of this material. Tetrorchidium rubrivenium, of popular name canemaçu, is an arboreal species of Euphorbiaceae botanical family, Crotonoideae subfamily, which is a native species poorly studied. Five trees of this specie were cut in Vale do Sol, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Environmental license for obtainment of this material was issued according current legislation. Samples of this material were prepared for confection of histologic and quantitative fiber slides, used to describe wood anatomy. Predetermined sized samples were also prepared for the following tests: green and basic specific density, green moisture content, radial and tangential shrinkage, shear, parallel and perpendicular compression, hardness, static and impact bending. The canemaçu wood is composed mostly by fibers and rays, and in lower portion by axial parenchyma and vessels. These anatomic characters agree with expected features for canemaçu family and subfamily. Basic specific density of wood was 0.4062 g/cm3, and presented significant relationship with the position in relation to commercial height of the tree. Similar relationship was found with green specific density, green water content and radial and tangential wood shrinkages. The wood of canemaçu presented low mechanical resistance for parallel compression, hardness and static bending, and median shear resistance. The mechanical properties of canemaçu wood were also related with specific density at 12% moisture and significant relationship was observed with perpendicular compression, radial and tangential hardness, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, work to maximum load in bending and resilience coefficient. Predictive models in function of specific density at 12% moisture were adjusted for these mechanical properties. In according with results of this study, the wood of canemaçu is appropriate to be used on furniture, particleboard, crates and general packaging, and on the manufacture of decorative items, internal finishing and toys. / O presente trabalho tem objetivo de descrever a anatomia da madeira de Tetrorchidium rubrivenium (Euphorbiaceae), estudar as características físicas verificando sua variação ao longo da árvore e determinar suas propriedades mecânicas, a fim de identificar possíveis usos do material. Tetrorchidium rubrivenium, popularmente chamado de canemaçu, é uma espécie arbórea pertencente à família botânica Euphorbiaceae, subfamília Crotonoideae e que ainda é uma espécie nativa pouco estudada. Foram utilizadas cinco árvores coletadas no interior de Vale do Sol, RS. Foi expedida licença ambiental para a obtenção do material, conforme legislação vigente. Amostras do material foram trabalhadas para confeccionar lâminas histológicas e para quantificação de fibras, utilizadas para a descrição anatômica da madeira. Confeccionaram-se também corpos de prova de dimensões pré-estabelecidas para realização dos seguintes testes: massa específica verde e básica, teor de umidade verde, contrações radial e tangencial, cisalhamento, compressão paralela e perpendicular, dureza, flexão estática e resistência ao choque. Constatou-se que o lenho do canemaçu é composto em sua maior parte por fibras e raios e em menor percentual parênquima axial e vasos. As características anatômicas são condizentes com o esperado para a família e subfamília que o canemaçu pertence. A madeira possui massa específica (ME) básica média de 0,4062 g/cm³, esta apresenta relação significativa com a altura comercial da árvore. Relações significativas também foram encontradas entre a ME verde, o teor de umidade verde e as contrações radial e tangencial com a posição em relação à altura comercial da árvore. A madeira apresentou baixa resistência mecânica para compressão paralela, dureza e flexão estática, e resistência mediana para cisalhamento. As propriedades mecânicas foram relacionadas com a ME a 12% de umidade, verificando-se significância com a compressão perpendicular, dureza radial e tangencial, módulo de elasticidade, módulo de ruptura, trabalho absorvido e coeficiente de resiliência. Para estas propriedades, foram ajustados modelos para predição dos respectivos valores a partir da ME. A madeira de canemaçu mostra-se apta para a utilização em móveis, chapas aglomeradas, caixotaria e embalagens em geral, e na confecção de objetos de decoração, acabamento interno e brinquedos.

This diploma thesis will discuss possibilities of using inorganic fibers to improve the mechanical properties of the resulting physical body bricks. Assessment of the effect of fiber length, fiber thickness is in the order of micrometers. In this work we were used fibers which are commercially produced for the purpose of reinforcement, but also waste fibers, which mainly serves as an insulator.

Die ausWestafrika stammende Ölpalme (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) ist zur populärsten Kulturpflanze in Südostasien geworden. Als Haupterzeugnisse dieser Pflanze gelten die Öle der Früchte und der Fruchtkerne. Die weltweite Nachfrage nach diesen beiden Haupterzeugnissen nimmt sehr rasch zu. Ursache hierfür ist die breite Anwendungspalette dieser Pflanzenöle, wie z.B. Bratöl, ölbasierte Chemikalien und ölbasierte Nahrungsmittel, Kosmetika, Waschmittel, Biobrennstoff usw. Indonesien und Malaysia sind die Hauptproduzenten und Hauptlieferanten solcher Produkte und decken über 85% des weltweiten Bedarfs. Mit Extensivierung der Ölpalmplantagen sehen sich die Erzeugerländer zunehmend mit ernstzunehmenden Umweltprobleme konfrontiert, da nach Erreichen der wirtschaftlichen Lebenspanne (Umtriebszeit) von 25 Jahren große Mengen an festen, biologischen Abfallstoffe bei der Neubegründung der Bestände anfallen. So sollen z.B. im Jahre 2010 laut Vorhersagen mehr als 20 Mill. Kubikmeter Ölpalmen- Holz jährlich anfallen... / Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) becomes the most popular crop, especially in Southeast Asia, than its origin,West Africa. World demand of two main products from this crop (e.g. crude palm oil and palm kernel oil) increases very rapidly, due to very wide ranges use of these vegetable oils for industrial purposes, such as fried oil, oleo-chemical and -food, cosmetics, detergent, biofuel and etc. Indonesia and Malaysia are the main producers and supplying more than 85% of world consumption. On the other hand, due to the economic life span of this popular crop (25 years), the producer countries have been facing a serious environmental problems concerning to the solid biowaste handling of oil palm industry, particularly the oil palm trunk after replanting activity. Starting 2010, it is predicted that more than 20 millions cubic meter biomass from oil palm trunk available annually...

La presente tesis analizó la calidad de la roca mediante los principales índices geológicos como son el RMR índice de Bianowski y el índice de Q de Barton. Esto se dividió en 8 zonas, desde la zona I a zona IV que tiene una meteorización muy alta, la meteorización disminuye hasta llegar a la zona 8 dónde es un macizo más consolidado, esto se refleja en los índices geológicos, para la zona I se obtuvo un RMR de 31% y un índice de Q de Barton de 0.194 mientras que en la zona 7 se obtuvo un RMR de 57% un índice de Q de Barton de 7.433 siendo estas las zonas con valores mínimos y máximos respectivamente. Se obtuvieron en campo el dip y el dip direction de todo el macizo, dividiéndose en 8 zonas como se mencionó anteriormente, del análisis mediante el software dips se obtuvo que existe deslizamientos planares, por lo tanto, se optó por analizar todo el macizo por el programa lo rocfall 3, el cual se obtuvo los resultados con una gran similitud a lo real en campo. Además de la clasificación geológica también se ensayaron muestras de roca para conocer sus propiedades físicas y mecánicas, entre los ensayos está el ensayo triaxial, el ensayo de compresión simple, ensayo de peso específico, ensayo de porcentaje de humedad y ensayo de porcentaje de absorción, el resultado del ensayo triaxial se obtuvo el ángulo de fricción interna de 45.7º con una cohesión de134.04 kg/cm2 datos importantes qué serán usados como datos de entrada en el programa rocfall 3. Para la zona que presenta desprendimientos de bloques de roca analizadas en el programa rocfall3 se empleara el sistema de BARRERA DE PROTECCIÓN CONTRA CAÍDAS DE ROCAS GBE-500ª, son mallas de triple torsión esta medida de mejora soporta la capacidad de hasta 500KJ De energía a comparación del resultado que se obtuvo el software que es de 88.97 KJ con una distancia de salida de 80.83 m. / This thesis analyzed the quality of the rock using the main geological indices such as the Bianowski RMR index and the Barton Q index. This was divided into 8 zones, from zone I to zone IV which has a very high weathering, the weathering decreases until it reaches zone 8 where it is a more consolidated massif, this is reflected in the geological indices, for zone I it is obtained an RMR of 31% and a Barton's Q index of 0.194, while in zone 7 an RMR of 57% and a Barton's Q index of 7.433 were obtained, these being the areas with minimum and maximum values respectively. The dip and dip direction of the entire massif were obtained in the field, dividing it into 8 zones as mentioned above. From the analysis using the dips software it was obtained that there are gradually planes, therefore, it was decided to analyze the entire massif by the rocfall 3 program, which obtained the results with great similarity to what is real in the field. In addition to the geological classification, rock samples were also tested to know their physical and mechanical properties, among the tests are the triaxial test, the simple compression test, specific weight test, humidity percentage test and absorption percentage test, The result of the triaxial test was the internal friction angle of 45.7º with a cohesion of 134.04 kg/cm2, important data that will be used as input data in the Rocfall 3 program. For the area that presents rock block detachments analyzed in the rocfall3 program, the GBE-500ª ROCK FALL PROTECTION BARRIER system will be used, they are triple twist meshes, this improvement measure supports the capacity of up to 500KJ Energy compared From the result obtained by the software, it is 88.97 KJ with an exit distance of 80.83 m.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo principal avaliar a incorporação de agregados reciclados de concreto em blocos estruturais de concreto para três classes de resistência (4,5 MPa, 8,0 MPa e 12,0 MPa). O estudo foi desenvolvido basicamente em quatro etapas. A primeira etapa consistiu na análise das propriedades físicas de agregados miúdos e graúdos reciclados de concreto originários de uma fábrica de pré-moldados. Na segunda etapa, foram analisadas as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de corpos-de-prova cilíndricos produzidos com concreto de consistência seca utilizando-se dois tipos de agregados reciclados previamente avaliados. O objetivo foi definir um intervalo de correlação entre a resistência à compressão de corpos-de-prova e blocos, verificar preliminarmente a influência dos agregados reciclados sobre as propriedades físicas e mecânicas e determinar os traços para a próxima etapa. Para a terceira etapa, foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica da produção de blocos com agregados reciclados através da análise de propriedades físicas e mecânicas, sendo também avaliada a viabilidade econômica pela proposição de algumas alternativas para reciclagem. De maneira geral, independentemente do grupo de resistência avaliado, todas as unidades com agregados graúdos reciclados cumpriram os requisitos estabelecidos; já para o estudo econômico, todas as hipóteses atestaram a viabilidade da produção de unidades com agregados reciclados com custos de produção e comercialização inferiores aos das unidades comumente produzidas. Finalmente, a quarta etapa, consistiu na avaliação da retração por secagem em miniparedes, resistência à compressão e módulo de deformação de elementos (prismas e miniparedes) produzidos com as unidades da etapa anterior. Em função dos resultados obtidos, pode-se afirmar que apenas a propriedade de retração por secagem foi afetada pelas unidades com agregados reciclados; nesse caso, a redução da distância entre juntas de controle foi considerada uma medida suficiente para minimizar os efeitos da retração por secagem. / The main goal of the present research project was the evaluation of recycled concrete aggregates incorporation in structural concrete blocks of three different levels of compressive strength (4,5 MPa, 8,0 MPa and 12,0 MPa). The study was developed in four stages. The first stage analyzed the physical properties of fine and coarse concrete aggregates derived from a precast concrete plant. In the second stage, physical and mechanical properties of dry consistency concrete cylindrical specimens were analyzed using two types of recycled aggregates. The aim was to define a correlation interval between the compressive strength of cylindrical specimens and concrete blocks, verify the influence of recycled aggregates on the physical and mechanical properties, and determine the better compositions to be used in the next stage. The third stage involved the technical viability of producing concrete blocks, and also the economic viability of some recycling alternatives. As a whole, independently of the strength class, the recycled coarse aggregate blocks fulfilled the required specifications; additionally the economic hypotheses confirmed the viability of producing recycled aggregate units with both production and market costs lower than those of the conventional units. Finally, the fourth stage dealt with the drying shrinkage of mini-walls, the compressive strength and the elasticity modulus of elements (prisms and mini-walls) built with units defined in the former stage. Based on the obtained results, the study showed that only the drying shrinkage property was affected by the recycled aggregates units; the reduction of the distance between two adjacent control joints was an adequate procedure to minimize the effects of the drying shrinkage in this case.

A utilização de produtos provenientes de fontes renováveis e livres de substâncias tóxicas é tendência global, prova disso é o constante aumento da demanda por produtos à base de madeira. Segundo o Forest Products Statistics (2015), a produção mundial de painéis de madeira reconstituída, em 2014, foi de 388 milhões de m³, um aumento de 5,5% em comparação com o ano anterior e um aumento de 34% quando comparado com 2010. No entanto, o setor industrial de painéis de madeira há décadas enfrenta um grande desafio com relação às emissões tóxicas vindas dos adesivos convencionais. Diante destes problemas, a proposta do presente trabalho foi testar a viabilidade da produção de painéis aglomerados e painéis OSB, com significativa redução da emissão de formaldeído, a partir de resíduos de madeira de Pinus sp. e Tectona grandis (Teca). Neste sentido, buscou-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento científico sobre a utilização do polímero natural polihidroxibutirato (PHB) e do resíduo de tinta à base de resina epóxi como adesivos alternativos. Os painéis foram fabricados variando-se os parâmetros de produção para obtenção de melhores condições de processo, sendo estes: densidade baixa, média e alta; teor de adesivo de 20, 30 e 40%; adição de partículas de Teca nas proporções de 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. O desempenho físico-mecânico dos painéis foi avaliado com base nas normas ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) e ANSI A208.1 (2009). Realizou-se análise de variância (ANOVA) para testar a influência dos fatores individuais (densidade, percentual de adesivo e fração de Teca), além das interações entre tais fatores nas propriedades físico-mecânicas dos painéis. Os resultados apontaram para excelentes propriedades físicas e mecânicas dos painéis aglomerados de média e alta densidade, tendo resíduo de tinta, principalmente, nas proporções de 30 e 40%. Na maioria dos casos as propriedades de tais painéis foram superiores aos requisitos estipulados pela norma brasileira e pelas internacionais. Assim, ficou confirmada a viabilidade de produção dos aglomerados com pelo menos um dos insumos estudados bem como seu potencial de emprego para as finalidades compatíveis com produtos desta natureza. / The use of products from renewable sources and free of toxic substances is a global trend, the proof is the steady increase in demand for wood-based products. According to the Forest Products Statistics (2015), world production of reconstituted wood panels in 2014 was 388 million cubic meters, an increase of 5.5% compared to the previous year and an increase of 34% compared to 2010. However, the industrial sector of wood panels for decades faces a major challenge with regard to toxic emissions coming from conventional adhesives. Faced with these problems, the purpose of this study was to test the feasibility of production of panels and OSB panels, with significant reduction of formaldehyde emissions from wood waste Pinus sp. and teak (Teak). In this sense, we sought to contribute to the increase of scientific knowledge on the use of natural polymer polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and residual ink resin-based epoxy as alternative adhesives. The panels were manufactured by varying the production parameters to obtain the best processing conditions, namely: low density, medium and high; resin content of 20, 30 and 40%; adding particles of Teak in proportions of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. The physical-mechanical performance of the panels was evaluated based on the standards NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009). Held analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test the influence of individual factors (density, adhesive percentage and fraction Teak), and the interactions among these factors in the physical-mechanical properties of the panels. The results showed excellent physical and mechanical properties of the panels average clusters and high density, and ink residue, mainly in the proportions of 30 and 40%. In most cases the properties of these boards were superior to the requirements set by the Brazilian and international standards. Thus, it was confirmed production of agglomerates with at least one viability of inputs studied as well as their potential for employment for purposes compatible with products of this nature.

Η μελέτη των γεωμορφολογικών, των ιζηματολογικών, των γεωχημικών και των ορυκτολογικών διεργασιών σε ένα υποβαθμισμένο υγροτοπικό σύστημα κρίνεται απαραίτητη και αναγκαία πριν τη λήψη αποφάσεων, που αφορούν στην αποκατάστασή του, προκειμένου να διερευνηθεί η εξέλιξή του μέσα στο γεωλογικό χρόνο και να προβλεφθούν ενδεχόμενες αρνητικές επιπτώσεις από την επαναδημιουργία του τόσο στον άνθρωπο, όσο και στο περιβάλλον. Η παρούσα έρευνα εστιάστηκε στην περιοχή της αποξηραμένης Λίμνης Μουριάς (Ν. Ηλείας). Η λίμνη αυτή σχηματίστηκε πίσω από παράκτιους αμμώδεις φυσικούς φραγμούς και είχε τροφοδοσία από επιφανειακά ύδατα και θαλασσινό νερό, μέσω ενός διαύλου μήκους περίπου 400 m. Η αποξήρανσή της ολοκληρώθηκε στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του 1960 και οι νέες εκτάσεις δόθηκαν για καλλιέργεια. Σήμερα το μεγαλύτερο τμήμα της περιοχής είναι γεωργικά ανεκμετάλλευτο, λόγω της κακής ποιότητας του εδάφους. Επιπλέον καλύπτεται από σωρούς απορριμμάτων, μπάζων, ενώ υπάρχουν και αυθαίρετα ποιμνιοστάσια και κατοικίες. Οι ανεξέλεγκτες αυτές χρήσεις προκαλούν έντονη δυσοσμία της περιοχής, συμβάλλουν στην οπτική υποβάθμιση του τοπίου, τη ρύπανση των εδαφών και των υπόγειων νερών, ενώ είναι πολλές φορές πηγές επικίνδυνων μεταδοτικών ασθενειών. Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής είναι η διερεύνηση των γεωλογικών και εδαφολογικών παραμέτρων της αποξηραμένης Λίμνης Μουριάς. Η έρευνα εστιάστηκε στη μελέτη των φυσικών και μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων των ιζημάτων της περιοχής, καθώς επίσης των ορυκτολογικών και των χημικών τους συστατικών. Στόχος είναι η πληρέστερη κατανόηση των παραγόντων, που επηρέασαν το σχηματισμό και την εξέλιξη του συγκεκριμένου υγροτοπικού συστήματος μέσα στο χώρο και το χρόνο, η εκτίμηση του μεγέθους της ανθρωπογενούς επίδρασης και του βαθμού υποβάθμισης της περιοχής μετά την αποξήρανση της λίμνης, καθώς επίσης και η διερεύνηση της δυνατότητας εφαρμογής ενός ολοκληρωμένου προγράμματος αποκατάστασης και αειφορικής διαχείρισης, μέσω της εφαρμογής πιλοτικού επαναπλημμυρισμού μικρού τμήματος της περιοχής και της παρακολούθησής του. Για το σκοπό αυτόν πραγματοποιήθηκε εκτεταμένη εργασία υπαίθρου σε όλη την περιοχή της αποξηραμένης Λίμνης Μουριάς, στα πλαίσια της οποίας έγινε αναλυτική τοπογραφική και γεωλογική χαρτογράφηση, καθώς και δειγματοληψία πυρήνων ιζημάτων, σε βάθη έως και 5 m. Η περιοχή, που πραγματοποιήθηκε ο πιλοτικός επαναπλημμυρισμός, έχει έκταση 5 στρεμμάτων περίπου και η θέση της επιλέχθηκε μεταξύ των περιοχών ιδιοκτησίας του Δήμου Πύργου. Ο σχεδιασμός της πιλοτικής λίμνης και η κατασκευή της έγινε έτσι, ώστε η νέα λίμνη να εξυπηρετεί κοινωνικούς, εκπαιδευτικούς και ερευνητικούς σκοπούς, καθώς επίσης και να αναβαθμίζει την αισθητική του τοπίου της περιοχής. Για την πληρέστερη γεωλογική αποτύπωση και την επιτυχή κατασκευή της πιλοτικής λίμνης χαρτογραφήθηκε λεπτομερώς η έκταση των 5 στρεμμάτων και πραγματοποιήθηκε λεπτομερής δειγματοληψία πυρήνων ιζημάτων, σε βάθη έως και 2 m. Τα δείγματα από την περιοχή της αποξηραμένης λίμνης μελετήθηκαν ως προς τις φυσικές τους ιδιότητες, όπως υγρασία, pH, ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα, κοκκομετρική κατανομή και οργανικό υλικό, καθώς επίσης και ως προς τα ορυκτολογικά τους συστατικά. Ωστόσο η πλειονότητα των εργαστηριακών προσδιορισμών και αναλύσεων πραγματοποιήθηκε στα δείγματα που συλλέχθηκαν από την περιοχή πιλοτικού επαναπλημμυρισμού, καθώς έπρεπε να εξεταστεί η καταλληλότητα των ιζημάτων της περιοχής για την ασφαλή και επιτυχή κατασκευή της πιλοτικής λίμνης. Στα δείγματα αυτά προσδιορίστηκαν η υγρασία, το pH, η ηλεκτρική αγωγιμότητα, το ειδικό και το φαινόμενο βάρος των κόκκων, το πορώδες και ο λόγος κενών, η κοκκομετρική σύσταση, η συνεκτικότητα, η ικανότητα ανταλλαγής κατιόντων, οι περιεκτικότητες σε ανθρακικό ασβέστιο, οργανικό υλικό, κύρια στοιχεία και ιχνοστοιχεία (με Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry και Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry), ολικό οργανικό άνθρακα και διαθέσιμα θρεπτικά συστατικά (με Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry και Continuous Flow Analyzer), καθώς και τα ορυκτολογικά συστατικά (με X-ray Diffraction). Ο αργιλικός ορίζοντας, που βρίσκεται σε βάθος περίπου 1 m από τη σημερινή επιφάνεια του εδάφους και απαντάται σε όλη την περιοχή επαναπλημμυρισμού, μελετήθηκε ως προς την υδροπερατότητά του. Επίσης εκτελέστηκαν δοκιμές στερεοποίησης και συμπύκνωσης στα ιζήματα αυτού του ορίζοντα, λόγω του ότι πρόκειτο να αποτελέσει τον πυθμένα της πιλοτικής λίμνης και το υλικό του θα χρησιμοποιόταν για την επίστρωση και στεγανοποίηση των πρανών της. Στα δείγματα που συλλέχθηκαν μέσα από την πλημμυρισμένη με όμβρια ύδατα πιλοτική λίμνη πραγματοποιήθηκαν προσδιορισμοί της υγρασίας, του pH, της ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας, των περιεκτικοτήτων σε οργανικό υλικό και ανθρακικό ασβέστιο, της ικανότητας ανταλλαγής κατιόντων, των ορυκτολογικών συστατικών, των συγκεντρώσεων των κύριων στοιχείων, των ιχνοστοιχείων, του ολικού οργανικού άνθρακα και των διαθέσιμων θρεπτικών συστατικών. Στην παράκτια ζώνη της πρώην Λίμνης Μουριάς αναγνωρίστηκαν από κάτω προς τα πάνω ιζήματα του συστήματος φυσικών φραγμών Αγουλινίτσας, οργανογενείς λάσπες ελώδους ζώνης, ιζήματα λιμνοθαλάσσιου πυθμένα, ιζήματα φραγματικού πεδίου και ιζήματα του σημερινού συστήματος φυσικών αμμωδών φραγμών. Το κύριο τμήμα της περιοχής πίσω από την παράκτια περιοχή και προς την ενδοχώρα αποτελείται από λεπτόκοκκα ιζήματα ποτάμιας προέλευσης, τα οποία συνιστούν τα ιζήματα του λιμνοθαλάσσιου πυθμένα. Το βόρειο τμήμα της περιοχής αποτελείται επίσης από ιζήματα ποτάμιας προέλευσης και συνιστά το χερσαίο περιθώριο της λίμνης/λιμνοθάλασσας. Στην περιοχή επαναπλημμυρισμού διακρίθηκαν από κάτω προς τα πάνω ιζήματα του συστήματος φυσικών φραγμών Αγουλινίτσας και ιζήματα λιμνοθαλάσσιου πυθμένα. Η γενική απουσία οργανογενών ιζημάτων, με εξαίρεση αυτά της ελώδους ζώνης, δείχνει ότι στην περιοχή αυτή δεν επικράτησαν ποτέ οι κατάλληλες συνθήκες, οι οποίες ευνοούν τη συσσώρευση τύρφης σε παράκτια περιβάλλοντα, που σχηματίζονται πίσω από αμμώδεις φραγμούς. Φαίνεται δηλαδή ότι η συνεχής εισροή θαλασσινού νερού είχε ως επακόλουθο την άνοδο της στάθμης του νερού της λίμνης/λιμνοθάλασσας, γεγονός που εμπόδιζε τη συσσώρευση τυρφογενετικού υλικού, με αποτέλεσμα την παρουσία πολύ μικρών συγκεντρώσεων οργανικού υλικού στα ιζήματα της περιοχής. Η παθογένεια των εδαφών της αποξηραμένης Λίμνης Μουριάς και η ακαταλληλότητά τους για καλλιέργεια έγκειται στο γεγονός, ότι είναι μετρίως έως πολύ ισχυρώς αλκαλικά, με αυξημένες τιμές ηλεκτρικής αγωγιμότητας, που οφείλονται στις κακές συνθήκες στράγγισης της περιοχής, καθώς και στον αβαθή υφάλμυρο υδροφόρο ορίζοντα. Τα ιζήματα της περιοχής συνίστανται από πυριτικά ορυκτά, όπως χαλαζία, αστρίους, ιλλίτη, χλωρίτη, καολινίτη και βερμικουλίτη, ανθρακικά ορυκτά, όπως ασβεστίτη, δολομίτη και αραγωνίτη, και χλωριούχα ορυκτά, όπως αλίτη και συλβίτη. Στα δείγματα του φραγματικού πεδίου αναγνωρίστηκαν θειούχα (σιδηροπυρίτης), θειικά ορυκτά (ανυδρίτης) και οξείδια (αιματίτης). Όλα τα παραπάνω ορυκτά αποτελούν αλλόχθονα συστατικά των ιζημάτων της πρώην λίμνης, ενώ κάποια από αυτά σχηματίστηκαν και αυθιγενώς. Οι κλαστικοί κόκκοι προήλθαν από την αποσάθρωση και διάβρωση των Πλειο-Πλειστοκαινικών ιζημάτων, που συνιστούν τα ευρύτερα περιθώρια της λεκάνης του Πύργου, και των πετρωμάτων της υδρολογικής λεκάνης του Αλφειού Ποταμού και μεταφέρθηκαν στην περιοχή μέσω της ποτάμιας και της κυματικής δράσης. Επίσης ένα μέρος των κλαστικών κόκκων των ορυκτών στα ιζήματα της περιοχής μελέτης πιθανά μεταφέρθηκε με τον άνεμο. Τα ιζήματα, που συνιστούν τον αργιλικό ορίζοντα πάχους περίπου 1,5 m σε βάθος περίπου 1 m από τη σημερινή επιφάνεια του εδάφους στην περιοχή επαναπλημμυρισμού, είναι ανόργανες άργιλοι μέσης πλαστικότητας σύμφωνα με το σύστημα ταξινόμησης των εδαφών για μηχανικούς σκοπούς. Μελλοντικά προβλήματα επιφανειακής ολίσθησης των πρανών από τη διόγκωση των αργιλικών ορυκτών (βερμικουλίτη), καθώς και θολερότητας του νερού της λίμνης, πιθανά θα προκύψουν λόγω του ότι η συμπύκνωση της αργιλικής επένδυσης δεν έγινε με το συνιστώμενο σε τέτοιες περιπτώσεις τεχνικό εξοπλισμό (ποδαρικά). Ωστόσο δεν αναμένονται ουσιαστικά προβλήματα διαφυγών νερού τόσο από τον πυθμένα της λίμνης, όσο και από τα πρανή της λόγω της μικρής υδροπερατότητας των ιζημάτων αυτών. Από την καλή συσχέτιση της ικανότητας ανταλλαγής κατιόντων με την περιεκτικότητα σε αργιλικό κλάσμα, συμπεραίνεται ότι η μεγάλη ιοντοανταλλακτική ικανότητα των ιζημάτων της περιοχής επαναπλημμυρισμού οφείλεται σχεδόν αποκλειστικά στα αργιλικά ορυκτά και όχι στην παρουσία του οργανικού υλικού. Τα ιζήματα με τη μεγαλύτερη περιεκτικότητα σε αργιλικά ορυκτά και ολικό οργανικό άνθρακα παρουσίασαν ιδιαίτερα αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις σε As, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb και V. Οι υψηλές περιεκτικότητες των ιζημάτων της περιοχής επαναπλημμυρισμού σε αυτά τα στοιχεία δεν συνδέονται απαραίτητα με ανθρωπογενείς επιδράσεις, αλλά φαίνεται ότι καθοριστικό ρόλο στη σύστασή τους έπαιξε η χημική σύσταση του μητρικού πετρώματος. Ωστόσο πιθανή ρύπανση των εδαφών της περιοχής μπορεί να προέρχεται από την εκτεταμένη χρήση φυτοφαρμάκων στις καλλιεργήσιμες εκτάσεις, καθώς και από την ανεξέλεγκτη απόρριψη σκουπιδιών στις ανεκμετάλλευτες περιοχές. Οι τιμές των ατομικών λόγων ολικού οργανικού άνθρακα προς ολικό άζωτο δηλώνουν προσφορά οργανικού υλικού τόσο από υδρόβιους, όσο και από χερσαίους οργανισμούς. Μετά την κατάκλυση της πιλοτικής λίμνης με όμβρια νερά παρατηρήθηκε μικρή αύξηση των συγκεντρώσεων των ιζημάτων της λίμνης σε C, N, S και ολικό οργανικό C, σε σχέση με αυτές πριν τον επαναπλημμυρισμό, γεγονός που δείχνει ότι σε πολύ μικρό χρονικό διάστημα ξεκίνησε η βιολογική δραστηριότητα. Παράλληλα η αύξηση της περιεκτικότητας των ιζημάτων σε βιοδιαθέσιμο Κ, συμβάλλει στην ανάπτυξη της υδρόβιας και της ελόβιας βλάστησης της λίμνης. Συγκριτικά με τις μέσες περιεκτικότητες των ιζημάτων πριν από τον επαναπλημμυρισμό, τα επιφανειακά ιζήματα του πυθμένα της πιλοτικής λίμνης δεν παρουσιάζουν εμπλουτισμό στα ιχνοστοιχεία As, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb και V. Αντίθετα οι συγκεντρώσεις τους φαίνεται να παραμένουν σταθερές ή να αυξάνονται λίγο σε σχέση με την προηγούμενη κατάσταση. Οι έντονα αλκαλικές συνθήκες (υψηλό pH), που επικρατούν στα εδάφη και τα ιζήματα της νέας λίμνης, δρουν ανασταλτικά στην κινητικότητα των ιχνοστοιχείων, αυξάνοντας το ποσοστό συγκράτησής τους στα ανόργανα συστατικά και μειώνοντας τη διαλυτότητά τους στο νερό της πιλοτικής λίμνης. Συνεπώς δεν αναμένεται ρύπανση του νερού της λίμνης από τα επικίνδυνα αυτά ιχνοστοιχεία, ούτε φυτοτοξικότητα των νέων φυτικών ειδών που θα αναπτυχθούν. Η συνεχής παρακολούθηση της χημικής σύστασης των ιζημάτων της πιλοτικής λίμνης, των φυσικών τους ιδιοτήτων, αλλά και των μεταβολών τους μέσα στο χρόνο, κρίνεται απαραίτητη για μεγάλο χρονικό διάστημα, καθώς ενδεχόμενη μεταβολή των συνθηκών που επικρατούν σήμερα, θα διαταράξει την ισορροπία του συστήματος της πιλοτικής λίμνης προκαλώντας ενδεχόμενα αύξηση της κινητικότητας των ιχνοστοιχείων και αποδέσμευσή τους στο περιβάλλον. / Before taking a decision for restoration of a degraded wetland, the study of geomorphological, sedimentological, mineralogical and geochemical processes, which contributed to the wetland’s formation and evolution, is essential and necessary, in order to assess environmental impacts from restoration. The objective of the present thesis was to study the geological and pedological features in the area of the drained Mouria Lake (Prefecture of Elia, Western Peloponnese). The interest was focused on the physical and the mechanical properties of the sediments, as well as on their mineralogical and chemical composition. The aim was a better understanding of the factors that controlled the wetland’s temporal and spatial evolution and the assessment of the degree of degradation and anthropogenic impacts after drainage. The ultimate aim was to implement an integrated restoration and rehabilitation plan of the former lake, based on the knowledge and experience that were acquired during the construction and monitoring of a pilot-scale wetland. Fieldwork included topographical and geological mapping, as well as sediment sampling, carried out all over the area of the former Mouria Lake. Physical properties such as moisture, acidity/alkalinity, electric conductivity, particle size distribution, as well as the organic and the mineral matter contents of the sediment samples from the drained lake, were determined in laboratory. The pilot-scale wetland, being approx. 0.5-ha large, was designed and constructed within the land owned to the Pyrgos Municipality with the purpose to meet mainly human (aesthetic, commercial and educational) needs. At the latter site detailed geological, topographical mapping and sediment logging and sampling were conducted, in order to study the bottom and the bank formations of the new pilot-scale wetland. On these sediment samples moisture, pH, electric conductivity, particle density, bulk unit weight, porosity and void ratio, particle size distribution, soil consistence (Atterberg limits), cation exchange capacity, calcium carbonate and organic matter contents, major and trace element contents using FAAS and ICP-MS, respectively, total organic carbon and plant-available nutrients contents and mineralogical composition applying X-ray diffractomentry, were conducted. The permeability, the consolidation and the compaction of the clay horizon, which lies c. 1 m beneath surface all over the study area, were determined, since this horizon constitutes the bottom of the pilot-scale wetland and is also used for sealing up the banks. Sediments from the wetland’s bottom were picked up, after the filling in with rainwater, and examined for moisture, pH values, electric conductivity, organic matter and calcium carbonate contents, cation exchange capacity, major and trace element contents, total organic carbon, plant-available nutrients and mineral matter contents. At the coastal zone of the former Mouria Lake, the Agoulinitsa sand-barrier islands, organogenic mud from the coastal telmatic zone, lagoonal bottom sediments, barrier flat sediments and modern sand-barrier islands occur from bottom to top. The main part of the drained area landwards, consists of fine lagoonal bottom sediments of fluvial origin, while the northern part consists of lagoonal marginal sediments also of fluvial origin. Lagoonal bottom sediments comprise the uppermost horizon of the re-flooded area, which overlies the Agoulinitsa sand-barrier islands. The lack of organogenic sediments at this area, except these at a small coastal telmatic zone, indicates that conditions did never favour peat accumulation. The continuous input of sea water into the lagoon due to the negative altitudes of the entire area of the former lake may have resulted in rising of the water level and mixing with sea water in the lagoon, which prevented peat accumulation. The medium to high alkalinity and the high electric conductivity, the latter due to the combination of poor drainage and the evaporation from the shallow brackish aquifer, resulted in soil pathogenesis and unsuitability for cultivation. The sediments at the new-wetland site consist of silicate minerals such as quartz, feldspars, illite, chlorite, kaolinite and vermiculite, carbonates such as calcite, dolomite and aragonite, and chloride minerals such as halite and sylvite. In the samples picked up from the barrier flat and telmatic zone, also pyrite, anhydrite and hematite were identified. Most of these constituents have a clastic origin, but some of them may form authigenically. The main factor controlling the clastic mineral influx is weathering and erosion of the Plio-Pleistocene formations, which constitute the hilly marginal areas, as well as of rocks transported by the Alpheios River from its catchment basin. Part of minerals deposited into the former lake, were airborne. The 1.5 m thick layer consisting of inorganic clay and lying 1 m beneath surface at the selected area, reveals a moderate plasticity. Future problems such as slope slides, clay swelling and turbidity in the water may arise in the pilot-scale wetland, because the equipment used for the construction of the wetland banks was not the appropriate one for clay liner compaction. However, the clay sediments do not allow water to escape through the bottom and the banks of the new wetland. The excellent correlation between cation exchange capacity and clay fraction content indicates that the clay minerals play an important role to the high cation exchange capacity of the sediments in contrast to the organic matter. High concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb and V were determined in sediments with high clay mineral and total organic carbon contents. The weathering of the pre-Neogene and Neogene formations of the marginal areas is considered to be the major factor controlling the chemical composition of the sediments, but anthropogenic activities may contribute as well. The main activities taking place in the area of the drained Mouria Lake, which may result in the sediment contamination are the extensive use of fertilizers at the cultivated areas, as well as waste dumping. The atomic ratio values of total organic carbon to total nitrogen contents reveal organic matter supply both from aquatic and terrestrial plant species. The higher concentrations of C, N, S and total organic carbon of the sediments from the bottom of the pilot-scale wetland, in comparison to those before the construction of the new wetland, reveal that biological activity commenced after a quite short time. Additionally, the increase of bioavailable K content in these sediments positively affects the development of aquatic and helophytic vegetation. In comparison to the average trace element concentrations of the sediments from the pilot-scale wetland before filling in with rainwater, the bottom sediments do not reveal any enrichment in As, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb and V. Strongly alkaline soil conditions decrease trace element mobility, as well as their solubility into the water. Under these conditions neither water contamination from hazardous soil trace elements nor plant toxicity are expected. Continuous monitoring of the chemical composition and the physical properties of the pilot-scale wetland sediments and their changes through time, is necessary, in order to assess and prevent a possible mobilization of trace elements and the subsequent release to the environment.