Orientador: Lucy Marion Calderini Philadelpho Machado / Banca: Auro Aparecido Mendes / Banca: José Carlos Godoy Camargo / Banca: Eguimar Felício Chaveiro / Banca: Marlene Teresinha de Muno Colesanti / Resumo: O presente trabalho de pesquisa fornece uma análise da descentralização da política ambiental no Brasil apresentando os fundamentos históricos que explicam como está tomando forma a organização institucional que busca moldar o estabelecimento da gestão do meio ambiente no território nacional. Demonstra as conseqüências e os prejuízos ambientais para a região dos cerrados decorrentes do atraso na formatação de políticas integradas de meio ambiente e, ainda, analisa a descentralização dessas políticas no território goiano, demonstrando a relação desse processo com novas formas de planejamento e gestão do território, que exigirão da sociedade, novos mecanismos e práticas do fazer político, principalmente aquelas que buscam a valorização do lugar como palco das ações individuais e coletivas. Conclui o trabalho que a descentralização da política de meio ambiente deve vir acompanhada da democratização dos processos políticos na gestão ambiental, e isso depende da distribuição do poder entre as autoridades centrais, regionais e locais, assim como da autonomia real destas últimas e do grau de participação da sociedade civil na tomada de decisões sobre as estratégias de uso do solo e o aproveitamento dos recursos naturais. / Abstract: The present research work supplies an analysis of the decentralization of the environmental politics in Brazil, presenting the historical foundations that expiam how it is taking form the institutional organization that looks for to mold the establishment of the administration of the environment in the national territory. It demonstrates the consequences and the environmental damages for the area of the ‘savannahs, current of the delay in the formatation of integrated politics of environment and it stili analyzes the decentralization of those polities in the territory goiano, demonstrating the relationship of that process with new planning forms and administration of the territory, that will also demand, of the society, new mechanisms and practices of doing political, mainiy those that Iook for the valorization of the place as stage of the individual and coliective actions. The work that the decentralization of the environment politics should come ends accompanied of the democratization of the politicai processes in the environmental administration, and that depends on the distribution of the power among the authorities central, regional and local, as well as in the real autonomy of these last ones and of the degree of participation of the civil society in the outlet of decisions on the strategies of use of the sou and the use of the natural resources. / Doutor

För att ta fram vårflodsprognoser används idag en hydrologisk modell, HBVmodellen, som används operationellt både i Sverige och i andra länder för att ta fram tillrinningsprognoser. Ett av problemen med dessa prognoser är dock att de ofta har felaktigheter i beräkning av tillrinningsvolymer. I den här studien undersöks Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Ett prognosområde där HBV-modellens tillrinningsprognos tidigare gett stora volymfel. Rapporten undersöker därför om det går att korrigera den operationella modellens snömängd genom snödjupsobservationer, för att ta fram mer tillförlitliga vårflodsprognoser. I rapporten har snödjupsobservationer och densitetsmätningar från Vattenregleringsföretagen (VRF), tillsammans med snödjupsobservationer från Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut (SMHI), analyserats för att se om de kan användas för att förbättra tillrinningsprognosen för Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Studien visar att det finns potential till att använda snödjupsobservationer för att minska osäkerheter i tillrinningsprognosen för Vängelsjöns delavrinningsområde. Det bästa resultatet gavs genom att använda tre stationer från SMHI tillsammans med två stationer från VRF. Resultatet för dessa fem stationer gav ett volymfel i uppmätt vattenekvivalent på 6 %, 7 %, 22 % och 17 % för mars månad perioden 2014-2017, vilket gav en markant förbättring mot det modellerade prognosvärdet med volymfel på 40 %, 77 %, 24 %, och 49 % för samma period. / Today, spring flood forecasts are calculated through a hydrological model, the HBVmodel. It is a model that is used operationally both in Sweden and in other countries to obtain catchment forecasts. One problem with these forecasts is that they often give errors in calculations to the inflow volume. In this study the Vängelsjö sub catchment will be examined. A forecast area where the HBV-model flow forecasting has given large volume errors. In the report it is therefore examined if the operational model can be corrected with snow measurement data. In this report snow depth observations and density measurements from Vattenregleringsföretagen (VRF) have been analyzed, together with snow depth observations from the Swedish Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology (SMHI) to see if the data can be used to improve the forecasting for Vängelsjö sub catchment. The study shows that there is a potential in using snow measurement observations to reduce insecurities in the flow forecast for Vängelsjö sub catchment. The best result was received by using three snow stations from SMHI and two from VRF. The result from those five stations gave a volume error in measured snow water equivalent (SWE) at 6 %, 7 %, 22% and 17 % for Mars during the period 2014-2017, which gave a significant improvement against the modelled forecast value with volume errors of 40 %, 77 %, 24 % and 49 % for the same period.

In this project, we analyse the ability of two regional climate models to simulate meteorological conditions on Nordenskiöldbreen, a glacier in Svalbard. To do so, regional climate model output is compared with in situ measurements from an automatic weather station. Detailed information about the weather conditions on Nordenskiöldbreen is important for simulating the glacial mass balance in a changing climate. The parameters analysed were the following: temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, wind speed and wind direction. The weather station did not measure all parameters, cloud cover was instead estimated through the incoming longwave radiation and temperature, while precipitation was calculated from snow depth. The results show that the models represent certain parameters better than others. Temperature, air pressure and wind speed and direction are found to be simulated with high precision. Poorest agreement is found for precipitation, which appears to be both difficult to simulate and observe. Relative humidity and cloud cover show average agreement with the station. The conclusion of the project is that the estimation of some of the parameters is satisfactory, while others are lacking. None of the models can be determined to have performed significantly better than the other. / I det här projektet analyserades två regionala klimatmodellers förmåga att simulera meteorologiska förhållanden på Nordenskiöldbreen, en glaciär på Svalbard. Detta gjordes genom jämförelser av data från regionala klimatmodeller mot lokala mätningar från en automatisk väderstation. Detaljerad information om väderförhållandena på Nordenskiöldbreen är viktigt för att kunna simulera glaciärens massbalans i ett föränderligt klimat. Parametrarna som jämfördes var temperatur, lufttryck, relativ luftfuktighet, nederbörd, molntäcke samt vindhastighet och vindriktning. Stationen mätte inte alla parametrar, molntäcket uppskattades istället genom inkommande långvågig strålning och temperatur, medan nederbörd beräknades via snödjup. Resultatet visar att modellerna representerar vissa parametrar bättre än andra. Temperatur, lufttryck, vindhastighet och vindriktning simuleras med hög precision. Parametern med lägst samband är nederbörd, somverkar vara svår både att simulera och observera. Relativ luftfuktighet och molntäcke har ett medelmåttigt samband till stationen. Slutsatsen av projektet är att modellernas uppskattning av några parametrar är tillräckligt bra, medan andra är bristfälliga. Ingen av modellerna kan bedömas ha presterat signifikant bättre än den andra.

I dagsläget finns ett stort behov av exploatering för nya bostäder och förtätning i många svenska städer. Bra boende - och livsmiljöer innefattar ofta en närhet till grönområden. Utanverken i Kristianstad, Skåne län, är ett grönområde med höga natur - och kulturvärden. Omkring området planeras en stor exploatering av bostäder vilket betyder att grönområdet är viktigt för staden. Genom grönområden kan olika upplevelsekaraktärer upplevas och olika kulturella ekosystemtjänster tas ut. Dessa karaktärer och tjänster är en viktig hälsoaspekt för människan. För att ta reda på vilka upplevelsekaraktärer och kulturella ekosystemtjänster som upplevs och utnyttjas av de boende omkring undersökningsområdet idag genomfördes en enkätundersökning. Resultatet visar att det finns karaktärer och tjänster som upplevs och utnyttjas mer än andra. Däremot finns det meningsskiljaktigheter kring utveckling av undersökningsområdet mellan olika grupper av de boende. För att tillgodose dagens och framtidens invånares önskningar bör det alltid föras en dialog mellan beslutsfattare och invånare. Vid planering av grönområden bör det även tas i beaktande över vilka funktioner dessa bör innehålla för att främja speciella upplevelsekaraktärer och kulturella ekosystemtjänster för skapandet av bra boendemiljöer i urbana områden.

Advanced understanding of the global carbon budget requires large-scale and long-term information on forest carbon pools and fluxes. In situ and remote sensing measurements have greatly enhanced monitoring of forest carbon dynamics, but incomplete data coverage in space and time results in significant uncertainties in carbon accounting. Although theoretical and mechanistic models have enabled continental-scale and global mapping, robust predictions of forest carbon dynamics are difficult without initialization, adjustment, and parameterization using observations. Therefore, this dissertation is focused on a synergistic combination of lidar measurements and modeling that incorporates biophysical principles underlying forest growth. First, spaceborne lidar data from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) were analyzed for monitoring and modeling of forest heights over the U.S. Mainland. Results showed the best GLAS metric representing the within-footprint heights to be dependent on topography. Insufficient data sampling by the GLAS sensor was problematic for spatially-complete carbon quantification. A modeling approach, called Allometric Scaling and Resource Limitations (ASRL), successfully alleviated this problem. The metabolic scaling theory and water-energy balance equations embedded within the model also provided a generalized mechanistic understanding of valid relationships between forest structure and geo-predictors including topographic and climatic variables. Second, the ASRL model was refined and applied to predict large-scale patterns of forest structure. This research successfully expanded model applicability by including eco-regional and forest-type variations, and disturbance history. Baseline maps (circa 2005; 1-km2 grids) of forest heights and aboveground biomass were generated over the U.S. Mainland. The Pacific Northwest/California forests were simulated as the most favorable region for hosting large trees, consistent with observations. Through sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, this research found that the refined ASRL model showed promise for prognostic applications, in contrast to conventional black-box approaches. The model predicted temporal evolution of forest carbon stocks during the 21st century. The results demonstrate the effects of CO2 fertilization and climate feedbacks across water- and energy-limited environments. This dissertation documents the complex mechanisms determining forest structure, given availability of local resources. These mechanisms can be used to monitor and forecast forest carbon pools in combination with satellite observations to advance our understanding of the global carbon cycle.

The factors that influence the invasion of hillslopes by the shrub Pteronia incana in the communal rangelands of Ngqushwa (formerly Peddie) district were investigated. Mgwalana, one of the catchments in the district where encroachment by the species is widespread, was chosen. The study combined field observations with image analysis based on high resolution infrared imagery. The catchment was flown and high resolution infrared images (1mx1m) were taken using a Kodak DCS420 digital, colour-infrared camera. The images were analysed using Idrisi32 and Kilimanjaro GIS versions. The ability of different vegetation indices to separate P. incana from the other cover types was investigated. Field observations of the degree of P. incana invasion in relation to, inter alia, soil surface conditions, slope angle and visible forms of erosion were made. A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of 20m spatial resolution was used to derive terrain parameters. The presence and absence of P. incana in relation to slope gradient and aspect were determined. The combined influence of the two terrain parameters and land use on the invasion was also investigated. The Topographic Wetness Index (WI), a component of the TOPMODEL was derived from the DEM and its relationship with the spatial distribution of P. incana was explored. Soil moisture dependencies for P. incana and grass species as well as surrogates for runoff under the shrub and adjacent bare areas were determined in the field. A high level of classification accuracy confirmed the reliability of digital camera imagery for spatial analyses. Distinct spectral separability for the surface vegetation cover types was achieved by means of the Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI) as opposed to the ratio based vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI and MSAVI). The absence/presence of P. incana was noted to be strongly influenced by slope angle and aspect. The probability for P. incana occurrence increased with slope steepness and southerly slope orientation. Abandoned and grazing lands were identified as the main invasion hotspots. Blanket invasion of the former signified the high susceptibility of abandoned land to P. incana invasion. The combined influence of land use, slope gradient and aspect was also noted to have promoted the invasion. This is borne out by the concentration of the invasion on abandoned steep slopes with a southerly orientation. Local topographic variations were identified as having a strong bearing on P. incana spatial distribution. The topographically driven WI confirmed this relationship, such that P. incana was associated with the low WI values of convexities. Differences in the moisture dependencies between P. incana and grass species were demonstrated by the greater rooting depth of the former. During field surveys, soil surface crusting was noted as inherent to P. incana patchiness. The coupling between local topography and soil surface crusting underpins soil moisture variability at hillslope and patch scales respectively. This in turn determines the competition between P. incana and grass species and the eventual replacement of the latter by the former. A close spatial correlation between fully established P. incana and severe forms of soil erosion was observed. Loss of patchiness and expansion of inter-patch bare areas promote runoff connectivity erosion. As most of the runoff becomes run out, hillslopes tend towards dysfunctional systems. Greater soil moisture storage after rainstorms under P. incana tussocks than the adjacent bare areas signifies the shrub’s water harvesting capabilities. The tussocks could thus serve as a starting-pointbuilding- block for the rehabilitation of dysfunctional hillslope systems.

This diploma thesis responds to the innovative trends and the causes of these changes in the science education.. The theoretical part of the thesis deals primarily with Inquiry-Based (Science) Education. It is focused on its definition, main features and its position in the Czech educational system. The main goal of this thesis and an output of the practical part is creating a portfolio with Inquiry-Based Science Education tasks in the physical geography (geology, geomorphology, pedology and biogeography) intended for the 2nd stage of primary schools.

xviii, 128 p. : ill. (some col.) / This dissertation investigates the potential impacts of canals and small dams on gravel-bed rivers and methods for documenting those impacts. First, I evaluate the potential for mapping channel depths along the McKenzie River, OR, using 10 cm resolution optical aerial imagery with a hydraulically-assisted bathymetry (HAB-2) model. Results demonstrate that channel depths can be accurately mapped in many areas, with some imagery limitations. The HAB-2 model works well in the majority of the river (R 2 =0.89) when comparing modeled to observed depths, but not in areas of shadow, surface turbulence, or depths >1.5 m. Next, I analyze the relative effects of a small dam and two diversion canals on sediment distribution along bars of the lower McKenzie River. The typical pattern of downstream fining is disrupted at each feature and several tributaries, particularly in the "reduced water reaches" below canal outtakes. Most modeled discharge values necessary to mobilize bar sediments fall at or below the 2-year flood return interval, with the remaining at or below the 5-year flood return interval, generally reflecting the D 50 values at each bar (20-115 mm). The third analysis investigates the potential to document geomorphic impacts of small dams in Oregon at ecoregion extents using air photos and publically available data sets. This analysis highlights data disparity with respect to the collecting agency's mission and the difficulty of using remote sensing for small dams. Though the imagery was not useful in evaluating small dam impacts due to resolution and feature size, the data were useful in mapping the small dam distribution across Oregon and each ecoregion. Sixty-one percent of Oregon land is located in the catchment of at least one small dam and the greatest number of dams per area is in the Willamette Valley ecoregion. Overall, this research suggests that, while the application of these techniques must be improved, our ability to observe, study, and understand rivers is enhanced by remote sensing advancements and the combined use of these methods in river restoration and management. This dissertation includes previously published and co-authored material. / Committee in charge: W. Andrew Marcus, Chairperson; Patricia F. McDowell, Member; Dan G. Gavin, Member; David W. Hulse, Outside Member

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-06-07Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:03:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 galvao_v_dr_rcla.pdf: 3338810 bytes, checksum: 60cdee80f266789c2e97a67571a15647 (MD5) / O Brasil possui a maior reserva hídrica do mundo que representa cerca de 16% das reservas mundiais, que incluem os maiores recursos superficiais e subterrâneos (aquíferos). As atividades turísticas em ambientes fluviais vem se desenvolvendo rapidamente em todas as regiões do Brasil; nas regiões sudeste, sul e centro-oeste do Brasil, o seu principal rio é o rio Paraná, possui um dos maiores potencias hidrelétricos do mundo, detém inúmeras Usinas Hidrelétricas (UHT) inclusive a UHT de Itaipu a maior do país. A área de estudo situa-se próximo a tríplice fronteira dos estados do Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná e São Paulo, nos municípios de Porto Rico e São Pedro do Paraná (Distrito Porto São José), Marilena e Querência do Norte nos estado do Paraná, o local possui inúmeros e importantes ambientes naturais de interesse turístico e estão inseridos em Unidades de Conservação (UCs). Após mudanças socioambientais decorrentes da construção da UHE de Porto Primavera, o turismo desenvolveu-se muito rapidamente, e está atualmente, entre as maiores atividades econômicas desses municípios, principalmente do município de Porto Rico. As diversas atividades turísticas na região utilizam os diferentes subambientes da planície aluvial do rio Paraná, desenvolvendo atividades de turismo fluvial e turismo de pesca como também se utilizam da infraestrutura das localidades mencionadas. Com o crescimento do turismo relativamente recente na região, acredita-se que a atividade turística intensifique-se ainda mais e coloque em risco todo o sistema ecológico da planície aluvial, necessitando da determinação da capacidade de carga para os subambientes em uso. Contudo, os métodos de capacidade de carga atualmente são adaptados de outras realidades, necessitando de um método que considere as características físicas e biológicas... / Brazil has the largest water reserves in the world representing about 16% of world reserves, which include the largest surface and groundwater resources (aquifers). Tourism activities in riverine environments has been developing rapidly in all regions of Brazil, in the southeast, south and center-west of Brazil, its main river is the river Parana, has one of the largest hydropower potential in the world, holds numerous plants Hydropower (UHT) including UHT Itaipu's largest country. The study area is located near the triple border between the states of Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná and São Paulo, in the municipalities of Puerto Rico and St. Peter of Paraná (Port District San José), Marilena and Querencia in Northern Paraná State , the site has numerous important natural environments of tourist interest and are inserted in Protected Areas (PAs). After environmental changes resulting from the construction of Porto Primavera hydroelectric, tourism has developed very rapidly, and is currently among the major economic activities in these municipalities, especially the city of Puerto Rico. The various tourist activities in the region using the different sub-environments of the Paraná River floodplain, developing river tourism activities such as fishing and tourism also use the infrastructure of the locations mentioned. With the relatively recent growth of tourism in the region, it is believed that tourism intensify even further and jeopardize whole ecosystems of the floodplain, requiring the determination of the load capacity for the sub-environments in use. However, the methods of capacity currently are adapted from other realities, requiring a method that considers the physical and biological characteristics of the site and surroundings. This thesis raised and analyzed the economic and physical data of local tourism, and through elaborate... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-10-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:04:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000735703.pdf: 9907040 bytes, checksum: 93b5afec6d2306db4b8ffa2dd564fd2c (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A bacia hidrográfica é unidade de área padrão, considerada por lei, no Estudo de Impacto Ambiental (EIA) e Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA) e por agências de planejamento e órgãos gerenciadores, quando da solicitação de leitura das condições ambientais das áreas sujeitas à intervenção, ante a instalação de obras estruturais que tragam impactos aos terrenos anexos. Na bacia hidrográfica os processos advindos da integração entre os elementos dos meios físico, biológico e antrópico se expressam como mosaicos paisagísticos destacados à superfície, em alusão à dinâmica sistêmica existente nessa mesma unidade de área. Nesse interim, a proposta geossistêmica de análise adapta-se aos anseios dos estudos sistêmicos em bacias hidrográficas ao preconizar a utilização de variáveis múltiplas no estudo integrado de uma unidade de área, a fim de investigar as sua estrutura, funcionalidade, dinâmica e evolução a partir da definição de unidades de paisagem hierarquizadas, com expressividade à superfície, as quais são denominadas Geossistemas. A tese ora apresentada adotou a bacia hidrográfica do rio Lourenço Velho, área de 655 km2 inserida no contexto Sul do estado de Minas Gerais, região da Serra da Mantiqueira, com vistas à aplicação da concepção geossistêmica na investigação da dinâmica da paisagem a partir da identificação e do mapeamento de unidades geossistêmicas hierarquizadas. Os objetivos, de forma geral, estiveram pautados na investigação sobre a viabilidade de utilização da concepção geossistêmica como modelo de análise ambiental e nas discussões referentes ao planejamento ambiental da bacia. Especificamente, estiveram em pauta a identificação de compartimentos geomorfológicos como balizadores ao mapeamento de unidades geossistêmicas; a identificação e análise da fragilidade ambiental da bacia hidrográfica e sua relação com as unidades de paisagem; a verificação.. / The watershed is a standard area unit, considered by the law in the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), in the Environmental Impact Report (EIR) and by planning agencies and management organs whenever there is a request for a reading report of the environmental conditions of the areas subject to the intervention, in the face of the implementation of structural works that cause impacts on nearby areas. In the watershed the processes of integration between the elements of the physical, biological and anthropic means express themselves as landscape mosaics, in allusion to the existing systemic dynamics in that same area unit. Meanwhile, the geosystem analysis proposal adapts to the concerns of systemic studies on watersheds as it advocates the use of multiple variables in the integrated study of a unit area, in order to investigate its structure, functionality, potential, dynamics and evolution from the definition of hierarchical landscape units, by the expressivity of the surface, which are called Geosystems. This dissertation focused on the Lourenço Velho river basin, 655 km2 of area inserted in the Southern context of the state of Minas Gerais in the region of Serra da Mantiqueira, aiming at the application of the geosystemic design in the investigation of the landscape dynamics based on the identification and mapping of tiered geosystem units. The general objectives were based on the investigation about the feasibility of the use of geosystemic design as a model of environmental analysis and on discussions regarding the environmental planning of the basin. Specifically, this work puts at stake the identification of geomorphological compartments as the underpinning to the mapping of geosystemics units; the identification and analysis of the environmental fragility of the watershed and its relationship with landscape units; the verification of the effectiveness of geosystems in relation to the discussions on the environmental planning...