The ability for an organism to sense and respond appropriately to its environment is often critical for survival. One mechanism for this is the inositol phosphate (InsP) signaling pathway. This work focuses on the role of InsP signaling in maintaining energy homeostasis in the plant. InsP signaling is connected to energy sensing in plants via a protein complex containing both the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatases (5PTase13) and the Sucrose non-Fermenting Related Kinase 1 (SnRK1). SnRK1 is considered a fuel gauge for the plant cell that senses energy status and reprograms growth appropriately. While the SnRK1.1 gene has been well studied, the role other SnRK1 isoforms play in energy or stress signaling is less well understood. This work examined the role of 3 SnRK1 isoforms in energy signaling, finding that SnRK1.1 and SnRK1.2 are regulated and function differently in Arabidopsis. The second part of this work focuses on the inositol pyrophosphates, which are a novel group of InsP signaling molecules containing diphosphate or triphosphate chains (i.e. PPx) attached to the inositol ring. These PPx-InsPs are emerging as critical players in the integration of cellular metabolism and stress signaling in non-plant eukaryotes. Most eukaryotes synthesize the precursor molecule, myo-inositol (1,2,3,4,5,6)-hexakisphosphate (InsP6), which can serve as a signaling molecule or as storage compound of inositol, phosphorus, and minerals. Even though plants produce huge amounts of InsP6 in seeds, almost no attention has been paid to whether PPx-InsPs exist in plants, and if so, what roles these molecules play. This work details the presence of PPx-InsPs in plants and delineates two Arabidopsis gene products (AtVip1 and AtVip2) capable of PP-InsP5 synthesis. We further examined the subcellular location of enzymes connected to PPx-InsP synthesis as well as the developmental and tissue specific patterns of expression of the genes that encode these enzymes. We localized the enzymes involved in InsP6 and PPx-InsP production to the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The subcellular compartmentalization of PPx-InsP signaling may be unique to plants. An increased understanding in the pathways involved in energy sensing and metabolic response may reveal novel strategies to improve crops for yield and viability in the future. / Ph. D.

Soybean is a dominant oilseed cultivated worldwide for its use in multiple sectors such as food and feed industries, animal husbandry, cosmetics and pharmaceutical sectors, and more recently, in production of biodiesel. Increasing demand of soybean, changing environmental conditions, and evolution of pathogens pose challenges to soybean production in limited acreage. Genetic research is the key to ensure the continued growth in soybean production, with enhanced yield and quality, while reducing the losses due to diseases and pests. This research is focused on the understanding of transcriptional regulation of two economically important agronomic traits of soybean: low seed phytic acid and resistance to Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), using the 'transcriptomics' and 'genomics' approaches. The low phytic acid (lpa) soybean is more desirable than conventional soybean, as phytic acid is an anti-nutritional component of seed and is associated with phosphorus pollution. Despite the eco-friendly nature of the lpa soybean, it shows poor emergence, which reduces soybean yield. This research is mainly focused on addressing the impact of lpa-causing mutations on seed development, which is suspected to cause low emergence in lpa soybeans. The differences in transcriptome profiles of developing seeds in lpa and normal phytic acid soybean are revealed and the biological pathways that may potentially be involved in regulation of seed development are suggested. The second research project is focused on Rsv3-type resistance, which is effective against most virulent strains of Soybean mosaic virus. The Rsv3 locus, which maps on to soybean chromosome 14, contains 10 genes including a cluster of coiled coil-nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (CC-NB-LRR) protein-encoding genes. This dissertation employed a comparative sequencing approach to narrow down the list of Rsv3 gene candidates to the most promising CC-NB-LRR gene. The evidence provided in this study clearly indicates a single CC-NB-LRR gene as the most promising candidate to deliver Rsv3-type resistance. / Ph. D.

Mature grains of wild-type (WT) and low phytic acid 1-1 (lpa 1-1) mutant from corn (Zea mays L.) were studied for total phosphorus (total P), phytic acid-phosphorus (PA-P), and mineral cations. Whole grain PA-P in lpa 1-1 was reduced 61.6% compared to WT whereas whole grain total P remained constant. Scutellum and root-shoot axis PA-P was 91.6% and 3.6% of WT whole-grain amounts respectively, compared to 89.3% and 4.0% in lpa 1-1. Relative partitioning of PA-P between the scutellum and root-shoot axis was not altered in lpa 1-1 mutant embryos as compared to WT. In lpa 1-1 the total P was slightly decreased in the scutella and increased in both root-shoot axes and rest-of-grain fractions. Whole grain Mg, Fe, and Mn amounts were higher in lpa 1-1 grains than in WT grains; K and Zn were similar, and Ca was lower. The lpa 1-1 whole grains and embryos contained 1/3 higher Fe than WT. For both grain types all measured metallic elements, except Ca, were more concentrated in embryos than the rest-of-grain fractions. Studies showed that WT grains contained larger globoids than lpa 1-1 grains in both scutellum and aleurone layer cells. This globoid size reduction reflected the PA-P decrease. Most lpa 1-1 aleurone globoids were non-spherical and lpa 1-1 scutellum globoids were clusters of spheres while both scutellum and aleurone globoids of WT were discrete spheres. The lpa 1-1 mutation had an impact on the globoid formation. X-ray analyses of scutellum and aleurone layer globoids from both grain types revealed major amounts of P, K, and Mg and traces of Ca, Fe, and Zn. Analysis demonstrated lower P, K and Mg and higher Ca, Fe and Zn in aleurone globoids than scutellum globoids. Both grain types contained almost no mineral nutrient stores in the starchy endosperm, whereas the scutellum was the major site of PA-P and mineral nutrient deposition. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 hanna.pdf: 1540428 bytes, checksum: 5ef484decfdf0f2847bc9b139292d514 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-15 / The phytic acid depending on the pH value presents high potential quelante, quelanting metallic ions, inhibiting the production of species reactivates of oxygen, responsible for the destruction oxidative in biological systems. That potential quelante has been basing several applied studies to the antioxidant action in foods products, in environmental controls and as antioxidant in the human organism. The objective of this work was to study the degree of interaction of the phytic acid with the metallic ions Fe(II) and Fe(III), of biological importance, in near conditions of the physiologic and the stability of these complexes. Potentiometric titration were driven to determine the constants of formation of the complexes phytic acid-Fe(II) and phytic acid-Fe(III) in solution, under conditions of inert atmosphere, it ionic strength 0,1 mol.L-1 (KCl) at 36±0,1 ºC. For the system phytic acid- Fe(II), were determined seven constant of formation, corresponding to seven species formed in the range p[H] from 2,0 to 12,0. The first constant of formation of the complex phytic acid- Fe(II), it presented log K = 16,06 for the specie [MHL]9-, indicating that a great affinity exists among the ligand monoprotonated with the metal. For the system phytic acid-Fe(III) were determined seven constant of formation, seven species were detected in the range p[H] from 2,5 to 12,0. The first constant of formation of the complex presented log K = 18,87, very high value for the species [ML]9-, this denoted a strong interaction among the ligand deprotonated and the metallic ion. Studies spectroscopy in the region of the UV-Vis, were performed to accompany the formation of the complexes of the phytic acid with the metallic ions Fe(II) and Fe(III). In the studies of UV-Vis of the phytic acid in absence of the metallic ions, not occurred any absorption in the area of wavelength from 200 to 800 nm. Already for the ligand in the presence of the metallic ions two absorption bands were detected in 216 and 279 nm for the phytic acid-Fe(II) and 218 and 274 nm for the phytic acid Fe(III). Those are bands of transfer of electrons of the ligand for the metallic ion with formation of the linking coordinative. The complexes phytic acid-Fe(II) and phytic acid-Fe(III) were synthesized from the data potentiometric and characterized by absorption spectroscopy in the area of the infrared. The spectra for the system phytic acid in presence of the ions Fe(II), synthesized in pH=7,4, and Fe(III), pH=7,1, showed displacements in the areas of frequency of the groups O=PO3H2 of the phytic acid free. Those displacements, evidence that the ligant is coordinated to the metallic ions. Through the termogravimetry it verified that in the interval from 30 to 780 ºC the loss of total mass of the complex phytic acid-Fe(II) it was of 24,43 %. Of the room temperature up to 185 ºC, occurred the liberation of molecules of hydration water. In superior temperatures of this value the mass losses were relative to the decomposition of the compound, with liberation of constitution water and decomposition of the organic matter, with formation of double pyrophosphate of potassium and Fe(II) and potassium metaphosphate. The phytic acid-Fe(III) complexes presented thermal behavior similar to the complex phytic acid-Fe(II), however for the complex phytic acid-Fe(III) synthesized in pH 7,1 the loss of total mass of it was of 25,64 % in the area from 30 to 800 ºC, while the compound synthesized in pH 9,9 presented a loss of total mass of 31,98 % in the interval of temperature from 30 to 845 ºC. The obtained data, for the three complexes, indicate that the ligand is coordinated with the metallic ions so much in values of low pH as to you value of higher pH. / O ácido fítico dependendo do valor de pH apresenta alto potencial quelante, complexando íons metálicos, inibindo assim a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, responsáveis pela destruição oxidativa em sistemas biológicos. Esse potencial quelante tem fundamentado diversos estudos aplicados à ação antioxidante em produtos alimentícios, em controles ambientais e como antioxidante no organismo humano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o grau de interação do ácido fítico com os íons metálicos Fe(II) e Fe(III), de importância biológica, em condições próximas às fisiológicas e a estabilidade destes complexos. Titulações potenciométricas foram conduzidas para determinar as constantes de formação dos complexos ácido fítico-Fe(II) e ácido fítico-Fe(III) em solução, sob condições de atmosfera inerte, força iônica 0,100 mol.L-1 (KCl) a 36±0,1 ºC. Para o sistema ácido fítico- Fe(II), determinaram sete constantes de formação, correspondente a sete espécies formadas na faixa de p[H] de 2,0 a 12,0. A primeira constante de formação do complexo ácido fítico- Fe(II), apresentou log K=16,06 para a espécie [MHL]9-, indicando que existe uma grande afinidade entre o ligante monoprotonado com o metal. Para o sistema ácido fítico-Fe(III) foram determinadas sete constantes de formação, sete espécies foram detectadas na faixa de p[H] de 2,5 a 12,0. A primeira constante de formação do complexo apresentou log K=18,87, valor muito elevado para a espécie [ML]9-, isto denotou uma forte interação entre o ligante totalmente deprotonado e o íon Fe(III). Estudos espectroscópicos na região do UV-Vis foram realizados para acompanhar a formação dos complexos do ligante com os íons metálicos Fe(II) e Fe(III). Nos estudos de UV-Vis do ácido fítico em ausência dos íons metálicos não ocorreu nenhuma absorção na faixa de comprimento de onda de 200 a 800 nm. Já para o ligante na presença dos íons metálicos foram detectadas duas bandas de absorção em 216 e 279 nm para o ácido fítico-Fe(II) e 218 e 274 nm para o ácido fítico Fe(III). Essas são bandas de transferência de elétrons do ligante para o íon metálico com formação da ligação coordenativa. Os complexos ácido fítico-Fe(II) e ácido fítico-Fe(III) foram sintetizados a partir dos dados potenciométricos e caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho. Os espectros para o sistema ácido fítico em presença do íon Fe(II), sintetizado em pH=7,4, e Fe(III), pH=7,1, mostraram deslocamentos nas regiões de freqüência dos grupamentos O=PO3H2 do ácido fítico livre. Esses deslocamentos evidenciam que o ligante encontra-se coordenado aos íons metálicos. Através da termogravimetria constatou-se que no intervalo de 30 a 780 ºC, a perda de massa total do complexo ácido fítico-Fe(II) foi de 24,43 %. Da temperatura ambiente até 185 ºC, ocorreu a liberação de moléculas de água de hidratação. Em temperaturas superiores deste valor as perdas de massa foram relativas à decomposição do complexo, com liberação de água de constituição e decomposição da matéria orgânica, com formação de pirofosfato duplo de potássio e Fe(II) e metafosfato de potássio. Os complexos ácido fítico-Fe(III) apresentaram comportamento térmico semelhante ao complexo ácido fítico-Fe(II), porém, para o complexo ácido fítico-Fe(III) sintetizado em pH 7,1 a perda de massa total do foi de 25,64 % na faixa de 30 a 800 ºC, enquanto que o complexo sintetizado em pH 9,9 apresentou uma perda de massa total de 31,98 % no intervalo de temperatura de 30 a 845 ºC. Os dados obtidos, para os três complexos, indicam que o ligante encontra-se coordenado com os íons metálicos tanto em valores de pH baixo como em valores de pH mais elevados.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francieli Kanumfre.pdf: 1078833 bytes, checksum: 7d3781e5bfb4cfe4fb4ec9e73497dfa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The phytic acid, a component of naturally occurring seeds, has a high chelating potential and depends on the pH can interact with metal ions that act as cofactors of several enzymes,interfering with essential metabolic processes. Phytic acid has antioxidant functions due to the formation of iron chelates, by suppressing the oxidative reactions catalyzed by this metal,which implies in a pronounced antioxidant function in the preservation of seeds. The price of pure phytic acid is very high, thus, techniques for extraction and purification can be improved to obtain the phytic acid with high purity degree. The purpose of this study consisted in to extract the phytic acid from pumpkin, watermelon, melon and papaya seeds, purify and characterize it by means of analytical techniques, to evaluate their chelating ability against the metal ion Fe (III), and investigate their antioxidant potential for possible use as a safe additive in food industry. Phytic acid was extracted in acid middle and mild conditions. For purification, was used a weak anion exchange resin, free base, and phytic acid elution was performed with a solution of hydrochloric acid 0.70 mol L-1. The solutions obtained had a purity of about 34 % compared to phytic acid solutions commercially available, and pumpkin seeds showed the highest content of phytic acid, 2.6325 (± 0.1994) g/100 g, dry matter. The phosphorus content in the different samples was similar and close to the amount of phosphorus found in the standard through the analytical curve. The thin-layer chromatography revealed that the extraction and purification procedures did not release phosphate from phytic acid molecule, as the inositol hexaphosphate was the main component obtained from different seeds. The data obtained from infrared and potentiometric studies revealed that phytic acid samples showed purity degree relatively high. The spectroscopic studies on UV-Vis showed that the phytic acid-Fe (III) complex, dodecassodium salt, presented an absorption band relating on the electron transfer from ligand to metal. The spectra for the phytic acid-Fe (III) complexes, obtained from seeds were similar, with high values of binding energy, suggesting that the interaction between phytic acid and the metal ion was effective. The phytic acid acts as a secondary antioxidant, thus it has not responded to trials of FRAP and DPPH, however,as evidenced by UV-Vis studies, phytic acid has a pronounced antioxidant function in preserving food due to the formation of stable chelates with Fe (III). / ácido fítico, componente de ocorrência natural em sementes, possui elevado potencial quelante e a depender do pH pode interagir com íons metálicos que atuam como co-fatores de diversas enzimas, interferindo em processos metabólicos essenciais. O ácido fítico possui funções antioxidantes em virtude da formação de quelatos com ferro, suprimindo as reações oxidativas catalisadas por este metal, o que implica em uma pronunciada função antioxidante na preservação de sementes. O custo do ácido fítico puro é muito elevado, desta forma,técnicas de extração e purificação podem ser melhoradas para obtenção do ácido fítico com elevado grau de pureza. O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu em extrair o ácido fítico de sementes de abóbora, melancia, melão e mamão, purificá-lo e caracterizá-lo por meio de técnicas analíticas, avaliar sua habilidade quelante frente ao íon metálico Fe (III), e investigar seu potencial antioxidante para possível utilização como aditivo seguro na indústria de alimentos. O ácido fítico foi extraído em meio ácido e em condições brandas. Para a purificação, foi utilizada uma resina de troca aniônica fraca, livre de base, e a eluição do ácido fítico foi realizada com uma solução de ácido clorídrico 0,70 mol L-1. As soluções obtidas apresentaram pureza de aproximadamente 34 %, comparável às soluções de ácido fítico disponíveis comercialmente, e as sementes de abóbora apresentaram o maior conteúdo de ácido fítico, 2,6325 (± 0,1994) g/ 100 g, base seca. Os conteúdos de fósforo para as diferentes amostras foram semelhantes entre si e próximos à quantidade de fósforo encontrada para o padrão através da curva analítica. A cromatografia em camada delgada revelou que os procedimentos de extração e purificação não liberaram fosfato da molécula de ácido fítico,pois o hexafosfato de inositol foi o principal componente obtido a partir das diferentes sementes. Os dados obtidos dos estudos de infravermelho e potenciométricos revelaram que as amostras de ácido fítico encontraram-se com grau de pureza relativamente elevado. Os estudos espectroscópicos no UV-Vis mostraram que o complexo ácido fítico-Fe (III), sal de dodecassódio apresentou uma banda de absorção referente à transferência de elétrons do ligante para o metal. Os espectros para os complexos ácido fítico-Fe (III), obtidos das sementes foram semelhantes, com elevados valores de energia de ligação, que sugerem que a interação entre o ácido fítico e o íon metálico foi efetiva. O ácido fítico atua como um antioxidante secundário, assim não respondeu aos ensaios de FRAP e DPPH, contudo, como evidenciado pelos estudos UV-Vis, o ácido fítico possui uma pronunciada função antioxidante na preservação de alimentos devido à formação de quelatos estáveis com Fe (III).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Franklin Castro.pdf: 1525264 bytes, checksum: d789c52721120aca7b6832664023d7cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The composition and physical properties vary with the rice cultivar. The knowledge of the physical properties of grain materials is useful for establishing appropriate mechanisms to operate any process promoting the best destination of each cultivar. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the physical characteristics and composition of four cultivars of rice (EPA, SCS, and IAS BRS) brown and polished. Significant differences (p <0.05) were observed in the physical properties of paddy, brown and milled rice. EPA, SCS and BRS cultivars have long-fine grains with high amylose (27.39 to 30.19%) and IAS has short grains with low amylose content (19.46%). At processing the biggest yield was the cultivar IAS (74.47%) and this genotype showed higher degree of polishing (10.43%). In chemical evaluations of brown rice, a significant difference (p <0.05) for both the polished rice as for brown rice was found, BRS cultivar showed higher protein content both in brown rice form (10.56%), as the polished (9.10%). In the process of polishing the composition of minerals and phytic acid were reduced, EPA cultivar had a bigger reduction (p <0.05) in the iron concentration (18.56 to 1.2μg/g), phosphorus (451.24 to 84.43 μg/g) and phytic acid (2.77 to 0.12 mg/g), but with lower losses for zinc (24.73 to 19.48 μg/g). When cooked in water, starch started to gain viscosity at same time. The relative degree of crystallinity (%) was higher in starches with higher amylose content, but not in the same proportion, so each cultivar has its particular characteristic. Micro images obtained through the NC-AFM showed no significant difference (p <0.05) in the diameter of the starch granules of different cultivars. The reflectance spectrophotometry showed that regarding the color of starch, there was no difference among cultivars for L *, WI, where there is a very light color. In relation to grains, there were lighter colors for polished in relation to brown kernels, what was also found for the respective flours. The information from this study may be useful in the design of post harvest machinery, for processing and storage structures in food processing industry based on the different cultivars of rice. / A composição e propriedades físicas variam de acordo com o cultivar de arroz. O conhecimento das propriedades físicas de grãos é útil para a criação de mecanismos apropriados para operações de qualquer processo promovendo um melhor destino a cada cultivar. Experimentos foram realizados para avaliar as características físicas e a composição de quatro cultivares de arroz (EPA, SCS, BRS e IAS) integral e polido. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nas propriedades físicas entre arroz com casca, integral e polido, sendo que as cultivares EPA, SCS e BRS possuem grãos longo-fino com alto teor de amilose (27,39-30,19%) e IAS possui grãos curtos com baixo teor de amilose (19,46%). No beneficiamento o maior rendimento foi da cultivar IAS (74,47%), sendo que este genótipo apresentou maior grau de polimento (10,43%). Nas avaliações químicas do arroz integral, verificou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) tanto para o arroz polido quanto para o integral, sendo que a cultivar BRS apresentou maior teor de proteínas, tanto na forma integral (10,56%), quanto na polida (9,10%). Com o processo de polimento as composições de minerais e ácido fítico reduziram, sendo que a cultivar EPA apresentou uma maior redução (p<0,05) na concentração de ferro (18,56 para 1,2μg/g), fósforo (451,24 para 84,43μg/g) e ácido fítico (2,77 para 0,12mg/g), porém com menores perdas para o zinco (24,73 para 19,48μg/g). As amostras de amidos começaram a ganhar viscosidade ao mesmo tempo. O grau de cristalinidade relativa (%) foi maior nos amidos com maior teor de amilose, porém não na mesma proporção, sendo assim, cada cultivar possui sua característica particular. As microimagens obtidas através da NC-AFM revelaram que não houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) no diâmetro dos grânulos dos amidos das diferentes cultivares. A espectrofotometria de reflectância demonstra que em relação a cor do amido não houve diferença entre as cultivares para L*, WI, verificando-se uma coloração extremamente clara. Já em relação aos grãos, verificam-se cores mais claras para cultivares polidas em relação a integrais, tanto em grãos como nas farinhas. As informações do presente estudo podem ser úteis nos projetos de máquinas de pós-colheita, para o processamento e estruturas de armazenamento na indústria de processamento de alimentos baseada nas diferentes cultivares de arroz.

The enzyme phytase improves the utilization of various nutrients in plant foods, which are partly unavailable to non-ruminant animals, especially phytic acid, but beyond this also starch, proteins, lipids and other minerals, which are complexed with phytic acid. The effectiveness of this enzyme has been widely proven. Nevertheless, several studies were not successful in its use in feed for monogastric animals. This is due to the characteristics of sensitivity and specificity of phytases instability. Given these facts, the objective with the study to evaluate the most effective way of incorporating phytase in diets for laying hens in relation to performance, quality of eggs (experiment 1) and utilization of protein (experiment 2). The research was conducted in the laboratory of poultry Polytechnic College (UFSM). The experimental performance and egg quality of laying hens used 120 Isa Brown strain, being conducted in three periods of 21 days. The digestibility trial had 72 birds and lasted five days. Both experiments assessed the following diets: basal diet (BD), diet with defatted rice bran (DRB) previously treated with phytase (DRBF) diet with phytase enzyme and DRB incorporated through the traditional method (TMF) and a diet without DRB phytase (DRB). The experiment was a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replicates for experiment 1 and three replicates for experiment 2 with six birds. The data collected were submitted to analysis of variance and the means that differ significantly, Tukey (5%). The treatment of DRBF was efficient, ie, treating only one ingredient of the diet with phytase allows you to incorporate a smaller amount of phytase, while maintaining performance and quality of eggs, which were statistically the same (P> 0.05) in treatments involving phytase, equivalent also to the basal diet, indicating that phytase supplied the reduction of phosphorus in the treatment TMF. The treatment of DRB with phytase enabled better utilization of protein. / A enzima fitase melhora o aproveitamento de vários nutrientes dos alimentos de origem vegetal, que são em parte indisponíveis aos animais não-ruminantes, principalmente o fósforo fítico, mas além deste, também amido, proteínas, lipídios e outros minerais, que são complexados com o ácido fítico. A efetividade desta enzima já foi amplamente comprovada. Apesar disso, inúmeros estudos não obtiveram sucesso em seu uso na alimentação de monogástricos. Isso deve-se as características de sensibilidade, instabilidade e especificidade das fitases. Diante destes fatos, objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar o modo mais eficaz de incorporação da enzima fitase em dietas para poedeiras comerciais, em relação ao desempenho, qualidade de ovos (experimento 1) e aproveitamento de proteína (experimento 2). A pesquisa foi conduzida no laboratório de avicultura do Colégio Politécnico (UFSM). O experimento de desempenho e qualidade de ovos utilizou 120 poedeiras comerciais da linhagem Isa Brown, sendo conduzido em três períodos de 21 dias. O ensaio de digestibilidade contou com 72 aves e teve duração de cinco dias. Ambos experimentos avaliaram as seguintes dietas: dieta basal (DB), dieta com farelo de arroz desengordurado (FAD) tratado previamente com fitase (FADFI), dieta com FAD e enzima fitase incorporada por meio do método tradicional (MTFI) e dieta com FAD sem enzima fitase (SEMFI). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos, cinco repetições para o experimento 1 e três repetições para o experimento 2, com seis aves. Os dados coletados foram submetidos a análise de variância, e as médias que apresentaram diferença significativa, ao teste de Tukey (5%). O tratamento prévio do FAD mostrou-se eficiente, ou seja, tratar somente um ingrediente da dieta com fitase permite incorporar uma quantidade menor de fitase, mantendo desempenho e qualidade de ovos, que foram estatisticamente os mesmos (P>0,05) nos tratamentos que envolveram fitase, equivalendo-se também a dieta basal, comprovando que a fitase supriu a redução de fósforo no tratamento MTFI. O tratamento prévio de FAD com fitase possibilitou melhor aproveitamento da proteína bruta.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / With the expanding aquaculture activity, high quality ingredients for fish feeding are required. In order to prevent the risk of depending on fish meal, research institutions and the industry itself, have conducted studies to reduce the dependence of fish meal increasing the nutritional value of alternative feedstuffs. The objective of the study was to evaluate different methods of inactivation of antinutritional compounds on nutrient availability of plant protein sources for catfish. The work was divided into three parts: removal of antinutrients, growth trial, and digestibility experiment. In the first part, different chemical treatments for removal of phytic acid, total phenols and tannins in canola, soybean and sunflower meals were tested. The treatments were: acidified water (pH 1.0); ethanol PA + methanol PA; acidified ethanol PA (pH 1.0); ethanol + water PA 70:30 pH 1.0; acidified water + ethanol PA, used separatelly. Washing with pH 1,0 water, followed by washing in ethanol PA was the best alternative for removal of phytic acid, phenols and tannins of canola, sunflower and soybean meal. In the growth experiment were evaluated growth performance, body composition, biochemical parameters, enzymatic profile and intestinal morphometry of juvenile catfish fed with plant ingredients, treated or not treated for removal of antinutrients. Treatments were: control diet, with fish meal as only protein source (CON); replacement of 30% of fishmeal protein by untreated soybean meal (SNT), canola meal (CNT) and sunflower meal (GNT) or the same ingredients submitted to treatment: (ST), (CT) and (GT) (soybean, canola and sunflower, respectively). The treatment is effective, with the exception of phytic acid in soybean meal. ST and CT can replace 30% of fish meal protein, without affecting the growth of animals. There is no difference in the performance of fish fed CT compared to CNT, and GT compared to GNT. For soybean meal, there is improvement in the nutritional value after treatment. The biochemical changes do not appear to be linked to the antinutritional factors. There is no interference of the treatment on the enzymatic activity of silver catfish. Fish fed with untreated ingredients showed enlargement in the thickness of the muscle layer in the intestinal epithelium. The number of villi is higher in fish fed with treated ingredients. There is an increase in the thickness of the lamina propria of the villi in fish fed with the untreated ingredients. In the digestibility experiment, were evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of plant ingredients, submitted or not to chemical treatment to remove antinutritional factors in diets for jundiá. The ADC for crude protein was higher in ST, compared to CT and CNT, but did not differ from the others. GNT, GT and CNT showed the lowest ADC for organic matter. The removal of antinutrients do not affect the ADC of crude protein, dry matter and organic matter in soybean and sunflower meal. For canola meal, removing antinutritional factors improve dry matter digestibility. In addition, besides the antinutrients, special care must be taken to concentration or removal of other nutrients when using chemical treatments, otherwise the nutritional value of the ingredient can be affected. / Com a expansão da atividade de aquicultura, surgem também demandas por ingredientes de qualidade para uso em dietas para peixes. Nas últimas décadas, devido à probabilidade de escassez de farinha de peixe, diversas instituições de pesquisa, assim como a própria indústria, têm realizado estudos a fim de reduzir a dependência desta fonte de proteína, através de técnicas para o aumento da qualidade nutricional de ingredientes alternativos à farinha de peixe. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar diferentes métodos de inativação de compostos antinutricionais sobre a disponibilidade de nutrientes de fontes proteicas de origem vegetal para o jundiá. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas: tratamento dos farelos, experimento de desempenho e experimento de digestibilidade. Na primeira etapa, foi feita a avaliação da eficiência de diferentes tratamentos químicos para remoção de ácido fítico, fenóis totais e taninos totais em farelos de canola, soja e girassol, visando a utilização em dietas para peixes. Os tratamentos foram: água acidificada (pH 1,0); etanol P.A. + metanol P.A. + água; etanol P.A. acidificado (pH 1,0); etanol P.A. + água 70:30 pH 1,0; água acidificada + etanol P.A. utilizados individualmente. O processamento dos farelos através de lavagem com água em pH 1,0, seguido por lavagem em etanol P.A, apresenta comportamento mais uniforme, sendo o mais indicado para a retirada de ácido fítico, fenóis totais e taninos totais dos farelos de canola, girassol e soja. No experimento de crescimento, foram avaliados desempenho zootécnico, composição corporal, parâmetros bioquímicos, perfil enzimático e morfometria intestinal de juvenis de jundiá alimentados com ingredientes vegetais, submetidos ou não a tratamento para remoção de antinutrientes. Os tratamentos foram: dieta controle, à base de farinha de peixe (CON); substituição de 30% da proteína da farinha de peixe por farelos de soja (SNT), canola (CNT) ou girassol (GNT) sem tratamento ou tratados: (ST), (CT) e (GT) (soja, canola e girassol, respectivamente). O tratamento é eficaz na remoção de antinutrientes, com exceção do ácido fítico do farelo de soja. Farelos de soja e canola tratados podem substituir 30% da proteína da farinha de peixe, sem prejudicar o crescimento dos animais. Não há diferença no desempenho de jundiás alimentados com farelo de canola tratado e nãotratado ou girassol tratado e não-tratado. Para farelo de soja, há melhora na qualidade nutricional após tratamento. As alterações bioquímicas não parecem estar ligadas aos fatores antinutricionais presentes. Não há interferência do tratamento sobre a atividade enzimática de jundiás. Peixes alimentados com os farelos não-tratados apresentam camada muscular do epitélio intestinal mais espessa. O número de vilosidades é maior nos peixes alimentados com os farelos tratados. Há aumento na espessura da lamina propria das vilosidades nos peixes alimentados com os farelos não-tratados. No experimento de digestibilidade, foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos farelos de canola, girassol e soja, submetidos ou não a tratamento químico para extração de antinutrientes, em dietas para o jundiá. O tratamento para remoção de antinutrientes não afeta os coeficientes de digestibilidade da proteína bruta, matéria seca e matéria orgânica dos farelos de soja e girassol. Para o farelo de canola, a remoção de fatores antinutricionais melhora a digestibilidade da matéria seca. A avaliação de tratamentos para retirada de fatores antinutricionais deve levar em consideração, além da remoção de antinutrientes, a concentração e/ou remoção dos demais nutrientes durante o processo e sua relação com a qualidade nutricional do ingrediente.

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Producing desirable firmness is important in manufacturing tofu from soybeans. This study’s objective was to explore the environmental impact (location and year) on soybean chemical components and identify the correlations between chemical composition and the firmness of tofu made from soybeans planted in three locations over two years. Seventeen soybean Plant Introductions (PI) from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection and eight check varieties were planted in Mississippi, Virginia and Missouri in 2017 and 2018. Protein subunit composition, protein secondary structure, phytic acid content, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content were determined. The result showed that A3 subunit content was strongly correlated with tofu firmness. Environmental factors had a significant influence on some chemical components in soybean seeds as well as tofu texture. The current study confirmed the validity of using A3 peptide as a criterion for estimating tofu firmness in both tofu manufacturing and food-grade soybean trade.