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DISSERTAÇÃO. 2014.pdf: 2962958 bytes, checksum: 34d825a9cf92ff3104e711a2674f58f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / As pimentas do gênero Capsicum spp. fazem parte da biodiversidade e da riqueza cultural brasileira, são cultivadas em todo o território nacional possuindo uma enorme variedade de cores, sabores, tamanho e pungência. A Embrapa Clima Temperado – Pelotas, com o intuito de conservar e caracterizar a variabilidade genética de pimentas do gênero Capsicum, mantém um banco ativo de germoplasma de Capsicum (BAG). As pimentas são utilizadas in natura ou processadas. Portanto muitos destes genótipos necessitam de avaliação quanto aos aspectos de qualidade e potencial para utilização em produtos alimentícios. Durante o processamento, pode ocorrer redução no teor de compostos bioativos, pela sua instabilidade às condições tecnológicas de processamento, o que consequentemente pode reduzir a capacidade antioxidante, além de interferir também nas características sensoriais. Com base nisto o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar acessos de pimenta Capsicum spp. para fins tecnológicos e avaliar a estabilidade de compostos potencialmente bioativos. O teor de compostos fenólicos de pimentas in natura variou de 52,45 mg.100g -¹ (P259) a 21,20 mg.100g -¹ (P27) equivalentes de ácido gálico. O teor de carotenoides totais variou de 0,64 mg.100g -¹ (P259) a 40,26 mg.100g -¹ (P115) equivalentes de β-caroteno, o teor de ácido L-ascórbico de 158,38 mg.100g -¹ (P22) a 18,86 mg.100g -¹ (P115) e o teor de capsaicinoides totais de 0,024 mg.100g -¹ (3,93 SHU) no acesso P27 a 1734 mg.100g -¹ (279.174,27 SHU) para o acesso P247. Em relação aos produtos observaram-se perdas e incrementos nos teores de compostos bioativos, os quais foram influenciados pelo tipo de processamento e pelas características iniciais do fruto in natura (principalmente para geleia e pirulito , quando comparado com teor do fruto in natura). A redução do teor de vitamina C (ácido L ascórbico), chegou a 81,62% para a conserva da pimenta P259, e o teor de compostos fenólicos totais em conserva de pimenta P115 foi 5 vezes menor quando comparado ao fruto in natura. O processamento de pimenta conserva, desidratada e em pasta promoveu o incremento no teor de carotenoides totais. A análise sensorial dos produtos revelou que os consumidores de pimenta da região de Pelotas/RS preferem produtos com pungência não muito elevada e de coloração vermelha. / Capsicum spp., part of the Brazilian biodiversity and cultural richness, are grown all over the country having a huge variety of colors, flavors, size and pungency. Embrapa Temperate Climate - Pelotas, in order to conserve and characterize the variability of Capsicum, maintains an active germplasm bank of Capsicum (BAG). The peppers are used fresh or processed. Therefore many of these genotypes require evaluation of quality attributes and potential for use in food products. During processing, a reduction in the content of bioactive compounds, due to their instability to technological processing conditions, can consequently reduce their antioxidant capacity, and also interfere with sensory characteristics. The present study aimed to characterize pepper Capsicum spp. accessions for technological purposes and to evaluate the stability of potentially bioactive compounds. The content of phenolic compounds in fresh pepper fruit ranged from 52.45 mg.100g -¹ (P259) to 21.20 mg.100g -¹ (P27) of gallic acid equivalents. The total carotenoid content ranged from 0.64 mg.100g -¹ (P259) to 40.26 mg 100g -¹ (P115) of β-carotene, the content of L-ascorbic acid from 158.38 mg 100g -¹ (P22) 18.86 mg.100g -¹ (P115) and total capsaicinoids content from 0.024 mg.100g -¹ (3,93 SHU) in accession P27 to 1734 mg.100g -¹ (279.174,27 SHU) for the P247 accession. For pepper products, losses and increments in the content of bioactive compounds were observed influenced by the type of processing and the initial characteristics of the fresh fruit (mainly for jelly and lollipops when compared to the content of the fresh fruit). Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) reduction was 81.62% for the pickled pepper P259, and total phenolics content of pickled pepper P115 was 5 times lower when compared to the fresh fruit. The processing of pickled, dehydrated and pepper sauce promoted the increase in the levels of total carotenoids. The sensory analysis of the products revealed that consumers of pepper in Pelotas/RS prefer products medium pungency and red color.

La galanthamine est un alcaloïde isoquinoléique, utilisé dans le monde entier pour le traitement palliatif de la maladie d’Alzheimer en raison de son pouvoir inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase. Cet alcaloïde est extrait à partir de bulbes d’Amaryllidaceae, Leucojum aestivum, Galanthus nivalis, et Narcissus sp. ou obtenu par synthèse chimique. La difficulté principale de cette dernière réside dans le respect de la configuration des centres d'asymétrie. La culture de tissus in vitro pourrait constituer une alternative intéressante pour obtenir ce composé à haute valeur ajoutée. Le premier objectif de ce projet, vise à améliorer l’accumulation de cet alcaloïde par les biais des biotechnologies. Le second objectif est de rechercher par criblage phytochimique (HPLC, LCMS, GCMS, et HPTLC-MS) de bulbes in vitro et in vivo d’Amaryllidaceae, de nouveaux alcaloïdes biologiquement actifs. Le troisième objectif porte sur l’étude de la voie de biosynthèse en vue de réaliser une synthèse biomimétique de la galanthamine. Nous avons établi des cultures in vitro de 3 espèces d’Amaryllidaceae. La variation des paramètres exogènes a conduit à une accumulation accrue d’alcaloïdes (0,02 à 0,2 % MS). Le criblage phytochimique a conduit à l’identification d’alcaloïdes nouveaux issus des cultures in vitro, n’existant pas in vivo, et présentant un puissant pouvoir inhibiteur de l’acétylcholinestérase (40 à 80 % Inh). L’ajout, de la 4’-Ométhyl-d3-norbelladine aux cultures in vitro a conduit à sa métabolisation en trois types d’alcaloïdes deutérés. Une stimulation de la synthèse et du relargage de la galanthamine native (0,15 % MS et 0,16 % Milieu) a été observée en présence du précurseur deutéré / Galanthamine is an Amaryllidaceae alkaloid used worldwide for the symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer’s disease because of his capacity to inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. There are two galanthamine sources for medical applications. One is the total synthesis, a complicated process because galanthamine has three asymmetric carbons, requiring stereochemically controlled synthesis. Galanthamine is also extracted from bulbs of some Amaryllidaceae such as Leucojum aestivum, Galanthus nivalis, and Narcissus sp.. The first aim of this work is to improve the accumulation of this alkaloid using biotechnologies. The second aim consists on the phytochemical screening (HPLC, LCMS, GCMS, et HPTLCMS) of in vivo and in vitro Amaryllidaceae bulbs, in order to identify new alkaloids with important pharmacological activities. Finally, the third aim concerns the study of the biosynthesis pathway in order to establish a biomimetic synthesis of galanthamine. Therefore, we established in vitro cultures of three Amaryllidaceae species. The variation of exogenousparameters led to the obtainment of high galanthamine accumulation (0.02 to 0.2 % DW). The phytochemical screening showed new alkaloids in extracts of in vitro cultures, which did not exist in in vivo extracts, and possessing high acetylcholinesterase activity (40 to 80 % Inh). The 4’-O-methyl-d3-norbelladine is incorporated into three different groups ofAmaryllidaceae alkaloids. The addition of the labelled precursor to shoot cultures stimulated the synthesis of native galanthamine (0.15 % DW and 0.16 % Culture medium)

La diversité moléculaire des huiles essentielles obtenues à partir des racines d'A. longa est répartie essentiellement en sesquiterpènes oxygénés (50,2 - 81,1%) suivie de monoterpènes oxygénés (5,9 - 28,0%), sesquiterpènes hydrocarbonés (0,7 - 18,4%) et monoterpènes hydrocarbonés (0,0 - 0,8%). Mais, l'huile essentielle des parties aériennes est caractérisé par le pin-2-en-8-ol (29,0 - 17,7%) et le 8-acetoxy-pin-2-ene (15,0 - 25,6%). L'ensemble des acides gras identifiés dans les différents organes d'A. longa et de Bryonia dioïca ont été classés en acide gras polyinsaturés (A.G.P.I) variant de 20,1 à 45,4%, en acide gras mono insaturés variant de 10,1 à 41,2%, et en acide gras saturés (A.G.S) variant de 26,7 à 52,2%. Les valeurs pour les deux paramètres (A.G.P.I)/(A.G.S) et (ω-6)/(ω-3) dans les parties aériennes des deux espèces sont de même ordre de grandeur que d'autres espèces comestibles. Par conséquent, les parties aériennes des deux espèces peuvent être considérées comme une source importante et saine d' (ω-6) et (ω-3). L'activité antibactérienne et antifongique des huiles essentielles a été évaluée qualitativement par la méthode de diffusion de disque sur les différentes souches Gram(+), Gram(-) et un champignon (C. albicans). On constate que les souches de Gram(+) sont plus sensibles aux différentes huiles que les souches de Gram(-) et le champignon. Le pouvoir antibactérien des fractions lipidiques d'A. longa et de B. dioïca a été évalué qualitativement quantitativement par la détermination des concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) et des concentrations minimales bactéricides (CMB). Dans la présente étude les résultats des CMI et des CMB montrent que les souches de bactéries testées présentent une sensibilité distincte aux différentes fractions lipidiques. De plus, l'activité antioxydante des extraits a été estimée en appliquant un plan d'expériences de type Plackett-Burman. Les résultats trouvés ont conduit au classement des antioxydants testés par ordre décroissant d'activité, indépendamment de la concentration initiale des radicaux libres en milieu tamponné : l'acide férulique est plus actif que l'extrait de B. dioica, ce dernier est plus puissant que l'extrait d'A. longa / Composition of essential oil is known to depend on intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Experiments were conducted to study the variation in the essential oil composition of Aristolochia longa (Aristolacheae) harvested at different period (August, 2009; September, 2011; March, 2012; and April, 2013). The essential oil composition was assessed by GC–FID and GC–MS analyses. Hence, oxygenated sesquiterpenes (50.2–81.1%) and oxygenated monoterpenes (5.9–28.0%) are the major chemical groups. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils were evaluated against six microorganisms by the disc diffusion method. Increasingly, the essential oil isolated from roots collected in September (2011), exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae (G+) and Enterococcus faecium (G+). The composition of the fatty acids of the roots and aerial parts of A. longa and Bryonia dioïca (Cucurbutaceae) was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The oils extracted from the aerial parts of both species were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids with the essential linolenic and linoleic acids being the most prominent compounds. Oleic and linoleic acids were the majors fatty acids in the roots of both species. The antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the lipid extracts were determined against a panel of five bacterial strains. The antibacterial activity of the root lipid extracts was particularly important against Enterococcus feacium (G+) (CMI value of 125 μg/mL; CMB values > 250 μg/mL) and Streptococcus agalactiae (G+) (CMI value of 125 μg/mL; CMB values 250 μg/mL for A. longa roots). These results indicate that A. longa and B. dioïca could be considered as good sources of essential fatty acids which can act as natural antibacterial agents. An experimental design is an experimental set-up to simultaneously evaluate several factors at given numbers of levels in a predefined number of experiments, and also to provide maximum chemical information by analysing chemical data. So, Plackett–Burman (PB) experimental was used to appreciate the stability of DPPH and to estimate antioxidant activity of ferulic acid and the plant extracts. Hence, to increase DPPH absorbance at 190μM the buffer type, pH medium, solvent type and reaction time should be maintained at its lower level while buffer concentration, temperature, buffer ratio should be kept at its high level. While, to increase DPPH absorbance at 50 μM is obtained with buffer acetate, lower temperature and short reaction time. Further, the radical scavenging activity of the plant extracts and ferulic acid as a pure compound is examined in the selected conditions by PB design

Objective: To determine the ameliorative effect of the ethanolic extract of Chuquiraga spinosa (ChS) on 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in rats. Methods: 36 female Holztman rats were divided into 6 groups. I) The negative control group received physiological saline (PS). II) ChS-200 group received 200 mg/kg of ChS. III) DMBA group was induced with DMBA (20 mg/Kg) dissolved in PS and administrated orally for 15 weeks. IV) DMBA + ChS-50 group, V) DMBA + ChS-250 group, and VI) DMBA + ChS-500 group, which received the extract orally for 15 weeks after DMBA induction. All data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnet test was carried out to compare the mean value of different groups Histopathological analysis was evaluated by using Image J software. Results: Hematology showed that the triglyceride level was significantly lowered (P< 0.01) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level was significantly increased (P <0.01) in groups III, IV and V. Also, ChS extract significantly lowered the C reactive protein (CRP) level (P <0.01) and malondialdehyde level (P<0.05). There was a significant decrease in the frequency of DMBA-induced micronucleated polychromatic erythrocyte (P<0.01). Conclusions: Chuquiraga spinosa showed an ameliorative effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in rats as well as antioxidant, antitumor and antigenotoxic properties. / Revisión por pares

Foi realizada uma investigação fitoquímica envolvendo diversos órgãos de plantas adultas (raízes, caules, folhas, inflorescências e sementes), plântulas (cultivadas in vivo e in vitro) e suspensões celulares de P. solmsianum. Dos órgãos estudados de plantas adultas, as raízes apresentaram a maior complexidade e diversidade química da planta, abrangendo ácidos benzóicos e benzaldeídos substituídos, esteróides, fenilpropanóides, lignanas tetraidrofurânicas e aristolactamas, enquanto que os outros órgãos acumulam principalmente fenilpropanóides e lignanas tetraidrofurânicas. As raízes de plântulas apresentaram semelhança qualitativa de metabólitos secundários quando comparadas às raízes de plantas adultas. No entanto, as partes aéreas apresentaram diferentes compostos como farnesol, fitol e &#945;-tocoferol. Os extratos de plântulas separadas por tamanho foram comparados em relação à diversidade dos metabólitos encontrados, não sendo observada uma variação qualitativa muito significativa. Os extratos obtidos das células de suspensões celulares de P. solmsianum indicaram prevalência de ácidos graxos e esteróides, enquanto que o extrato obtido do meio de cultura apresentou como componente majoritário o ácido salicílico. / The phytochemical investigation was carried out to describe the composition in organs of adult plants (roots, steams, leaves, inflorescences and seeds), plantlets (in vivo and in vitro) and cell suspensions of Piper solmsianum. The roots of adult plants presented highest chemical diversity including benzoic acids, benzaldehydes, sterols, phenylpropanoids, tetrahydrofuran lignans and aristolactams, whereas aerial organs accumulate mainly phenylpropanoids and tetrahydrofuran lignans. The roots from plantlets presented qualitative similarity of secondary metabolites when compared to the roots of adult plants. However, the aerial parts from plantlets presented different composition including farnesol, phytol and &#945;-tocopherol in addition to phenylpropanoids, but the plantlets at different developmental stages showed no significant qualitative variation. The extracts of cell suspensions of P. solmsianum indicated a suppressed phenylpropanoid metabolism with fatty acids and sterols in the cells and salicylic acid as major excreted compound in the culture medium.

A planta Casearia sylvestris é catalogada como planta medicinal de interesse ao SUS, indicada para o tratamento de gastrite e como cicatrizante, para ser utilizada na forma de infusão ou compressas. Assim, foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar o potencial terapêutico antiulcerogênico do extrato fluido (EF), extrato metanólico (EM) e fração diclorometano (FDM), pelo modelo de indução de úlcera por etanol-acidificado. Realizou-se também a análise fitoquímica objetivando identificar os compostos ativos presentes nos extratos, através de técnicas de cromatografia, espectrometria de massas e ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que tanto o EF, quanto o EM e FDM foram eficazes na prevenção de úlceras gástricas. Além disso, foram avaliados os possíveis efeitos do EF no estresse oxidativo hepático e na indução ou inibição do complexo enzimático citocromo P450. Os resultados obtidos mostraram alteração apenas do ciclo-redox da glutationa com a razão GHS/GSSG diminuída nos animais tratados, sugerindo que deve ser ter cautela ao utilizá-lo concomitantemente a medicamentos pelo risco de interações medicamentosas. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um estudo preliminar do potencial antitumoral do EM e frações através de ensaio bioguiado de citoxicidade (ensaio sulforrodamina B), no qual foi observado pronunciada atividade citotóxica (IC50 &le; 5&micro;/ml) em diferentes linhagens tumorais. A análise fitoquímica identificou flavonóides (quercetina, rutina, kaempferol) e terpenos (espatulenol, diterpeno clerodânico). Portanto, pode-se sugerir que os efeitos terapêuticos ocorrem da sinergia destes princípios ativos / The Casearia sylvestris plant is cataloged as a medicinal plant of interest to the Unified Health System in Brazil indicated for the treatment of gastritis and healing, to be used in the form of infusion or compresses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiulcerogenic therapeutic potential of fluid extract (EF), methanol extract (EM) and dichloromethane fraction (FDM) on ethanol/HCl induced gastric model ulcer. The results obtained showed that EF, as EM and FDM, have been effective in preventing gastric ulcers. Also, a phytochemical analysis by chromatographic techniques, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance was carried out to identify the active constituents present in the extracts. Moreover the possible effects of EF on hepatic oxidative stress and on induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzime complex were evaluated. The results obtained showed only an alteration on the redox-cycle of glutathione with the GHS/GSSG ratio decreased in treated animals, suggesting caution in the use of EF concomitantly with other drugs as there might be a risk of drug interactions. In addition, a preliminary study was carried out to evaluate through bio-guided citotocixity assay (sulforhodamine B) the antitumor potential of the EM and fractions, in which pronounced cytotoxic activity was observed (IC50 &le; 5&micro;g/ml) in different tumor cell lines. Therefore, it can be suggested that the therapeutic effects occur in consequence of the synergy of these active ingredients

O presente trabalho descreve o isolamento e a caracterização estrutural dos constituintes químicos majoritários presentes nos frutos maduros das espécies Virola pavonis (A. CD.) A. C. Sm., Iryanthera juruensis Warburg e Osteophloeum platyspermum (Spruce ex A. DC.) Warburg. Foram isoladas vinte e oito substâncias, sendo catorze lignóides, dois tocotrienóis, dois sesquiterpenos, quatro diterpenos, um derivado do ácido cinâmico e cinco flavonóides. Avaliou-se ainda a composição química e o teor do óleo volátil extraído das folhas e dos pericarpos das espécies supracitadas, o que revelou a predominância de hidrocarbonetos monoterpênicos e monoterpenos oxigenados nas folhas e nos pericarpos, respectivamente, de O. platyspermum, bem como de hidrocarbonetos sesquiterpênicos em ambos os órgãos vegetais de I. juruensis e de sesquiterpenos oxigenados nas folhas de V. pavonis. Como esperado, o óleo essencial dos pericarpos de O. platyspermum apresentou significativa atividade contra Escherichia coli e Candida albicans devido à alta concentração de monoterpenos oxigenados. As substâncias di-hidrocarinatina e di-hidrocarinatidina, ambas isoladas do pericarpo de V. pavonis, inibiram o crescimento in vitro da cepa multiresistente K1 de Plasmodium falciparum (acima de 50 % a 2,5 &#181;g/mL). Enquanto que os lignóides verrucosina e guaiacina, ambos obtidos do arilo de I. juruensis, mostraram boa ação leishmanicida contra as formas promastigotas de Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 = 27 e 45 &#181;g/mL, respectivamente). / This work describes the isolation and structural characterization of the major chemical constituents from ripe fruits of Virola pavonis (A. CD.) A. C. Sm., Iryanthera juruensis Warburg and Osteophloeum platyspermum (Spruce ex A. DC.) Warburg. Twenty-eight substances have been isolated and classified as fourteen lignoids, two tocotrienols, two sesquiterpenes, four diterpenes, one cinnamic acid derivative and five flavonoids. Additionally, it was also analyzed the yields and chemical composition of the volatile oils from leaves and pericarps of all target species. This analysis indicated the predominance of oxygenated monoterpenes and monoterpene hydrocarbons respectively in leaves and pericarps of O. platyspermum, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons in both I. juruensis plant tissues and oxygenated sesquiterpenes in V. pavonis leaves. As one might expect, the oil from O. platyspermum pericarps presented significant activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans due to the high concentration of oxygenated monoterpene. Dihydrocarinatin and dihydrocarinatidin, both isolated from V. pavonis pericarps, were able to inhibit the growth of the multi-drug resistant K1 strain of Plasmodium falciparum (up 50% at 2,5 &#181;g/mL). While the lignoids verrucosin and guaiacin, both obtained from I. juruensis arils, presented good antileishmanial activity against the promastigotes forms of Leishmania amazonensis (IC50 = 27 and 45 &#181;g/mL, respectively).

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-22T14:51:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTACAO - LUMA MOTA.pdf: 1293043 bytes, checksum: 8a94a777e92b42ba26fcbb089a8d28f5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-22T14:51:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) DISSERTACAO - LUMA MOTA.pdf: 1293043 bytes, checksum: 8a94a777e92b42ba26fcbb089a8d28f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-30 / Morphoanatomy, trichomes glandular and phytochemistry of Lomatozona artemisiifolia Baker (Asteraceae - Eupatorieae) - a plant of endemic of Cerrado of Goiás - The Asteraceae family is widely distributed, having 24,000 species and genera 1600-1700, constituting one of the largest families of phanerogams. In the Cerrado, among phanerogams, is the second largest family in number of species. Among the numerous species of Asteraceae is present Lomatozona artemisiifolia Baker, belongs to the tribe Eupatorieae. The objective of this study was to describe anatomically aerial vegetative organs of this species, characterize the glandular trichomes that occur in these vegetative organs and inflorescences, determine the composition of the oil and perform the phytochemical study of the species, as there is no work on this species which is endemic to the Cerrado. For anatomical study were used apexes, samples of completely expanded leaves and stems. The phytochemical screening was performed with aerial vegetative organs and oil extraction was performed with fresh plant material (aerial vegetative organs). The epidermis is uniseriate covered with a thin cuticle striated and mesophyll is dorsiventral. The stem has uniseriate epidermis, cortex and with angular collenchyma lamellar secretory ducts associated with the cortical parenchyma, sclerenchyma fibers forming ice outside the phloem bundles are collateral. Is the presence of eight types of glandular trichomes on the leaf and stem. We identified the presence of traces of alkaloids, coumarins, traces of digitalis glycosides, saponins, flavonoids and glycosides. In oil extraction were identificandos 21 compounds, the major compounds are γ-muuroleno about 28.81%, the β-germacrene with 18.23%, 12.48% caryophyllene, δ-elemene 8.61%, 7.55% δ-carene, β-ocimene 5.94%. / Morfoanatomia, tricomas glandulares e fitoquímica de Lomatozona artemisiifolia Baker (Asteraceae - Eupatorieae) – Uma planta endêmica do cerrado de Goiás - A família Asteraceae é amplamente distribuída, possuindo 24.000 espécies e 1.600 a 1700 gêneros, constituindo uma das maiores famílias de fanerógamas. No Cerrado, dentre as fanerógamas, é a segunda maior família em quantidade de espécies. Dentre as inúmeras espécies de Asteraceae está presente Lomatozona artemisiifolia Baker, pertence à tribo Eupatorieae. O objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever anatomicamente os órgãos vegetativos aéreos desta espécie, caracterizar os tricomas glandulares que ocorrem nestes órgãos vegetativos e nas inflorescências, determinar a composição do óleo essencial e realizar o estudo fitoquímico da espécie, já que não há trabalhos com esta espécie que é endêmica do Cerrado. Para o estudo anatômico foram utilizados ápices caulinares, amostras de folhas completamente expandidas e de caules. A prospecção fitoquímica foi realizada com órgãos aéreos vegetativos e a extração do óleo foi realizada com material vegetal fresco (órgãos aéreos vegetativos). A epiderme é uniestratificada recobertas por cutícula delgada estriada e o mesofilo é dorsiventral. O caule possui epiderme uniestratificada, córtex com colênquima angular e lamelar, ductos secretores associados ao parênquima cortical, fibras esclerenquimáticas formando calotas externas ao floema, os feixes são colaterais. Ocorre a presença de oito tipos de tricomas glandulares na lâmina foliar e caule. Foram identificadas a presença de traços de alcalóides, cumarinas, heterosídeos flavonóides e saponinas. Na extração do óleo foram identificandos 21 compostos, os majoritários foram γ- muuroleno com cerca de 28.81%, o β-germacreno com 18,23%, cariofileno 12,48%, δ-elemeno 8,61%, δ-careno 7,55%, β-ocimeno 5,94%.

A planta Casearia sylvestris é catalogada como planta medicinal de interesse ao SUS, indicada para o tratamento de gastrite e como cicatrizante, para ser utilizada na forma de infusão ou compressas. Assim, foi objetivo deste estudo avaliar o potencial terapêutico antiulcerogênico do extrato fluido (EF), extrato metanólico (EM) e fração diclorometano (FDM), pelo modelo de indução de úlcera por etanol-acidificado. Realizou-se também a análise fitoquímica objetivando identificar os compostos ativos presentes nos extratos, através de técnicas de cromatografia, espectrometria de massas e ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que tanto o EF, quanto o EM e FDM foram eficazes na prevenção de úlceras gástricas. Além disso, foram avaliados os possíveis efeitos do EF no estresse oxidativo hepático e na indução ou inibição do complexo enzimático citocromo P450. Os resultados obtidos mostraram alteração apenas do ciclo-redox da glutationa com a razão GHS/GSSG diminuída nos animais tratados, sugerindo que deve ser ter cautela ao utilizá-lo concomitantemente a medicamentos pelo risco de interações medicamentosas. Adicionalmente, foi realizado um estudo preliminar do potencial antitumoral do EM e frações através de ensaio bioguiado de citoxicidade (ensaio sulforrodamina B), no qual foi observado pronunciada atividade citotóxica (IC50 &le; 5&micro;/ml) em diferentes linhagens tumorais. A análise fitoquímica identificou flavonóides (quercetina, rutina, kaempferol) e terpenos (espatulenol, diterpeno clerodânico). Portanto, pode-se sugerir que os efeitos terapêuticos ocorrem da sinergia destes princípios ativos / The Casearia sylvestris plant is cataloged as a medicinal plant of interest to the Unified Health System in Brazil indicated for the treatment of gastritis and healing, to be used in the form of infusion or compresses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiulcerogenic therapeutic potential of fluid extract (EF), methanol extract (EM) and dichloromethane fraction (FDM) on ethanol/HCl induced gastric model ulcer. The results obtained showed that EF, as EM and FDM, have been effective in preventing gastric ulcers. Also, a phytochemical analysis by chromatographic techniques, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance was carried out to identify the active constituents present in the extracts. Moreover the possible effects of EF on hepatic oxidative stress and on induction or inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzime complex were evaluated. The results obtained showed only an alteration on the redox-cycle of glutathione with the GHS/GSSG ratio decreased in treated animals, suggesting caution in the use of EF concomitantly with other drugs as there might be a risk of drug interactions. In addition, a preliminary study was carried out to evaluate through bio-guided citotocixity assay (sulforhodamine B) the antitumor potential of the EM and fractions, in which pronounced cytotoxic activity was observed (IC50 &le; 5&micro;g/ml) in different tumor cell lines. Therefore, it can be suggested that the therapeutic effects occur in consequence of the synergy of these active ingredients

Gethyllis multifolia L. Bolus and G. villosa Thunb. are winter-growing, summerblooming, deciduous and bulbous geophytes that grow naturally in the semi-arid succulent Karoo biome of South Africa. Both species grow under full sun conditions and have four distinctive growth phases: a winter (cold and wet) growing phase, leaf senescence phase towards spring, flowering phase during the hot and dry summer months, and fruit and leaf formation phase in autumn. The medicinal uses of this genus (including G. multifolia “Kukumakranka” and G. villosa “hairy kukumakranka”) range from cures for colic, digestive disturbances, teething problems, fatigue, boils, bruises and insect bites, to being used as an aphrodisiac. Gethyllis multifolia is threatened in its natural habitat and is listed in the ‘Vulnerable’ category of the ‘Red Data List of Southern African Plants’ and the ‘IUCN-World Conservation Union List of Plants’. The literature indicate that the habitats of both species are being exposed to drier conditions and is further threatened by the encroachment of invasive indigenous plant species. It is not known to which extent these factors may pose a threat to the existence of both species. The first objective of this investigation was to determine the costs of vegetative and reproductive growth during the seasonal life cycle of the plant, using carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) as a physiological currency. The second objective was to elucidate a functional basis to explain the difference in the conservation status of both species in their natural habitat. Both species were subjected to drought and shading as environmental stresses and the plant physiological performance was investigated via photosynthetic gas exchange. The third objective of the study was to evaluate the antioxidant content (total polyphenol, flavonol/flavone and flavanone content) and antioxidant capacity [ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and 2,2'-azino-di-3- ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate (ABTS) radical cation scavenging ability] of natural populations and plant samples that were exposed to photo- and -drought environmental stresses. This study was done to elucidate the antioxidant profile of plant parts of natural populations as well as providing farmers, traditional healers and pharmaceutical companies with cultivation environmental conditions to enhance the antioxidant properties of the species. This investigation also attempted to isolate and characterize, by means of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography (CC), natural compounds from both species to lend support to the purported antioxidant benefit of both species and to further lend support to claims made by traditional healers of the medicinal potential of the genus. This study, however, did not engage in any in vivo studies or human trials to support published literature of the medicinal benefits of the genus. The photosynthetic adaptation studies indicated that G. villosa had a better photosynthetic performance than G. multifolia during both drought and low light conditions because of the inability of G. multifolia to adapt to a wider range of environmental extremes. The C and N cost of growth and reproduction studies revealed that G. villosa had a more efficient resource utilisation strategy for both growth and reproduction. These physiological responses suggest that G. villosa, in general, has a more efficient survival strategy and that G. multifolia will struggle to adapt to drier environmental conditions, as well as growing in the shade of encroaching invasive plant species. To conclude, this could be a contributing factor as to why G. multifolia is threatened in its natural habitat and G. villosa not. The antioxidant content-and -capacity study on natural populations of both species revealed the highest total polyphenol content, FRAP and ORAC values for the flowers and fruits of G. multifolia and G. villosa compared to other plant parts. These values were found to be in line with and in some cases higher than most commercial fruits and vegetables. The antioxidant activity during drought and photo-stress of the leaves, bulbs and roots was found to be highest in the roots of both species during drought stress. Gethyllis multifolia, in general, exhibited higher total polyphenol content than G. villosa, with the highest content measured during drought stress in the roots of G. multifolia. Phytochemical investigation of the leaves, bulbs and roots of G. multifolia and G. villosa revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, glycosides as well as essential oils, while alkaloids were absent. The chromatographic profiles of the leaves, bulbs and roots of both species further indicated that the roots of G. multifolia contained the highest concentration of natural products, compared to G. villosa and other plant parts. Further in-depth studies on the roots of G. multifolia led to the isolation and characterization of three known flavonoids, of which one was also isolated as its endogenously acetylated derivative. In contrast to the fact that both species had a high polyphenol content and exhibited high antioxidant activity, the isolated compounds in this study revealed very low antioxidant activity. However, the literature revealed that some of these isolated compounds exhibit antifungal, antibacterial, antiangiogenic and anticarcinogenic properties in vitro, which could be ascribed to the medicinal applications of plant parts of certain species belonging to this genus. Furthermore, this study suggests that further chemistry and pharmaceutical research on the genus, Gethyllis, in specific the flowers and fruit of these two species, be pursued. / Philosophiae Doctor - PhD