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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Modelagem e controle de um trocador de calor feixe tubular. / Modeling and control of a heat exchanger pipe beam type.

Martin, Paulo Alexandre 09 February 2006 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta todo um projeto de um sistema de supervisão e controle de um trocador de calor, desde os ensaios experimentais para a elaboração de um modelo matemático até a implementação do sistema de controle e supervisão em microcomputador. O sistema implementado consiste de um software didático e um sistema de aquisição de dados que irão realizar a supervisão e controle de um trocador de calor tipo casco e tubos. Neste software didático é possível implementar o controle PID e suas variações PI-D e I-PD além de permitir a implementação do sistema de controle adaptativo estrutura gain scheduling o qual muda os parâmetros de um controle PID de acordo com a mudança da dinâmica do trocador de calor. Como o trocador de calor apresenta um tempo morto em sua dinâmica, então optou-se por adicionar ao software didático um controle com algoritmo preditivo estrutura Preditor de Smith desta forma é possível realizar ensaios com e sem o algoritmo preditivo para uma comparação de resultados. Este sistema de supervisão e controle do trocador de calor poderá ser usado como ferramenta didática para alunos de diversos cursos, onde é possível realizar ensaios de diferentes estruturas de controle para posterior comparação e estudo de seus resultados. Resultados práticos de todas as estruturas de controle que o software implementa são apresentados e comparados neste trabalho. / This work presents thorough a supervision and control system project of a heat exchanger, from the experimental tests for the mathematical model rising to the control system implementation and supervision in a microcomputer. The implemented system consists of didactic software and a data acquisition system that will perform the supervision and control of a heat exchanger shell and tube type. In this didactic software it is possible to implement the PID control and its variations PI-D and I-PD besides allowing the implementation of the adaptive control system gain scheduling structure, which changes the PID control parameters according to the changes of the heat exchanger dynamics. As the heat exchanger presents dead time on its dynamics, it was opted to add to the didactic software a control with Smith Predictor structure predictive algorithm, thus it is possible to perform tests with and without the predictive algorithm for result comparison. This supervision and control system of the heat exchanger will be able to be used as a didactic tool for students from several courses, where it is possible to perform tests with different control structures to further comparison and study of its results. Pratical results of all the control structures that the software implements are presented and compared in this work.
52

Controle do processo da transferência de oxigênio em corpos hídricos / Control of oxygen transfer in water bodies

Corrêa, Luiz Carlos 23 October 2006 (has links)
A presente proposta de estudo refere-se à identificação de modelo linear empírico para processo de transferência de oxigênio das bolhas de ar para o meio líquido, simulação para testes de controle e implementação de uma estratégia de controle em escala laboratorial em tempo real. Os ensaios de controle foram na unidade experimental (canal aberto) existente no laboratório de hidráulica ambiental o qual foi adaptado para aeração com sensores, atuadores, microcomputador, interface AD/DA. Foi testado o algoritmo de controle do tipo convencional PID (Proportional Integral Derivative control). Com os resultados obtidos da perturbação degrau na variável de entrada (alimentação do ar) foi possível identificar o sistema como um modelo de primeira ordem, suficiente para os propósitos de controle. Baseado na identificação, foi ajustado um controlador PID para implementação experimental. A principal contribuição desta pesquisa consistiu no emprego de uma estratégia de controle adequada na prática, ao processo de aeração. / The current study refers to the identification of an empirical linear model for the oxygen transfer process from air bubbles to liquid, control tests simulation and implementation of a control strategy at real time in laboratory scale. The control tests were carried out at the experimental unit (open channel) located at the environmental hydraulic laboratory which was adapted to aeration process with sensors, actuators, microcomputer, AD/DA interface. The classic PID (Proportional Integral Derivative control) algorithm was tested. With results from step response of input variable (air feeding) it was possible to identify the system as a first order model, enough for the control purposes. Based on the identification, a PID controller was adjusted for the experimental implementation. The main contribution of this work consisted of the employment of an appropriate control strategy to the aeration process in practice.
53

Controladores PID industriais com sintonia automática por realimentação a relê.

Caon Junior, José Roberto 23 August 1999 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a implementação de algoritmos de controle do tipo PID com sintonia automática de seus parâmetros para controle de processos térmicos de primeira ordem mais tempo morto. Existe um grande número de métodos para a sintonia automática, os quais requerem informações variadas sobre o processo. A sintonia automática dos parâmetros do controlador escolhida para implementação é baseada no método da realimentação a relê que utiliza o ganho estático e o período e amplitude críticos do processo e pode ser facilmente adotada na indústria. Este método foi implementado em um controlador industrial microprocessado que utiliza um microcontrolador da família 8051. A correta identificação dos parâmetros críticos do processo presume a geração de oscilações simétricas durante a realimentação a relê. O algoritmo de sintonia automática desenvolvido inclui correção em tempo real da amplitude do relê para evitar identificação falsa de um ciclo da oscilação e da assimetria na saída do processo durante a realimentação a relê. A implementação do algoritmo é simples e direta em termos de programação no ambiente de microcontroladores mesmo em linguagem de baixo nível (assembly). São apresentados resultados de simulação e os resultados experimentais realizados em um aparelho industrial comercial. / The objective of this work is the implementation of a PID control algorithm with auto-tuning for a thermal first order process plus dead-time. There is a number of methods for the auto-tuning of PID controllers which require different information on the process. The auto-tuning algorithm is implemented in a industrial controller based on the 8051 microcontroller family. The auto-tuning method considered for implementation is based on the relay feedback procedure which require the process steady state gain and the ultimate point on the Nyquist plot and can be easily adopted by industry. The method is also suited for pre-tuning adaptive controllers. The auto-tuning method used assume symmetrical oscillations during the relay feedback experiment to render the correct ultimate point on the Nyquist plot The proposed auto-tuning algorithm includes on-line correction for asymmetry oscillation and relay amplitude to avoid false capture of the limit cycle. The symmetrical oscillations are ensured by a DC bias signal added to the relay output. The algorithm is simply and straight to be written in a microcontroller programming language. Experimental results accomplished in a industrial PID auto-tuner are presented.
54

Control of EGR and VGT for emission control and pumping work minimization in diesel engines

Wahlström, Johan January 2006 (has links)
<p>Legislators steadily increase the demands on lowered emissions from heavy duty vehicles. To meet these demands it is necessary to integrate technologies like Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) and Variable Geometry Turbochargers (VGT) together with advanced control systems. A control structure with PID controllers and selectors is proposed and investigated for coordinated control of EGR valve and VGT position in heavy duty diesel engines. Main control goals are to fulfill the legislated emission levels, to reduce the fuel consumption, and to fulfill safe operation of the turbocharger. These goals are achieved through regulation of normalized oxygen/fuel ratio and intake manifold EGR-fraction. These are chosen as main performance variables since they are strongly coupled to the emissions, compared to manifold pressure or air mass flow, which makes it easy to adjust set-points depending on e.g. measured emissions during an emission calibration process. In addition a mechanism for fuel efficient operation is incorporated in the structure, this is achieved by minimizing the pumping work. To design a successful control structure, a mean value model of a diesel engine is developed and validated. The intended applications of the model are system analysis, simulation, and development of model-based control systems. Model equations and tuning methods for the model parameters are described for each subsystem in the model. Static and dynamic validations of the entire model show mean relative errors that are less than 12%. Based on a system analysis of the model, a key characteristic behind the control structure is that oxygen/fuel ratio is controlled by the EGR-valve and EGR-fraction by the VGT-position, in order to handle a sign reversal in the system from VGT to oxygen/fuel ratio. For efficient calibration an automatic controller tuning method is developed. The controller objectives are captured in a cost function, that is evaluated utilizing a method choosing representative transients. The performance is evaluated on the European Transient Cycle. It is demonstrated how the weights in the cost function influence behavior, and that the tuning method is important in order to improve the control performance compared to if only a standard method is used. It is also demonstrated that the controller structure performs well regarding all control objectives. In combination with its efficient tuning, the controller structure thus fulfills all requirements for successful application.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC-2006:52.
55

Controller Design of Multivariable LTI Unknown Systems

Wang, William Szu-Wei 04 September 2012 (has links)
This thesis deals with the design of multivariable controllers for stable linear time-invariant multi-input multi-output systems, with an unknown mathematical model, subject to constant reference/disturbance signals and actuator saturation constraints. A new controller parameter optimization approach, which can be carried out experimentally with no knowledge of the plant model nor of the order of the system, is proposed. The approach has the advantage that controllers can be optimized by perturbing only the initial conditions of the servocompensator, and that the order of the resulting controller obtained can be specified by the designer. Implementation of the proposed controller design approach is described, and an experimental application study of the proposed method applied to a multivariable system with industrial sensor/actuator components is presented to illustrate the feasibility of the design method in an industrial environment.
56

Controller Design of Multivariable LTI Unknown Systems

Wang, William Szu-Wei 04 September 2012 (has links)
This thesis deals with the design of multivariable controllers for stable linear time-invariant multi-input multi-output systems, with an unknown mathematical model, subject to constant reference/disturbance signals and actuator saturation constraints. A new controller parameter optimization approach, which can be carried out experimentally with no knowledge of the plant model nor of the order of the system, is proposed. The approach has the advantage that controllers can be optimized by perturbing only the initial conditions of the servocompensator, and that the order of the resulting controller obtained can be specified by the designer. Implementation of the proposed controller design approach is described, and an experimental application study of the proposed method applied to a multivariable system with industrial sensor/actuator components is presented to illustrate the feasibility of the design method in an industrial environment.
57

Discrete-time PID Controller Tuning Using Frequency Loop-Shaping

January 2011 (has links)
abstract: Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers are a versatile category of controllers that are commonly used in the industry as control systems due to the ease of their implementation and low cost. One problem that continues to intrigue control designers is the matter of finding a good combination of the three parameters - P, I and D of these controllers so that system stability and optimum performance is achieved. Also, a certain amount of robustness to the process is expected from the PID controllers. In the past, many different methods for tuning PID parameters have been developed. Some notable techniques are the Ziegler-Nichols, Cohen-Coon, Astrom methods etc. For all these techniques, a simple limitation remained with the fact that for a particular system, there can be only one set of tuned parameters; i.e. there are no degrees of freedom involved to readjust the parameters for a given system to achieve, for instance, higher bandwidth. Another limitation in most cases is where a controller is designed in continuous time then converted into discrete-time for computer implementation. The drawback of this method is that some robustness due to phase and gain margin is lost in the process. In this work a method of tuning PID controllers using a loop-shaping approach has been developed where the bandwidth of the system can be chosen within an acceptable range. The loop-shaping is done against a Glover-McFarlane type &#8459;&#8734; controller which is widely accepted as a robust control design method. The numerical computations are carried out entirely in discrete-time so there is no loss of robustness due to conversion and approximations near Nyquist frequencies. Some extra degrees of freedom owing to choice of bandwidth and capability of choosing loop-shapes are also involved and are discussed in detail. Finally, comparisons of this method against existing techniques for tuning PID controllers both in continuous and in discrete-time are shown. The results tell us that our design performs well for loop-shapes that are achievable through a PID controller. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2011
58

Implementação de um sistema de controle heurístico de aceleração e tensão mecânica para ensaios em shaker eletrodinâmico

Donadel, Juliane January 2012 (has links)
Por décadas, a qualidade de produtos é determinada por testes em ambientes de laboratório, como testes de acelerados de vibração, ciclagem térmica, choque mecânicos ou térmicos, entre outros. Porém, mais recentemente um novo tipo de técnica tem adquirido a confiança de pesquisadores e projetistas. As técnicas conhecidas como HALT (Highly Accelerated Life Testing) e HASS (Highly Accelerated Stress Screening), ou seja, testes acelerados e amplificados que submetem produtos a condições severas, têm mostrado sua importância e eficiência no âmbito da detecção de falha em produtos ainda na fase de produção. Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver e implementar um algoritmo de controle baseado em métodos heurísticos para ser usado em ensaios acelerados usando um Shaker eletrodinâmico. Este controlador deve ser robusto o suficiente para se adequar a possíveis efeitos de ressonância do shaker que podem vir a alterar a dinâmica do sistema, inviabilizando controles tradicionais com parâmetros fixos. Os resultados obtidos através de vários ensaios mostraram que ambos os sistemas de controle são eficientes, pois o erro entre o sinal desejado (tensão mecânica ou aceleração) e os medidos experimentalmente, tendem rapidamente a zero não apresentando sobressinais consideráveis ou erro em regime permanente, tanto para frequência fixa quanto para varredura de frequência. A comparação entre o controlador tradicional PID e o controle heurístico baseado em Lógica Fuzzy, que foram aplicados no shaker eletrodinâmico, comprova que, para mudanças na amplitude do sistema, o controle Fuzzy apresentou menor sobressinal, o que é mais favorável do ponto de vista mecânico. Logo, a metodologia proposta pode ser aplicada para ensaios HALT/HASS com o intuito de obter grandes vibrações e, por conseguinte tensões, para identificar possíveis falhas de projeto e então, poder corrigi-las. / For decades, product quality is determined by environmental tests, such as accelerated vibration tests, thermal cycling, mechanical or thermal shock, and others. However, more recently a new type of test has gained the trust of researchers and designers. Known techniques such as HALT (Highly Accelerated Life Testing) and HASS (Highly Accelerated Stress Screening), or accelerated and amplified testing that submit products to severe conditions have shown their importance in the efficiency and fault detection in products still in production phase. This study aims to develop and implement a control algorithm based on heuristic methods in order to be used in a system of accelerated tests in an electrodynamic shaker. This controller must be robust enough to fit the resonance effects of the shaker that it can change the system dynamic, invalidating traditional controls with fixed parameters. The results obtained through tests showed both control systems are efficient, because the error between desired signal (mechanical stress and acceleration) and the experimentally measured tend rapidly to zero, there aren’t overshoots or steady state errors, both for constant frequency and for sweep frequency. Comparing the PID traditional control and the Logic Fuzzy control, applied in electrodynamic shaker, we proved that to change system amplitude, the fuzzy control presented lower overshoot, that is favorable from the standpoint of mechanical. Therefore, the methodology proposed can be applied to HALT/HASS tests in order to obtain large vibrations and, consequently stress, to identify possible flaws in the design and correct them.
59

Implementação de um sistema de controle heurístico de aceleração e tensão mecânica para ensaios em shaker eletrodinâmico

Donadel, Juliane January 2012 (has links)
Por décadas, a qualidade de produtos é determinada por testes em ambientes de laboratório, como testes de acelerados de vibração, ciclagem térmica, choque mecânicos ou térmicos, entre outros. Porém, mais recentemente um novo tipo de técnica tem adquirido a confiança de pesquisadores e projetistas. As técnicas conhecidas como HALT (Highly Accelerated Life Testing) e HASS (Highly Accelerated Stress Screening), ou seja, testes acelerados e amplificados que submetem produtos a condições severas, têm mostrado sua importância e eficiência no âmbito da detecção de falha em produtos ainda na fase de produção. Este trabalho tem por objetivo desenvolver e implementar um algoritmo de controle baseado em métodos heurísticos para ser usado em ensaios acelerados usando um Shaker eletrodinâmico. Este controlador deve ser robusto o suficiente para se adequar a possíveis efeitos de ressonância do shaker que podem vir a alterar a dinâmica do sistema, inviabilizando controles tradicionais com parâmetros fixos. Os resultados obtidos através de vários ensaios mostraram que ambos os sistemas de controle são eficientes, pois o erro entre o sinal desejado (tensão mecânica ou aceleração) e os medidos experimentalmente, tendem rapidamente a zero não apresentando sobressinais consideráveis ou erro em regime permanente, tanto para frequência fixa quanto para varredura de frequência. A comparação entre o controlador tradicional PID e o controle heurístico baseado em Lógica Fuzzy, que foram aplicados no shaker eletrodinâmico, comprova que, para mudanças na amplitude do sistema, o controle Fuzzy apresentou menor sobressinal, o que é mais favorável do ponto de vista mecânico. Logo, a metodologia proposta pode ser aplicada para ensaios HALT/HASS com o intuito de obter grandes vibrações e, por conseguinte tensões, para identificar possíveis falhas de projeto e então, poder corrigi-las. / For decades, product quality is determined by environmental tests, such as accelerated vibration tests, thermal cycling, mechanical or thermal shock, and others. However, more recently a new type of test has gained the trust of researchers and designers. Known techniques such as HALT (Highly Accelerated Life Testing) and HASS (Highly Accelerated Stress Screening), or accelerated and amplified testing that submit products to severe conditions have shown their importance in the efficiency and fault detection in products still in production phase. This study aims to develop and implement a control algorithm based on heuristic methods in order to be used in a system of accelerated tests in an electrodynamic shaker. This controller must be robust enough to fit the resonance effects of the shaker that it can change the system dynamic, invalidating traditional controls with fixed parameters. The results obtained through tests showed both control systems are efficient, because the error between desired signal (mechanical stress and acceleration) and the experimentally measured tend rapidly to zero, there aren’t overshoots or steady state errors, both for constant frequency and for sweep frequency. Comparing the PID traditional control and the Logic Fuzzy control, applied in electrodynamic shaker, we proved that to change system amplitude, the fuzzy control presented lower overshoot, that is favorable from the standpoint of mechanical. Therefore, the methodology proposed can be applied to HALT/HASS tests in order to obtain large vibrations and, consequently stress, to identify possible flaws in the design and correct them.
60

Controladores PID industriais com sintonia automática por realimentação a relê.

José Roberto Caon Junior 23 August 1999 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a implementação de algoritmos de controle do tipo PID com sintonia automática de seus parâmetros para controle de processos térmicos de primeira ordem mais tempo morto. Existe um grande número de métodos para a sintonia automática, os quais requerem informações variadas sobre o processo. A sintonia automática dos parâmetros do controlador escolhida para implementação é baseada no método da realimentação a relê que utiliza o ganho estático e o período e amplitude críticos do processo e pode ser facilmente adotada na indústria. Este método foi implementado em um controlador industrial microprocessado que utiliza um microcontrolador da família 8051. A correta identificação dos parâmetros críticos do processo presume a geração de oscilações simétricas durante a realimentação a relê. O algoritmo de sintonia automática desenvolvido inclui correção em tempo real da amplitude do relê para evitar identificação falsa de um ciclo da oscilação e da assimetria na saída do processo durante a realimentação a relê. A implementação do algoritmo é simples e direta em termos de programação no ambiente de microcontroladores mesmo em linguagem de baixo nível (assembly). São apresentados resultados de simulação e os resultados experimentais realizados em um aparelho industrial comercial. / The objective of this work is the implementation of a PID control algorithm with auto-tuning for a thermal first order process plus dead-time. There is a number of methods for the auto-tuning of PID controllers which require different information on the process. The auto-tuning algorithm is implemented in a industrial controller based on the 8051 microcontroller family. The auto-tuning method considered for implementation is based on the relay feedback procedure which require the process steady state gain and the ultimate point on the Nyquist plot and can be easily adopted by industry. The method is also suited for pre-tuning adaptive controllers. The auto-tuning method used assume symmetrical oscillations during the relay feedback experiment to render the correct ultimate point on the Nyquist plot The proposed auto-tuning algorithm includes on-line correction for asymmetry oscillation and relay amplitude to avoid false capture of the limit cycle. The symmetrical oscillations are ensured by a DC bias signal added to the relay output. The algorithm is simply and straight to be written in a microcontroller programming language. Experimental results accomplished in a industrial PID auto-tuner are presented.

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