Suite à la demande constante de réduire la taille des transistors et celle des dispositifs électroniques, guidée par la loi de Moore, l'intégration 2D n'est plus adaptée à cette demande croissante. Cela a conduit à l'intégration 3D des dispositifs actifs à l'aide de piliers Cu/Ni recouverts d'alliages de brasage à base de Sn. Dans les années à venir, les applications qui demandent des interconnexions à haute densité (optoélectroniques, microdisplays, les détecteurs IR, MEMS) nécessiteront l’utilisation de pas d'interconnexions inférieurs à 10 µm. Cependant, les piliers Cu/Ni/alliage de brasure base Sn n'ont jamais été étudiés en profondeur pour un si petit pas d'interconnexion. Avec la réduction de la dimension d'interconnexion, le diamètre des piliers Cu/Ni/alliage de brasure est réduit également. De ce fait, la formation des intermétalliques, qui joue un rôle primordial dans la bonne tenue de la jonction, peut poser des problèmes majeurs en raison de la réduction des dimensions du pilier de Cu et de l’alliage de brasure.Le travail de cette thèse est consacré à l'étude métallurgique et à la caractérisation d’interconnections de très petites dimensions (diamètre de 5 µm et pas de 10 µm) avec comme objectif principal l’étude des mécanismes physicochimiques des interactions entre les alliages de soudure Sn-Ag et les couches de Ni ou Ni/Au. Les mécanismes des interactions à l'état solide entre Sn et Ni ainsi que l’évolution du joint vers la transformation totale en intermétallique Ni3Sn4 (Solid-Liquid-Intercondiffusion - SLID processus), ont été étudiés pour la première fois dans de tels systèmes de dimensions micrométriques. De plus, les propriétés mécaniques et électriques ainsi que la stabilité thermique de ces interconnexions ont été étudiées. L’observation pour la première fois de la formation de la phase Ni3Sn2 à l’interface Ni/Sn à 200°C lors des vieillissements thermiques présente un intérêt pratique de grande importance. / With the constant demand for reducing the feature size of transistors and that of the devices, which is guided by Moore’s law, 2D integration is no longer fit to adapt the growing demand. This has led to 3D integration of active devices with the help of Cu/Ni pillars capped with Sn based solder alloys. In the coming years, applications which demand high density interconnects (optoelectronic, microdisplays, IR-detectors, MEMS) will require an interconnect pitch of 10 µm and below. However, Cu/Ni/solder pillars have never been investigated in depth for such a small interconnection pitch. With reduction of interconnect dimension, the diameter of Cu/Ni pillar and solder alloy also reduces. Thus, it is feared that the intermetallic formation, which is the key phenomenon responsible for the bonding, may be problematic due to the reduction in size of Cu pillar capped with solder alloy.The thesis is dedicated to the metallurgical study and its characterization for very small interconnects (5 µm) at 10 µm pitch, where the main focus is given on the physio-chemical mechanisms of soldering between Sn-Ag solder alloy and Ni or Ni/Au layers. For the first time, the mechanism of solid-state interactions between Sn and Ni is studied in depth and also for the first time the Ni3Sn4 SLID (Solid-Liquid-lnterdiffusion) system as an interconnect has been investigated at these dimensions. Moreover, the mechanical and electrical properties as well as the thermal stability of these interconnects are studied. Interestingly, during the latter part of this study, Ni3Sn2 layer is observed during aging of the Ni/Ni3Sn4 system for low temperature (200°C).

Para muitos médicos de diversas especialidades, a transfusão é considerada a primeira linha na abordagem dos pacientes com anemia e perdas sanguíneas, apesar dos riscos atualmente reconhecidos. Patient Blood Management é uma forma de abordagem das transfusões baseada em um conhecimento multimodal e multidisciplinar, que tem como objetivo central a transfusão de hemocomponentes com base nas necessidades individuais dos pacientes, reduzindo a utilização de hemocomponentes alogênicos às situações em que não existem outras alternativas mais seguras e custo eficazes disponíveis. Neste estudo foram analisados indicadores de eficácia de implantação de um programa de Patient Blood Management, baseados nos pilares consagrados na literatura, particularmente no primeiro e terceiro pilares, que dependem de um envolvimento direto dos médicos para sua efetivação. A implantação de um novo protocolo ocorreu após divulgação interna, palestras e treinamentos para residentes e outros membros do corpo clínico interessados. O resultado do estudo mostrou que a adoção de um novo protocolo, baseado nos conceitos de Patient Blood Management não contribuiu para a mudança efetiva das práticas e em alguns indicadores houve piora em relação às práticas anteriores à sua implantação. Foi realizada também uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e elaborado um programa educacional para estudantes, para os médicos e enfermeiros estudantes e profissionais não familiarizados com o tema. / For many doctors of various specialties, transfusion is considered the first line in the approach to patients with anemia and blood loss, despite the currently recognized risks. Patient Blood Management is a way of approaching transfusions based on multimodal and multidisciplinary knowledge, whose main objective is the transfusion of blood components based on the needs of individual patients. This procedure reduces the use of allogeneic blood components in situations where there are safer alternatives and cost-effective solutions. In this study, we analyzed indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of a Patient Blood Management program, based on the pillars established in the literature, particularly in the first and third pillars, which depend on a direct involvement of the physicians for their implementation. The use of a new protocol took place after an internal disclosure, a number of lectures and a training procedure for both residents and other members of the medical staff. The results of the study showed that the adoption of a new protocol, based on the concepts of Patient Blood Management, did not contribute to the effective change of practices. Some indicators pointed to a worsening of the practices after its adoption. A bibliographic review was also carried out on the topic and an educational program was developed for students, nurse students and professionals who are not familiar with the topic.

This thesis aims to enable improved urban sustainability in India and has therefore been conducted at WSP’s office in Delhi. The objective has been to chart the Indian characteristics as well as to identify difficulties regarding urban sustainability. The purpose and objective have been accomplished through the implementation of three research questions. The questions have been answered by a literary review of existing theories and a complementary document analysis. Furthermore, a case study of a new development in India with long-term sustainability in focus of the design has been conducted. For an Indian city to achieve a sustainable urban development, five pillars of sustainability have been identified; political, physical, ecological, social and economic. The ecological, social and economic are pillars from the common definition of sustainability, however they have different meaning and focus in the Indian context. The physical and political pillars are therefore characteristic for the Indian urban development. The physical pillar is added in the Indian context since short term planning and focus on profit is dominating the building industry. The demand for maintenance is because of that larger than the supply which results in a need for more emphasis on the physical built environment. The political pillar is applied because of the concerns for the value and quality of governance actions. It affects the four other pillars since the government should provide guidance, both with instructions and by executions, which is not always apparent. The Indian government has introduced several strategies in order to achieve sustainability in Indian cities. Rating tools for sustainability, such as Leed and Griha, together with the planning of spatial city forms, such as compact city form and mixed land use, which are the main procedures. Benefits in terms of lower interest rates on loans and a quicker clearance are given to developers who intend to build sustainably. Though the many theories and strategies seem ambitious, they are not always as effective when translated into practice. This is partly because of the lack of follow-up and partly the clients focus on quick profit. Thus, India is facing many challenges in order to reach a sustainable urban development. Together with urbanisation and growth in population, corruption is the main challenge since many other follows. These are lack of awareness in the field of sustainability, short term planning and the focus on profit as well as public safety and poverty. If India is serious about developing its cities sustainably, it is significant for the Indian government to take an inspiring role in using and promoting sustainability.

Les objectifs technologiques de l'industrie de la microélectronique sont largement dictés par la loi de Moore qui vise une réduction permanente de la taille des transistors. Depuis peu l'intégration tridimensionnel de composant actif se présente comme une voie d'intégration alternative à la loi de Moore. Selon cette stratégie, les composants sont interconnectés selon l'axe verticale au moyen de plots de cuivre et d'un alliage à base d'étain (SnAgCu). L'assemblage est alors réalisé par un brasage eutectique de l'alliage SnAgCu qui génère une formation de composés intermétalliques (Cu6Sn6 et Cu3Sn) à l'interface entre les plots de cuivre et l'alliage. Or, ces composés intermétalliques sont parfois décrits dans la littérature comme facteur affaiblissant la fiabilité mécanique de l'interconnexion. Par ailleurs cette réactivité interfaciale s'accompagne de l'apparition microcavités de type trous Kirkendall susceptibles d'être à l'origine de ruptures d'interconnexions notée lors de tests de vieillissement. Ce mémoire est consacré à la caractérisation métallurgique du système d'interconnexion par brasage dont les dimensions sont celles des prototypes actuels c'est-à-dire 25µm. L'étude se concentrera successivement sur les aspects relatifs à la microstructure de l'alliage SnAgCu, à la réactivité interfaciale des systèmes Cu/SnAgCu et Ni/SnAgCu puis à la fiabilité mécanique du système d'interconnexion. Ces thématiques seront investiguées en fonction de la contrainte thermique et au cours des différentes étapes d'intégration jusqu'à l'assemblage de composant. Le caractère critique de la problématique réside dans le fait que les dimensions du système, déjà faibles, ont vocation à se réduire, rendant de plus en plus importante la proportion du volume de l'alliage occupée par ces formations interfaciales. / Technological roadmap of the microelectronic industry is mainly described by Moore'slaw which aims a constant reduction of transistors size. Three-dimensional integration ofactive chips appears more and more as an alternative way to Moore's law. According to thisstrategy, chips are interconnected along the vertical axis thanks to copper pillars and a tinbased alloy (SnAgCu).The joining is then performed through eutectic bonding using aSnAgCu solder alloy which is at the origin of intermetallic compounds growing at the copperalloy interface. These intermetallic compounds are sometimes described in literature asweakening factor of the interconnection mechanical reliability. Moreover this interfacialreactivity leads also to the formation of Kirkendall microvoids potentially causinginterconnections breakings, mostly noticed during ageing tests.This report is dedicated to the study and metallurgical characterization of theinterconnection system with a size close to that of the actual prototypes which is 25μm. Thestudy is successively focused on SnAgCu alloy microstructure, Cu/SnAgCu and Ni/SnAgCuinterfacial reactivity and on the mechanical reliability of interconnection system. These topicsare investigated in function of thermal constraints and during different integration steps untilchips packaging. The main critical aspect is related to the fact that system dimensions, alreadysmall, are planned to be reduced, leading to a more important proportion of the solder alloyconsumed by interfacial reaction.

The article presents the theme of the competitiveness of Peru and the factors that determine it. These factors are called the pillars of competitiveness since they determine competitiveness. We have selected those that we considered most relevant given the particular situation of the country. Below is presented the four aspects that support this article The first aspect is devoted to an explanation of the framework with a brief description of the background of competitiveness. The second aspect outlines competitiveness in Peru within the current context. The important variables of competitiveness for the country and selected for essay are : health and primary education, and institutions. The third aspect focuses on a more detailed explanation of the fourth pillar of competitiveness: health and primary education. The fourth aspect is devoted to institutions, the first pillar of competitiveness. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations are intended to strengthen the before mentioned competitiveness factors and thus move toward a perspective of economic and social growth sustainable. / El artículo presenta el tema de la competitividad del Perú y de los factores que se conjugan para determinarla. Estos son denominados los pilares de la competitividad, debido a que son los que verdaderamente la denotan. De estos, hemos seleccionado aquellos que hemos considerado los más relevantes, dada la situación particular del país. A partir de ello,se abordan cuatro aspectos que sustentan este artículo. El primer aspecto se dedica a la explicación del marco de referencia con una breve descripción de los antecedentes. El segundo aspecto explica, a grandes rasgos, lo que es la competitividad en el Perú dentro del contexto actual. Dentro de este esquema, los pilares de la competitividad seleccionados son la salud, la educación primaria y las instituciones. El tercer aspecto se enfoca en una explicación más detallada de uno de los doce pilares de la competitividad: salud y educación primaria. El cuarto aspecto se dedica a otro de los pilares: instituciones, que se constituye como el primer pilar de la competitividad. Finalmente, se exponen las conclusiones y las recomendaciones que pretenden fortalecer los factores de la competitividad analizados desde la perspectiva de crecimiento económico y social sostenible.

Para muitos médicos de diversas especialidades, a transfusão é considerada a primeira linha na abordagem dos pacientes com anemia e perdas sanguíneas, apesar dos riscos atualmente reconhecidos. Patient Blood Management é uma forma de abordagem das transfusões baseada em um conhecimento multimodal e multidisciplinar, que tem como objetivo central a transfusão de hemocomponentes com base nas necessidades individuais dos pacientes, reduzindo a utilização de hemocomponentes alogênicos às situações em que não existem outras alternativas mais seguras e custo eficazes disponíveis. Neste estudo foram analisados indicadores de eficácia de implantação de um programa de Patient Blood Management, baseados nos pilares consagrados na literatura, particularmente no primeiro e terceiro pilares, que dependem de um envolvimento direto dos médicos para sua efetivação. A implantação de um novo protocolo ocorreu após divulgação interna, palestras e treinamentos para residentes e outros membros do corpo clínico interessados. O resultado do estudo mostrou que a adoção de um novo protocolo, baseado nos conceitos de Patient Blood Management não contribuiu para a mudança efetiva das práticas e em alguns indicadores houve piora em relação às práticas anteriores à sua implantação. Foi realizada também uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e elaborado um programa educacional para estudantes, para os médicos e enfermeiros estudantes e profissionais não familiarizados com o tema. / For many doctors of various specialties, transfusion is considered the first line in the approach to patients with anemia and blood loss, despite the currently recognized risks. Patient Blood Management is a way of approaching transfusions based on multimodal and multidisciplinary knowledge, whose main objective is the transfusion of blood components based on the needs of individual patients. This procedure reduces the use of allogeneic blood components in situations where there are safer alternatives and cost-effective solutions. In this study, we analyzed indicators of the effectiveness of the implementation of a Patient Blood Management program, based on the pillars established in the literature, particularly in the first and third pillars, which depend on a direct involvement of the physicians for their implementation. The use of a new protocol took place after an internal disclosure, a number of lectures and a training procedure for both residents and other members of the medical staff. The results of the study showed that the adoption of a new protocol, based on the concepts of Patient Blood Management, did not contribute to the effective change of practices. Some indicators pointed to a worsening of the practices after its adoption. A bibliographic review was also carried out on the topic and an educational program was developed for students, nurse students and professionals who are not familiar with the topic.

Oil shale industry in Estonia is looking at other mining technologies as alternative to strip mining and room and pillar mining methods. One such alternative to the room and pillar method is the punch-longwall mining method. Enefit Kaevandused AS, one of the major oil shale companies in Estonia, plans to employ this technology in exploiting some of its resources in the near future. This thesis examines the different stability problems related to the planned punch-longwall mining project in Narva oil shale mine. Determining optimal chain pillar dimensions and stability of the punch-longwall highwall slope are the main objectives of this project. Rock mechanical analyses have been done and recommendations are made based on the rock mechanical aspect of the mining process. Taavi Lõhmuste is responsible for the chain pillar stability analysis and Ott Oisalu for the punch-longwall highwall slope stability analysis. It is essential to understand the geology of a certain area in order to make accurate stability assessments. Because of the previously stated requirements, the geology of Estonian oil shale deposit is examined in the first part of the thesis in order to determine the geological and rock mechanical conditions to set the foundation for further analyses. In conclusion, for the part of the highwall slope, a properly designed barrier pillar plays a key role in the stability of the slope. After reviewing and analyzing the results of both highwall slope numerical models, it can be stated that the minimum length for the barrier pillar that still will yield in stable highwall slope is 65 meters. For the part of the chain pillars, in conclusion, it can be determined that optimal chain pillar dimensions that should be suitable, from the stability standpoint, are 6x6 meters for 3-entry system and 7x7 meters for 2-entry system (length x width).

Les évènements survenus dans le bassin ferrifère lorrain durant cette dernière décennie sont venus souligner les problèmes engendrés par la cessation d’activité minière et l’abandon des concessions comme la sécurité des personnes ou des biens. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons étudié le rôle que peut jouer la morphologie sur le comportement mécanique de la couverture sédimentaire par rapport au phénomène d’effondrement brutal et d’affaissement progressif. Nous nous sommes attardés sur les situations de vallée et de plateau, pourvues ou non d’une fracturation verticale, et à celle d’une reculée de vallée à travers un ensemble de modélisations 2D (UDEC) et 3D (FLAC3D). Ensuite, nous avons simulé le développement de la fracturation dans un pilier de mine à travers une approche associant des codes de calcul continu (FLAC) et discontinu (PFC). L’ensemble de ces modélisations permettent d’appréhender le rôle de la couverture dans un souci de gestion des risques / The events which have occurred in the lorrain iron basin during this last decade came to underline problems generated by mining industrial cessation and concession surrender like people or goods security. In this study, we studied the role which can play the geomorphology on the mechanical behaviour of overburden in relation with the violent collapse and progressive subsidence phenomena. We have examined valley and tray situations with the presence of vertical fractures and postponed valley situation through 2D (UDEC) and 3D (FLAC3D) modelling. Next, we simulated the fracture development in a mine pillar through a continue (FLAC) and discontinue (PFC) approach. These numerical modellings allow to apprehend the overburden role in a concern for hazard zone control

The main aim of this dissertation is to compare the pension systems of Czech and Slovak Republic. The first part is dealing with the theory of pension systems and places emphasis on main philosophic concepts, from which these come from. The second part describes main attributes of Czech pension system and points out, that its reform is really needed. The third part of this dissertation analyses pension reform, which has been adopted in the Slovak Republic. Its aim is to consider all positives and negatives of this reform as well. The further development of Slovak pension system after adoption of this reform examines the fourth part of this dissertation. The last part compares the Czech and Slovak pension system and tries to evaluate, which conception of pension reform would be the best for the Czech Republic.

The plot is situated south of the small village Alberga in the south west of the municipality of Eskilstuna. The project is an example of how a landscape can be made accessible for people and through emotional conection be considered worth protecting, and at the same time offer a house for community. This is done with a House for the People - Folkets hus - together with a small spa inspired public bath with a fireplace in is center, and a research facility for conducting limnological and ecological research in the close marshy area and the lake Hjälmaren. The building is situated on top of three man made ponds, one new for the project, held upp by low pillars giving the house a floating impression. The architecture consists of a timber structure suported by rammed earth walls, the earth taken from the site when constructiong af a new pond. The three different usages of the program is separated into its own body and connecting them is a series of walkways, in some places suspended from the timber rafters. The project should... - Bring the community together in a flexible meeting place for many different activities- Preserv and strengthen a landscape´s ecology - Put a small village on the map and build a larger net of interconnectedness / Tomten ligger söder om den lilla byn Alberga i sydvästra Eskilstuna kommun. Projektet är ett exempel på hur ett landskap kan göras tillgängligt för människor och genom känslomässig koppling anses värt att skydda, och samtidigt erbjuda ett hus för gemenskap. Detta görs med en hybridbyggnad av ett Folkets hus tillsammans med ett litet spa-inspirerat bad med öppen spis i centrum samt en forskningsanläggning för att bedriva limnologisk och ekologisk forskning i det närliggande våtmarksmrådet och sjön Hjälmaren. Byggnaden ligger ovanpå tre konstgjorda dammar, en ny för projektet, hållna uppe av låga pelare som ger huset ett flytande uttryck. Arkitekturen består av en limträkonstruktion som bärs upp av stampade jordväggar, jorden hämtad från platsen vid anläggandet av en ny damm. De tre olika användningsområdena för programmet är uppdelade i varsin kropp och är sammankopplande med bryggor.Projektet ska... – Föra samman boende i takten genom samlingslokaler för flera olika aktiviteter - Ta till vara på ett unikt landskap samt att stärka dess ställning och ekologi – Gynna bygdens tillväxt med besöksnäring genom attraktivt besöksmål