The goal of this thesis is to improve pilot understanding of the Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) by changing the Traffic Situation Display (TSD). This is supported by two objectives. The first objective is to create an integrated, realistic air traffic environment. This serves as an experimental platform for testing and evaluating future TCAS TSDs. The simulator environment includes a desktop flight simulator, background air traffic simulator, and intruder aircraft. The intruder aircraft uses seven dimensional waypoints to robustly follow trajectories and cause specific resolution advisories. Second, the relative benefits of, and potential concerns with, new TCAS TSDs are explored using a structured, iterative design process with subject matter ex- perts (SMEs). Incremental changes to the TSD were implemented into the simulator environment. SMEs evaluated the displays and potential points of confusion were identified. Several display features are discussed and implemented for future evaluations. These include boundary lines of TCAS variables depicted on the TSD and on a vertical situation display, speed lines which vary with the TCAS estimate of time to closest point of approach, and a prediction of the safe altitude target during a resolution advisory. Scenarios which may be confusing or misleading are discussed. These scenarios may be ameliorated or exacerbated by display features. This information is useful to guide both design and certification or operational approval and is a starting place for future TCAS experiments.

Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka effekterna av ozonering och filtrering på råvattnet från sjön Mälaren. Studien är utförd i en pilotanläggning på Lovö vattenverk, Stockholm Vatten AB, under våren 2004. En negativ effekt med den konventionella reningen är den stora konsumtionen av kemiska koagulanter. Kemikalieanvändningen leder till många transporter och processen producerar också ett slam som för närvarande transporteras till Mälaren. År 2001 byggdes en pilotanläggning på Lovö vattenverk för utveckling av nya processer, en av processerna är ozonering följt av olika filter. Ozonering har använts i Europa i många år som desinfektion i slutet av dricksvattenreningsprocessen. Intresset för ozonering har ökat markant sista åren och idag används ozonet också i andra steg i processen. Förutom desinfektion har ozonet andra fördelar, som oxidation av järn och magnesium, mikroflockning, reduktion av lukt och smak samt är bra på att reducera färgen på vattnet. Mikroflockningen leder till att kemikalieanvändningen kan minska och i vissa fall tas bort helt. Den här studien startade med en litteraturundersökning följd av försök med ozonering och filtrering i pilotanläggningen. De första undersökningarna sammanfattades med att ozonering följt av filtrering inte gav tillräckligt bra resultat och processen behöver ett komplement för att producera ett högklassigt vatten. Undersökningen fortsatte med laboratorieanalyser för att undersöka effekterna av olika kemiska koagulanter. Resultatet visade att järnsulfat tillsammans med kalcium var ett bra alternativ och en lägre kemikaliedos kunde användas. Efter implementering av kalcium och järnsulfat till pilotanläggningen testades olika ozondoser och olika järnsulfatdoser. Det bästa resultatet erhölls då man använde sig av en ozondos på 6 mg O3/l och en järnsulfatdos på 50-60 μmol/l. Denna mängd av järnsulfat är ca 60 % lägre än den dos som används vid den konventionella reningen på Lovö vattenverk. Olika filter används i pilotanläggningen och för att förbättra resultatet provades även ett Filtralite-filter som biofilter istället för GAC-filtret. Jämförelsen mellan Filtralite-filter och GAC-filter visade på stora skillnader i parametervärden i början av studietiden. När bakteriepopulationen ökade i Filtralite-filtret blev skillnaderna mindre och i slutet av undersökningstiden var parametervärdena likartade. Det slutliga resultatet indikerar att Filtralite-filter kan vara ett bra alternativ som biofilter. / This Master thesis was made to investigate the effects of ozonation and filtration on raw water from Lake Mälaren. The study was performed in lab-scale as well as in a pilot plant at Lovö waterworks, Stockholm Water Company during spring 2004. The conventional treatment at Lovö waterworks comes with a few disadvantages, such as large consumption of chemical coagulants. The chemical consumption leads to many transports and the treatment also produces a sludge which is, in present, returned to Lake Mälaren. In 2001 a pilot plant were built at Lovö waterworks for research on new treatment processes, and ozonation followed by filtration is one of them. Ozonation has been used in Europe for several years as disinfection at the end of the drinking water treatment process. The interests of ozonation has increased significantly in recent years and today the ozonation is used in other steps in the drinking water treatment process. Except for the disinfection, ozone has other benefits such as oxidation of iron and manganese, microflocculation, reduction of taste and odour and it is also effective to reduce the water colour. The microflocculation leads to the fact that less or no coagulants need to be used in the process. This study started with a literature overview followed by experiments on ozonation and filtration in the pilot plant. After the first experiments the conclusions were that the ozonation and filtration did not reach the same results as Lovö waterworks. To continue, jar tests were made to see the effects of different coagulants. The result indicated that ferric sulphate together with calcium addition (pH-adjustment) was a good alternative. Thereby a lower coagulant dose could be used. When ferric sulphate and calcium were implemented into the pilot plant, different ozone doses and ferric sulphate doses were tested. The best results occurred when an ozone dose of 6 mg O3/l and a ferric sulphate dose of 50-60 μmol/l were used. This amount of ferric sulphate is approximately 60 % lower than that for the conventional treatment at Lovö waterworks. To produce ozone electrons are needed and energy consumption increases with approximately 66 % compared to the conventional treatment. The decrease in chemical dose and increase in energy demand gives a decrease of the total cost with 10 % compared to the conventional treatment. The results indicate that the treatment with ozonation, calcium addition and ferric sulphate as a coagulant is an alternative to the conventional treatment. Different filters were used in the pilot plant and to improve the results a Filtralite-filter was tested instead of the GAC-filter as a bio filter. When comparing Filtralite-filter with the GAC-filter there were large differences between the filters at the beginning of the study. When the bacteria population in the Filtralite-filter had started to increase the differences became less. In the end of the experimental period the filters had similar conditions and Filtralite-filter may be a good alternative as a biofilter.

Efter ett förslag om förändring och modernisering av lotsverksamheten lades fram, där det föreslogs att landbaserad lotsning eventuellt införs i framtiden, beslutade vi att undersöka och jämföra åsikter från verksamma inom lotsväsendet. Det finns risk att man förlorar viktiga delar av en väldigt stor kunskapsbank, om man inte tar tillvara på denna genom att beakta lotsarnas synvinklar, vid ett utvecklande och moderniserande av lotssystemet. Syftet var att kartlägga och kategorisera vad det finns för möjligheter och begränsningar med dagens lotssystem i förhållande till landbaserad lotsning. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ, fenomenografisk undersökning, där vi använt oss av intervjuer med öppna frågeställningar. Det visade sig att det var lätt att se begränsningar med ett införande av landbaserad lotsning, främst på grund av att lotsarna inte anser sig kunna utföra sitt arbete på ett tillfredställande sätt. Den ekonomiska vinsten rådde det delade meningar om, men majoriteten ansåg att besparingen skulle bli obefintlig. / After a proposal of a reformation of the Swedish pilot system was expressed, where it proposed that shore-based pilotage will be implemented in the future, we decided to investigate and compare opinions from involved persons. There is a risk of losing important parts of a very large knowledge-base, if the pilots’ opinions are not taken into consideration, in the event of development of the pilot system. The purpose was to examine and categorize the possibilities and limitation with the pilot system of today in relation to shore-based pilotage. We have performed a qualitative, phenomenografic research, where we have used interviews with open questions. It was easy to find limitations if shore-based pilotage should be implemented, mostly because the pilots did not expect to be able to perform their work in a satisfactory way. The opinions regarding the economical profit differ, but the majority thought that the savings would be nonexistent.

Titel: Frivillig revision – Varför väljer aktiebolagets företrädare att ha eller inte ha revisor? Nivå: C -uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Annelie Molin och Eva Widell Handledare: Ann Wetterlind-Dörner Datum: 2012 – Maj Syfte: I denna pilotstudie vill författarna se varför företrädarna har valt att ha eller inte ha revisor i bolaget, sedan möjligheten med frivillig revision infördes. Metod: Författarna har använt sig av enkäter som de skickat ut till bolagen, samt formulär till Bolagsverket och Skatteverket. Med hjälp av böcker, vetenskapliga artiklar och rapporter etc har författarna sedan analyserat svaren de fått. Resultat och slutsats: Det finns en ekonomisk vinnig med i resonemanget kring valet av att ha revisor eller inte ha revisor och det är viktigt för den enskilde företrädaren att noggrant analysera för- och nackdelarna och utifrån detta göra sina val. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Det skulle vara intressant att följa upp studien om något år och se om åsikterna bland berörda parter förändras vartefter tiden går. Uppsatsens bidrag: Pilotstudien kan ge framtida forskare en inblick i hur bolagens företrädare uppfattar den frivilliga revisionen och anledningen till varför de gör på ena eller andra sättet i dagsläget. Med hjälp av pilotstudien kan de sedan utveckla egna idéer till nya forskningsfrågor eller att utveckla sina egna tjänster som riktar sig till bolagen. / Title: Voluntary audit – why do the representatives of the limited company’s choose to have or not to have an auditor? Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Annelie Molin and Eva Widell Supervisor: Ann Wetterlind-Dörner Date: 2012 – May Aim: In this pilotstudy the authors would like to see why the representatives have chosen to have or not to have an auditor of the company, since the possibility of a voluntary audit was introduced. Method: The authors have used questionnaires that have been send out to companies, and forms to Bolagsverket and Skatteverket. With help of books, scientific articles and reports etc the authors then have analyzed the responses that been received. Result and Conclusions: There is an economic winning behind the choice to have an auditor or not have an auditor and it is important for the individual representative to carefully analyze the pros and cons and accordingly make their choices. Suggestions for future research: It would be interesting to follow-up the study in a couple of years and see if the views of the interested parties are changing as time passes. Contribution of the thesis: The pilot study can provide future researchers to get an insight into the company’s point of view and the reason why they do this or that in the current situation. With this they can develop their own ideas of questions for a new research or how to develop their own services aimed to companies.

This thesis outlines the development of Royal Flying Corpss (RFC) training programme from 1912 to 1918. It is based largely on archival sources from the National Archives and Imperial War Museum (London) and the Bundesarchiv (Freiburg, Germany). It considers the changes to the theoretical, practical and in-flight instruction methods used by the Royal Flying Corps. Within this discussion it analyzes the difficulties encountered by the RFC while attempting to train their aviators. It argues that initially the training programme was a detriment to British war effort in the air, as many pilots entered combat without sufficient training. This, however, was not the result of a flawed training regimen. Actually, the RFC training programme remained in tune with the realities of the war over the Western Front. The problems encountered by the RFC were largely the result of the circumvention or ignorance of the training programme by instructors. Nevertheless, British pilot training improved as the war went on both theoretically and practically and ultimately became more efficient than the training programmes in France and Germany. It pays special attention to the use of dual-control aircraft for the purposes of training and the positive effects these changes had on the British war effort. It also touches on some thematic issues such as gender, individuality, modernity and technology.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multicarrier modulation technique which is robust against multipath fading and very easy to implement in transmitters and receivers using the inverse fast Fourier transform and the fast Fourier transform. A guard interval using cyclic prefix is inserted in each OFDM symbol to avoid the inter-symbol interference. This guard interval should be at least equal to, or longer than the maximum delay spread of the channel to combat against inter-symbol interference properly.<p> In coherent detection, channel estimation is required for the data detection of OFDM systems to equalize the channel effects. One of the popular techniques is to insert pilot tones (reference signals) in OFDM symbols. In conventional method, pilot tones are inserted into every OFDM symbols. Channel capacity is wasted due to the transmission of a large number of pilot tones. To overcome this transmission loss, incoherent data detection is introduced in OFDM systems, where it is not needed to estimate the channel at first. We use differential modulation based incoherent detection in this thesis for the data detection of OFDM systems. Data can be encoded in the relative phase of consecutive OFDM symbols (inter-frame modulation) or in the relative phase of an OFDM symbol in adjacent subcarriers (in-frame modulation). We use higher order differential modulation for in-frame modulation to compare the improvement of bit error rate. It should be noted that the single differential modulation scheme uses only one pilot tone, whereas the double differential uses two pilot tones and so on. Thus overhead due to the extra pilot tones in conventional methods are minimized and the detection delay is reduced. It has been observed that the single differential scheme works better in low SNRs (Signal to Noise Ratios) with low channel taps and the double differential works better at higher SNRs. Simulation results show that higher order differential modulation schemes don¡¯t have any further advantages. For inter-frame modulation, we use single differential modulation where only one OFDM symbol is used as a reference symbol. Except the reference symbol, no other overhead is required. We also perform channel estimation using differential modulation. Channel estimation using differential modulation is very easy and channel coefficients can be estimated very accurately without increasing any computational complexity. Our simulation results show that the mean square channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-2) at an SNR of 30 dB for double differential in-frame modulation scheme, whereas channel estimation error is about ¡¼10¡½^(-4) for single differential inter-frame modulation. Incoherent data detection using classical DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying) causes an SNR loss of approximately 3 dB compared to coherent detection. But in our method, differential detection can estimate the channel coefficients very accurately and our estimated channel can be used in simple coherent detection to improve the system performance and minimize the SNR loss that happens in conventional method.

Thermomechanical pulping (TMP) is a highly energy intensive process where most of the energy is used in therefining of chips to fibres. Various ways of reducing the energy consumption have earlier been studied, for examplechange of refiner pattern, addition of various chemicals, and also some biochemical implementation in the form of fungus and enzymes. This study includes pre-trials with the enzymes pectin lyase and pectin esterase,multipectinase, xylanase, and mannanase. The results are studied via a reducing sugar assay, an enzymatic assayusing spectrophotometry, and capillary zone electrophoresis. The study also includes results from a pilot scalerefining with multipectinase, xylanase, and mannanase, performed with a wing refiner at Helsinki University.Reductions of energy consumption in TMP by pre-treatment of Norwegian spruce chips are investigated and apotential reduction of energy consumption of 6 % is indicated.

In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of its aims was to raise the consideration for preservation of biodiversity. Since this happened over 15 years ago there is now an interest in analyzing if the law has been effective in its purpose. In this study methods suitable for analysis are being investigated. The study contents a pilot study of methods for five parameters that can validate if the law has been followed. The fieldstudy were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden in a managed forest and where last clearcut was done after 1994. The work consisted of measuring the parameters in the field and to compare them with data from before 1994. The benefits of the parameters and the current and previous Forestry Act and their differences are discussed in the report. The parameters examined were the distribution of tree species, standing dead wood, smaller areas saved for preservation, big trees and trees with cavities/cavernous trees. All of these plus a few other variables favourable for the diversity of species in the forest are dealt with in the 30 § in the Forestry Act of 1994. The study implied that the variables reported to be favourable for biodiversity, and possible to investigate within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. The results should however be interpreted with care since the study is small and the reference values sometimes were missing or covering larger areas than the field data.

In this thesis, we will discuss aging line detection and electrical fire precaution by using powerline communication technique. Fire is always a serious disaster which endangers our lives and property. Electrical fire is a major proportion of fire disaster. Even every house generally setup circuit breaker and fuse in time, electrical fire still occurred oftentimes. Current powerline communication technology is using household powerline as a medium of signal transmission, whose channel characteristic will be affected by surrounding environment. We hope that we can analyze the change of transmission characteristic in high frequency of household powerline, which deterioration during long time. At the same time, we will detect variation of high frequency characteristic of powerline as the basis for judgment of aging line, to prevent electrical fire further. Finally, we combine our approach into PLC system, which can also diagnose the line while transmission of powerline at the same time, adding the value without having too much cost.

With the development and evolution of technology and aviation safety management, the aviation accident rate of the world has been reducing year by year, and the aviation safety situation appears to be improving. Nevertheless, in the analysis of the causes of aviation accidents of local and foreign civil aircrafts happened in recent years, the proportion of the cause being human factors of pilot is as high as 90%. And the two major accidents happened to the Navy in the past 10 years were also related to the human error of pilot. In other words, human factors are is the greatest threats to aviation safety, and should be taken as the core work of aviation safety management in aviation field. The study refers to the literature about the related human factors of the local and foreign civil aircraft and naval aircraft accidents, and takes the SHELL model as the classification criterion of the course structure. As a result, the study has screened and summarized 7 constructs, including ¡§brief introduction of human factors of aviation accidents,¡¨ ¡§aviation physiology of pilot,¡¨ ¡§aviation psychology of pilot,¡¨ ¡§interaction between pilot and other people,¡¨ ¡§relationship between pilot and equipment,¡¨ ¡§relationship between pilot and software,¡¨ and ¡§relationship betweel pilot and environment.¡¨ Under these 7 constructs, the paper designs 60 training subjects. The research approach of the paper adopts two-stage questionnaire survey. In the first stage, aviation experts screened out 7 constructs with 50 more important subjects. After that, survey is made on the helicopter pilots of the Navy and National Airborne Service Corps. Verbal evaluation function is adopted to analyze different constructs as well as the relative weights and sequence of different courses in these constructs. Furthermore, the study develops for the Navy three courses, namely initial training, specialized training and recurrent training, which are applicable to different training targets. Finally, the study refers to the related literature about human factors of civil aviation, and proposes some improvement strategies for the human factors management of naval pilot in order to ensure success of the training of the study. The study sets a 35-hour initial training course, a 26-hour specialized training course, and a 15-hour recurrent training course. Recurrent training course has to be taken regularly every half year. The skill practices of both specialized training and recurrent training can be implemented by the Line Oriented flight training or by the way of role playing so as to let pilots experience their practice in crew resource management. In addition, the study proposes to the Navy some improvement strategies in the aspects of human factors operation doctrine, organization, training and supervision. These improvement strategies and the training courses of the study can be provided to the Navy as a reference for future use in achieving the goal of great improvement on aviation safety.