The ever-increasing sophistication of petroleum derivatives and dangerous and noxious chemicals carried by sea has resulted in a corresponding increase in the precautions taken by coastal states. High in importance amongst these precautions has been the introduction of Vessel Traffic Services, constituting shore-based organizations fulfilling a variety of functions, often based on advanced radar techniques. The kernel of any such system is communication, chiefly between shore and ship, ship and shore, but including communication ship to ship. Without such communications information cannot be passed, and advice and instructions cannot be given. This thesis describes the theoretical and practical linguistic research and application that has taken place in the field of Vessel Traffic Services. It offers solutions to existing and predicted communication events, chiefly by voice, but including concepts embodying VDU techniques. Further, it describes practical trials that have been carried out, and procedures which have been instituted as a result of the overall research detailed herein.

<p>Although the term maritime safety is widely used in the maritime domain, there is no exact definition of what is included in it. This thesis is an explorative study with focus on the Vessel Traffic Service domain. VTS operators were interviewed and observed to gain insights in how maritime safety is constructed from the perspective of an operator. Further, definitions of maritime safety by central organizations in the maritime domain have been studied through a literature study and several interviews.</p><p>The results of the study indicate that there is no common definition of the term maritime safety. The organizations generally identify maritime safety as an overall goal or an umbrella term for measures such as traffic separation schemes or fairway design etc. In contrast to this, the analysis of the data obtained indicates that VTS operators define maritime safety as a context-dependent condition which is shaped by their own action.</p><p>It is concluded that there is a gap between the central actors’ and the VTS operators’ understanding and definition of maritime safety. To increase the overall safety in the maritime domain, there is the need to overcome this gap through constructing common values, norms and identities. Instead of having several definitions of maritime safety, there should be one definition which can capture the fact of safety being a dynamic condition which is shaped by the enactment of reliability through, in this case, the VTS operators.</p><p>Finally, the VTS as service to the maritime community should be seen as the subject in the construction and promotion of maritime safety, not as just an object.</p>

<p>Efter ett förslag om förändring och modernisering av lotsverksamheten lades fram, där det föreslogs att landbaserad lotsning eventuellt införs i framtiden, beslutade vi att undersöka och jämföra åsikter från verksamma inom lotsväsendet.</p><p>Det finns risk att man förlorar viktiga delar av en väldigt stor kunskapsbank, om man inte tar tillvara på denna genom att beakta lotsarnas synvinklar, vid ett utvecklande och moderniserande av lotssystemet.</p><p>Syftet var att kartlägga och kategorisera vad det finns för möjligheter och begränsningar med dagens lotssystem i förhållande till landbaserad lotsning. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ, fenomenografisk undersökning, där vi använt oss av intervjuer med öppna frågeställningar.</p><p>Det visade sig att det var lätt att se begränsningar med ett införande av landbaserad lotsning, främst på grund av att lotsarna inte anser sig kunna utföra sitt arbete på ett tillfredställande sätt. Den ekonomiska vinsten rådde det delade meningar om, men majoriteten ansåg att besparingen skulle bli obefintlig.</p> / <p>After a proposal of a reformation of the Swedish pilot system was expressed, where it proposed that shore-based pilotage will be implemented in the future, we decided to investigate and compare opinions from involved persons. There is a risk of losing important parts of a very large knowledge-base, if the pilots’ opinions are not taken into consideration, in the event of development of the pilot system.</p><p>The purpose was to examine and categorize the possibilities and limitation with the pilot system of today in relation to shore-based pilotage.</p><p>We have performed a qualitative, phenomenografic research, where we have used interviews with open questions.</p><p>It was easy to find limitations if shore-based pilotage should be implemented, mostly because the pilots did not expect to be able to perform their work in a satisfactory way. The opinions regarding the economical profit differ, but the majority thought that the savings would be nonexistent.</p>

Efter ett förslag om förändring och modernisering av lotsverksamheten lades fram, där det föreslogs att landbaserad lotsning eventuellt införs i framtiden, beslutade vi att undersöka och jämföra åsikter från verksamma inom lotsväsendet. Det finns risk att man förlorar viktiga delar av en väldigt stor kunskapsbank, om man inte tar tillvara på denna genom att beakta lotsarnas synvinklar, vid ett utvecklande och moderniserande av lotssystemet. Syftet var att kartlägga och kategorisera vad det finns för möjligheter och begränsningar med dagens lotssystem i förhållande till landbaserad lotsning. Vi har gjort en kvalitativ, fenomenografisk undersökning, där vi använt oss av intervjuer med öppna frågeställningar. Det visade sig att det var lätt att se begränsningar med ett införande av landbaserad lotsning, främst på grund av att lotsarna inte anser sig kunna utföra sitt arbete på ett tillfredställande sätt. Den ekonomiska vinsten rådde det delade meningar om, men majoriteten ansåg att besparingen skulle bli obefintlig. / After a proposal of a reformation of the Swedish pilot system was expressed, where it proposed that shore-based pilotage will be implemented in the future, we decided to investigate and compare opinions from involved persons. There is a risk of losing important parts of a very large knowledge-base, if the pilots’ opinions are not taken into consideration, in the event of development of the pilot system. The purpose was to examine and categorize the possibilities and limitation with the pilot system of today in relation to shore-based pilotage. We have performed a qualitative, phenomenografic research, where we have used interviews with open questions. It was easy to find limitations if shore-based pilotage should be implemented, mostly because the pilots did not expect to be able to perform their work in a satisfactory way. The opinions regarding the economical profit differ, but the majority thought that the savings would be nonexistent.

The performance of Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) depends upon not only the facilities but the training and operational competence of the VTS operators. In this research, the current status and training scheme of four major VTS ports are reviewed. A fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is subsequently developed to evaluate the training effectiveness of the VTS operators. The approach proposed enables experts to linguistically express opinions with degrees of truth of which the relationships are continuous. This solves the mapping problems between linguistic terms and discrete numerals resulting from traditional AHP methods. Four hierarchies comprising the factors of goals, competence, modules and subjects are constructed. The weights and priority of the elements for each hierarchy are acquired. The Grey Interval Measure method is also applied to analyze the training effectiveness and competence of the VTS operators by calculating the upper and lower bounds of the VTS-operator evaluations. The operational competence of VTS operators is judged by the experts invited. Finally, the interrelationships between the performance and the background indices are appreciated and the alternatives enhancing the performance of the VTS operators are identified. The measures include the recruitment of personnel with higher educational and professional backgrounds and enhancement of the professional trainings for the existing employees. The subjects of the training are also identified in this study. The contents and course hours should be appropriately organized and more attentions should be paid to the topics with higher weights. If the consistency with regard to the training schemes for the four VTS ports can be enhanced to a certain level, the quality of the VTS performance in Taiwanese waters will be increased. The marine safety will also be improved and marine environmental pollutions will be reduced.

Although the term maritime safety is widely used in the maritime domain, there is no exact definition of what is included in it. This thesis is an explorative study with focus on the Vessel Traffic Service domain. VTS operators were interviewed and observed to gain insights in how maritime safety is constructed from the perspective of an operator. Further, definitions of maritime safety by central organizations in the maritime domain have been studied through a literature study and several interviews. The results of the study indicate that there is no common definition of the term maritime safety. The organizations generally identify maritime safety as an overall goal or an umbrella term for measures such as traffic separation schemes or fairway design etc. In contrast to this, the analysis of the data obtained indicates that VTS operators define maritime safety as a context-dependent condition which is shaped by their own action. It is concluded that there is a gap between the central actors’ and the VTS operators’ understanding and definition of maritime safety. To increase the overall safety in the maritime domain, there is the need to overcome this gap through constructing common values, norms and identities. Instead of having several definitions of maritime safety, there should be one definition which can capture the fact of safety being a dynamic condition which is shaped by the enactment of reliability through, in this case, the VTS operators. Finally, the VTS as service to the maritime community should be seen as the subject in the construction and promotion of maritime safety, not as just an object.

The world of power systems is ever changing; ever evolving. One such evolution was the advent of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). With the introduction of PMUs in the field, power system monitoring and control changed for the better. Innovative and efficient algorithms that used synchrophasors came to be written. To make these algorithms robust, it became necessary to remove errors that crept into the power system with time and usage. Thus the process of calibration became essential when practical decisions started being made based on PMU measurements. In the context of this thesis ‘calibration’ is the method used to estimate a correction factor which, when multiplied with the respective measurement, negates the effect of any errors that might have crept into them due to the instrument transformers located at the inputs of a PMU or the PMU device itself. Though this thesis mainly deals with the calibration of instrument transformers, work has been done previously for calibrating other components of a power system. A brief description of those methods have been provided along with a history on instrument transformer calibration. Three new methodologies for instrument transformer calibration have been discussed in details in this thesis. The first method describes how only voltage transformers can be calibrated by placing optimal number of good quality voltage measurements at strategic locations in the grid, in presence of ratio errors in the instrument transformers and Gaussian errors in the PMUs. The second method provides a way to calibrate all instrument transformers (both current and voltage) in presence of only one good quality voltage measurement located at the end of a tie-line. This method assumes that all the instrument transformers have ratio errors and the PMUs have quantization errors. The third method attains the same objective as the second one, with the additional constraint that the data obtained from the field may be contaminated. Thus, the third method shows how calibration of all the instrument transformers can be done with data that is intermittent and is therefore, the most practical approach (of the three) for instrument transformer calibration. / Master of Science

Antalet haverier som är orsakade av den mänskliga faktorn minskar inte. En del av den mänskliga faktorn ligger i kommunikation mellan olika parter inom sjöfarten, både sjö- och landbaserade. Denna studie är en litteraturstudie vars syfte är att undersöka hur den verbala kommunikationen har praktiserats och vilken betydelse den haft vid kollisioner och grundstötningar. Studien är baserad på haverirapporter från Statens Haveri-kommission som har analyserats med hjälp av ett verktyg specifikt framtaget för denna studie. Resultatet visar på en kommunikationsbrist i en betydande majoritet av de analyserade haverierna. Ofta brister det i kommunikationen mellan VTS och fartyg samt mellan lots och befälhavare. Vanligt förekommande är även språkförbistring där inte alla parter förstått det språket som använts vid kommunikationen.  Med hjälp av ett mer utbrett utövande av redan kända kommunikationstekniker skulle antalet olyckor och tillbud kunna minskas. / The number of marine accidents caused by the human error does not decrease. A part of the human error is in the communication between different agents within the maritime cluster, at sea and also in the landbased sector. This study is a literature study whose purpose is to investigate how the verbal communication has been practiced and what significance it has had in collisions and groundings. The study is based on reports from the Swedish Accident Investigation Authority with a tool specifically developed for this particular study. The result shows a communication gap in a decisive majority of the analyzed accidents. There is often a lack of communication between VTS and vessels as well as between pilots and commanders. Common prevalence is also language problem where not all parties understand the language used in the communication. With the help of a more widespread practice of already known communication technologies, the number of accidents could be reduced.

Purpose: To verify that the psychodiagnostics Vienna Test System (VTS) can be used to test the critical level performance characteristics, abilities and skills which are necessary to drive a car, or which are affecting it, on long-term marijuana users. Methods: Two semi-structured interviews, questionnaire, administration of the test battery VTS. Conclusion: It is possible to construct a test battery to be used on long-term marijuana users, which can determine whether the subject is theoretically able to drive even under the influence of THC. However, this test battery must be subjected to a quantitative verification. Keywords: computerized diagnostic, VTS (Vienna Test System), driving car, long-term marihuana users

The Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) is a complex system tasked with ensuring the safety of navigation within specified areas known as VTS areas. Earlier research in the domain has often focused on the decision support systems and other tools employed by the VTS operators to provide the vessels in the area with VTS services. Consequently, less effort has gone into looking at the system itself and the human factors aspects of the system. This study uses the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) to create a functional model of the VTS. It looks at how a VTS works, what the different components are and how these components are related. The main purpose of the FRAM model is to serve as a basis for future application by identifying the functions that constitute the system, and to illuminate the potential variability therein. To demonstrate how it might be used, an instantiation of an observed scenario will be presented. A structural description of the VTS is also presented, which aims to serve as an introduction to the domain for readers who are previously unfamiliar with it. The functional model shows that a lot of the potential variability seems to lie in the functions that rely heavily on human interaction, which is to be expected, as human performance is highly variable. It also shows that the availability and reliability of relevant information is crucial in order to be able to provide the VTS services, and if the information for some reason is unavailable or insufficient it seems likely to cause variability.