This report has been written at SAAB Bofors Dynamics (SBD) AB in Gothenburg at the department of optronic systems. In military observation operations, a target to hit is chosen by illumination of a laser designator. From the targetpoint laser radiation is reflected on a detector that helps identify the target. The detector is a semiconductor PIN-type that has been investigated in a laboratory environment together with a specially designed laser source. The detector is a photodiode and using purchased components, circuits for both the photodiode and the laserdiode has been designed and fabricated. The bandwidth of the op-amp should be about 30 MHz, in the experiments a bandwidth of 42 MHz was used. Initially the feedback network, which consists of a 5.6 pF capacitor in parallel with a 1-kohm resistor determined the bandwidth. To avoid the op-amp saturate under strong illuminated laser radiation the feedback network will use a 56-pF capacitor and a 100-ohm resistor respectively. The laser should be pulsed with 10-20 ns width, 10 Hz repetition frequency, about 800 nm wavelength and a maximum output power of 80 mW. To avoid electrical reflection signals at measurement equipment connections, the laser circuit includes a resistor of about 50 ohm, that together with the resistance in the laserdiode forms the right termination that eliminate the reflection signals. The wire-wound type of resistor shall be avoided in this application and instead a surface mounted type was beneficial with much lower inductance. The detector showed a linear behaviour up to 40-mW optical power. Further investigation was hindered by the breakdown of the laserdiodes. The function generator limits the tests to achieve 80 mW in light power. In different experiments the responsivity of the photodiode is different from the nominal value, however it would have required more time to investigate the causes.

In this study, an entropy generation minimization procedure is employed to optimize the overall performance (thermal and hydrodynamic) of isolated fin geometries and pin-fin heat sinks. This allows the combined effects of thermal resistance and pressure drop to be assessed simultaneously as the heat sink interacts with the surrounding flow field. New general expressions for the entropy generation rate are developed using mass, energy, and entropy balances over an appropriate control volume. The formulation for the dimensionless entropy generation rate is obtained in terms of fin geometry, longitudinal and transverse pitches, pin-fin aspect ratio, thermal conductivity, arrangement of pin-fins, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers. It is shown that the entropy generation rate depends on two main performance parameters, i. e. , thermal resistance and the pressure drop, which in turn depend on the average heat transfer and friction coefficients. These coefficients can be taken from fluid flow and heat transfer models. An extensive literature survey reveals that no comprehensive analytical model for any one of them exists that can be used for a wide range of Reynolds number, Prandtl number, longitudinal and transverse pitches, and thermal conductivity. This study is one of the first attempts to develop analytical models for the fluid flow and heat transfer from single pins (circular and elliptical) with and without blockage as well as pin-fin arrays (in-line and staggered). These models can be used for the entire laminar flow range, longitudinal and transverse pitches, any material (from plastic composites to copper), and any fluid having Prandtl numbers (≥0. 71). In developing these models, it is assumed that the flow is steady, laminar, and fully developed. Furthermore, the heat sink is fully shrouded and the thermophysical properties are taken to be temperature independent. Using an energy balance over the same control volume, the average heat transfer coefficient for the heat sink is also developed, which is a function of the heat sink material, fluid properties, fin geometry, pin-fin arrangement, and longitudinal and transverse pitches. The hydrodynamic and thermal analyses of both in-line and staggered pin-fin heat sinks are performed using parametric variation of each design variable including pin diameter, pin height, approach velocity, number of pin-fins, and thermal conductivity of the material. The present analytical results for single pins (circular and elliptical) and pin-fin-arrays are in good agreement with the existing experimental/numerical data obtained by other investigators. It is shown that the present models of heat transfer and pressure drop can be applied for a wide range of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, longitudinal and transverse pitches, aspect ratios, and thermal conductivity. Furthermore, selected numerical simulations for a single circular cylinder and in-line pin-fin heat sink are also carried out to validate the present analytical models. Results of present numerical simulations are also found to be in good agreement.

The cervical spine must provide structural support for the head, allow large range of motion and protect both the spinal cord and branching nerves. There are two types of spinal joints: the intervertebral discs which are flexible connections and the facets, which are articulating synovial joints. Both types degenerate with age. Current surgical treatments include spinal fusion and articulating disc replacement implants. If both disc and facet joints are degenerated, fusion is the only option. In spinal fusion, the disc is removed and the adjacent vertebrae are fused which causes abnormally high stress levels in adjacent discs. In disc replacement, an articulating device is inserted to restore intervertebral motion and mimic healthy spinal kinematics. Disc arthroplasty does not significantly increase adjacent level stress but the lack of rotational constraint causes increased facet contact pressures. Thus, there is a need for a cervical total level arthroplasty system (CTLAS) that has a disc implant specifically designed to preserve the facet joints and implants for facet arthroplasty that can act independently or in-unison with the disc replacement. The conceptual design of a CTLAS implant system was proposed that would replace the disc and the facet joints. To facilitate medical imaging, PEEK (polyetheretherkeytone) was selected as the structural and bearing material. In the present thesis, multi-station pin-on-plate wear testing was initiated for pairs of unfilled (OPT) and carbon-fiber-reinforced (CFR) PEEK. Wear is important in arthroplasty implant design because wear particles can cause osteolysis leading to loosening. A variety of experiments were performed to investigate the effects of load, contact geometry and lubricant composition on wear. CFR PEEK was found to have much lower and more predictable wear than OPT PEEK in the present experiments. The wear of OPT PEEK pairs showed sensitivity to lubricant protein concentration. The coefficient of friction during testing was found to be quite high (up to 0.5), which might have clinical implications. Also, some subsurface fatigue was found, exposing carbon fibers of CFR PEEK. This remains a concern for its long-term application. Further wear testing is recommended using actual implants in a spine wear simulator.

ABSTRACT INSTITUTION: Institutionen för pedagogik, avdelningen för bild musik och kulturpedagogik, Växjö Universitet. ADRESS: Växjö universitet, 351 95 Växjö TELEFON: 0470-70 80 00 HANDLEDARE: Hans T Sternudd TITEL: PIN IT UP! – en studie av Pin-Up-bildens visuella utveckling under 1900-talet ENGELSK TITEL: PIN IT UP! – a study of the visual development in the Pin-Up-genre during the 20th century FÖRFATTARE: Malin Welander ADRESS: Stallvägen 48:305, 35256 Växjö TYP AV UPPSATS: C-uppsats, 60 poäng VENTILERINGSTERMIN: Ht 2006 I uppsatsen undersöks Pin-up-bildens visuella och statusmässiga utveckling under 1900-talet. Teorier som används behandlar modernism och postmodernism, institutionell konstteori samt begreppen kitsch och camp. I uppsatsen undersöks hur Pin-Up-bilden utvecklas visuellt under perioden 1920-1970. Detta visualiseras med hjälp av semiotiska bildanalyser. Man undersöker även Pin-Up-genrens status och följer den utveckling och omvärdering av bilderna som sker i och med postmodernismens uppvärdering av populärkulturella och kommersiella uttryck. I den avslutande analysen ges en möjlig förklaring till varför dessa Pin-Up-bilder har kvar sin popularitet ännu i dag, genom att man knyter dessa till Susan Sontags teorier om camp. Keywords: Pinuppor, Pin-Up, postmodernism, modernism, popkonst, camp, kitsch, illustration

This Thesis presents the design and development of a reconfigurable both in frequency and radiation pattern Annular Slot Antenna (ASA). The antenna is fabricated on Duroid with dielectric constant 6.15. The ASA operates in three different frequencies: 5.2, 5.8 and 6.4 GHz. The matching at those frequencies is achieved using linear stubs. PIN diodes are used as switches to connect/disconnect the stubs to the microstip feed line. The use of PIN diodes along the slot allows the steering of the radiation pattern and therefore the position of a radiation pattern null is directed in three pre-selected directions.

This thesis presents the first fully tunable substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filter implemented with PIN diodes and RF MEMS switches. The methodology for tuning SIW filters is explained in detail and is used to create three separate designs. Each SIW cavity is tuned by perturbing via posts connecting or disconnecting to/from the cavity's top metal layer. In order to separate the biasing network from the SIW filter, a three-layer PCB is fabricated using Rogers RT/duroid substrates. The first tunable design utilizes the Philips BAP55L PIN diode. This two-pole filter provides six frequency states ranging from 1.55 GHz to 2.0 GHz. Fractional bandwidth ranges from 2.3 percent – 3.0 percent with insertion loss and return loss better than 5.4 dB and 14 dB respectively for all frequency tuning states. The second tunable design utilizes the Radant RMSW-100 MEMS switch, providing six states ranging from 1.65 GHz to 2.1 GHz. Fractional bandwidth for this filter varies from 2.5 percent - 3.0 percent with insertion loss and return loss better than 12.4 dB and 16 dB respectively for all states. The third design utilizes the OMRON 2SMES-01 RF MEMS relay, providing fourteen states ranging from 1.19 GHz to 1.58 GHz. Fractional bandwidth ranges from 3.6 percent - 4.4 percent with insertion loss and return loss better than 4.1 dB and 15 dB respectively for all frequency states. Two of the three designs (Philips PIN diode and OMRON MEMS) produced good results validating the new SIW filter tuning methodology. Finally, to illustrate the advantage of microstrip planar structures integrated with SIW structures, low pass filters (LPFs) are implemented along the input and output microstrip-to-SIW transition regions of the tunable SIW filter. With minimal change to the overall filter size, this provides spurious suppression for the additional resonant modes inherently present in waveguide structures. The implemented design utilizes the same OMRON MEMS tunable SIW filter specifications. This two-pole tunable filter provides the same performance as the previous OMRON MEMS design with exception to an added 0.7 dB insertion loss and spurious suppression of -28 dB up to 4.0 GHz for all frequency tuning states.

This thesis focuses on the case study of Kao-Pin River restoration movement. The first phase of this research uses R.A.W. Rhodes' policy network typology to categorize the complicated membership of participants of the movement. The second uses Marsh & Smith¡¦s dialectical model of policy network theory to analyze the complicated interactions, for instance, protest, alliance, competition, and coordination, between governments, professionals, environmental groups and interest groups. The research goes on to verify the mutual interaction of environmental policy, policy network, participant, and policy outcomes of Kao-Pin River governance. The alliance of Kao-Pin River restoration movement, anti-dam movement, opposition to petrochemical and steel works has been so far the biggest social movement of southern Taiwan. Almost every southern environmental group and all levels of government were involved in the movement. Environmental groups were usually disadvantageous minority within the policy-influential participants. In order to influence policy outcome, it is essential for environmental groups to mobilize dispersed social resources, organize intense interactive network, to gain legitimacy and public trust, and attract public attention to environmental issues. This research finds that Kao-Pin River restoration movement successfully takes advantage of power contradiction between different levels of governments, and different departments of the government; utilizes the support of local government, cooperates with scholars, experts and media to build up an intense network, to advocate sustainable river maintenance policy of water resources, against highly water-demanded industries, bureaucracy, and the authority. The environmental activists first utilized the media support to gain legitimacy and representation for river protection. Second, they allied with media, congressman and legislators, environmental groups, scholars and experts to formulate an issue network, and won over the support of local governments to join the network. Third, they employed the contradiction of central government to start a political struggle for water resource protection. Finally, the goal of the movement was achieved through shifting of central political power and the change of river maintenance policy. However, after the government responded to environmental activists' demands for sustainable river management and turn about relevant policy outcomes, the energy of the movement faded the alliance of issue network loosened. The main group "Green Alliance for Kao-Pin River Protection" announced disbandment in 1999, the movement entered a stage of Post-Social Movement; relevant issue groups turned to build partnership with local authority, a relationship of a kind of policy community.

In recent years, the trend toward globalization has given rise to rigorous competition for market shares. Businesses have faced the stern demand to swiftly respond to changes in market conditions. They must keep up with environmental situations inside and outside industry, fully integrate various resources of the enterprise, and ponder how to effectively use business resources. Therefore, ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems that integrate the internal value chains of enterprise have received special attention. It is an undisputed fact that an ERP system can integrate internal resources of an enterprise to create for it an overall advantage, improve the flow and elevate the response effectiveness of the enterprise, upgrade information system, and respond to customers¡¦ satisfaction of supply chain management. However, the universal ERP system that is adopted by most enterprises is either costly or difficult to maintain. Moreover, the universal ERP system usually fails to consider special needs of different industries. Therefore, how to ensure a rapid, saving, and effective success through the implementation of ERP systems constitutes the largest challenge faced by enterprises that use such systems. In view of this, this study investigated, from the perspective of ERP supply chain effectiveness of the ¡§differentiation focus strategy¡¨ and the ¡§bowling pin model strategy,¡¨ the impact of the adoption of industry-specific ERP systems on ERP software manufacturers and enterprises that have introduced such a system. Besides, the study used case study approach to conduct a field survey of ERP software manufacturers that have implemented industry-specific ERP system strategy and of four textile and PCB manufacturers that have introduced industry-specific ERP systems with a view to understanding operating models in which industry-specific ERP systems have been successfully introduced and implemented. Through the analysis of this study, it was found that: (1)ERP information manufacturers that adopt industry-specific ERP strategy locating conform to Michael E. Porter¡¦s competitive strategy and differentiation focus strategy, and at the same time verify the bowling pin model theory of Geoffrey A. Moor that technology adopts life cycle. Information manufacturers can enjoy vertical profit-base market advantages of industry-specific ERP and thus avoid competition within industry. As they focus on their specialized field, they not only can strengthen ERP¡¦s professional system functions but also can elevate their effectiveness in follow-up service and maintenance, leading to the reduction of operating costs. From cases of ERP software manufacturers, it was also found that, in areas that special industries cluster, the value of industry-specific ERP in such markets is enlarged. (2)From the perspective of developing industry-specific ERP, after a preliminary development method is used to direct a user to put up concrete industrial characteristic demands and flow, more friendly and suitable operating systems are specified. After being examined and used by a second user, systems are re-examined, revised, and strengthened. After being introduced by a third user and verified and implemented, such systems can become mature, standard industry-specific ERP package systems. (3)From the perspective of enterprise users, adopting the proof of concept method is more practical, accurate, and promising in selecting and evaluating suitable, correct ERP systems. This method can help estimate the outcome after introduction and make it easier to evaluate benefits, for example, keeping project flow schedule and costs under control, implementation and simulation of new enterprise flow schedule. (4)Each industry has professional knowledge and characteristics specific to it. For example, in the case of PCB industry, use rate of base plate material and design and management of engineering data are core professional knowledge of lumber industry. In the case of textile industry, analysis of fabrics, management of characteristics of semi-finished fabrics, integration and automation of process are critical functions essential to competitiveness of this industry. A universal ERP system cannot take care of unique characteristics of various industries. Therefore, only an industry-specific ERP that is specialized in and designed to meet characteristics of a concerned industry can perfectly satisfy the core professional operation of the industry. (5)Because industry-specific ERP systems set the best model of business flow and are concise and suitable, they produce more rapid effectiveness, less impact on organization adjustment, and require smaller investments after being introduced into a business. In view of the preceding findings, the study concluded that the adoption of industry-specific ERP can solidly, effectively, and accurately achieve purposes of ERP systems and can ensure the achievement of potential benefits. At the same time, information manufacturers can obtain vertical profit-base market, enlarging the effect of overall supply value chains.

This dissertation introduces new technologies and techniques for low-cost phased arrays and scanning antennas. Special emphasis is placed on new approaches for low-cost millimeter-wave beam control. Several topics are covered. A novel reconfigurable grating antenna is presented for low-cost millimeter-wave beam steering. The versatility of the approach is proven by adapting the design to dual-beam and circular-polarized operation. In addition, a simple and accurate procedure is developed for analyzing these antennas. Designs are presented for low-cost microwave/millimeter-wave phased-array transceivers with extremely broad bandwidth. The target applications for these systems are mobile satellite communications and ultra-wideband radar. Monolithic PIN diodes are a useful technology, especially suited for building miniaturized control components in microwave and millimeter-wave phased arrays. This dissertation demonstrates a new strategy for extracting bias-dependent small-signal models for monolithic PIN diodes. The space solar-power satellite (SPS) is a visionary plan that involves beaming electrical power from outer space to the earth using a high-power microwave beam. Such a system must have retrodirective control so that the high-power beam always points on target. This dissertation presents a new phased-array architecture for the SPS system that could considerably reduce its overall cost and complexity. In short, this dissertation presents technologies and techniques that reduce the cost of beam steering at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. The results of this work should have a far-ranging impact on the future of wireless systems.

We have demonstrated a flexible optical waveguide film with integrated VCSEL and PIN photodiode arrays for the fully embedded board level optical interconnection system. One of the most critical issues in the fully embedded board level optical interconnection system is the signal beam coupling between the guided-wave structure and the aperture of VCSEL (or PIN photodiode). The coupling efficiencies of spherical mirrors are calculated as a function of mirror radius. The optimum mirror radius ranges which are compatible with the fully embedded board level optical interconnection system are theoretically verified. The thermal characteristics of a thin film VCSEL are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The thermal resistances of VCSEL with variable thickness, ranging from 10 [mu]m to 200 [mu]m, have been determined by measuring the output wavelength shift as a function of the dissipated power. The thermal simulation results agree reasonably well with experimentally measured data. From the thermal management point of view, a thinned VCSEL has an exclusive advantage due to the reduction of the thermal resistance. The thermal resistance of 10 [mu]m thick VCSEL is 40 % lower than that of 200 [mu]m thick VCSEL. The theoretical analysis of thermal via effects is performed to determine optimized thickness ranges of thin film VCSEL for the fully embedded structure. Thermal resistance of the fully embedded thin film VCSEL with closed and open thermal via structures are also evaluated with the suitable VCSEL thickness reported. The high-performance computing system is demonstrated using a 16-channel optical backplane using thin film volume holographic gratings. The optical backplane contains TO-46-Can-packaged VCSELs and photodiodes as an optical transmitter and receiver, respectively. Optical packaging plates are fabricated for 4 X 8 array packaging for 16-VCSELs and 16-Photodiodes. Packaging issues including crosstalk and alignment tolerance are studied to design a low cost optical packaging scheme. Thin film volume hologram grating is fabricated on glass substrate to redirect light beams. An individual single channel performs at a 100 MHz data transfer rate. The high-performance computing system using 16-channel optical backplane is demonstrated at a 1.6 Gbps data transmission. / text