O amadurecimento e a senescência tem sido diretamente relacionados ao climatério do CO2 e do etileno. No entanto, estudos recentes têm demonstrado que algumas transformações pós-colheita ocorrem independentemente desses eventos e que muitos frutos não se enquadram nas definições clássicas de padrão de atividade respiratória, indicando a necessidade de maiores estudos a respeito da fisiologia do amadurecimento e senescência de frutos. O comportamento respiratório de goiabas é contraditório, servindo como modelo para estes estudos. O uso de reguladores do amadurecimento pode auxiliar na definição do comportamento respiratório de goiabas Kumagai e Pedro Sato. Tendo-se em vista o estabelecido, conduziu-se a etapa 1, com o intuito de determinar índices que indiquem o início da senescência. A etapa 2 visou determinar o comportamento respiratório de goiabas das variedades Kumagai e Pedro Sato submetidas à aplicação de acelerador (etileno) e retardadores (1-MCP e AVG) do amadurecimento. Na etapa 1, as goiabas recém colhidas foram tratadas com fungicida e mantidas em câmara a 23 ± 1oC e 85% UR até a completa senescência. Na etapa 2, os frutos foram submetidos à aplicação de AVG, 1- MCP e etileno e então armazenados em câmara a 23 ± 1oC e 85% UR até a completa senescência. Frutos sem reguladores vegetais foram utilizados como controle. Os frutos foram avaliados a cada dois dias em ambas as etapas. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado e os resultados foram submetidos à análise de dados longitudinais, devido ao caráter quantitativo imposto pelo fator tempo de armazenamento. As curvas também foram submetidas à análise do erro padrão da média. As diferenças entre dois tratamentos maiores que as somas de dois erros padrões foram consideradas significativas. Os teores de acetaldeído, etanol e o extravasamento de eletrólitos foram os índices que mais contribuíram para distinguir o amadurecimento da senescência. O aumento brusco apresentado nos teores de acetaldeído e etanol indica início do metabolismo fermentativo, comportamento característico de senescência, além do aumento no extravasamento de eletrólitos, sugerir descompartimentação celular. Os frutos da variedade Pedro Sato não podem ser classificados como climatéricos, nem tão pouco como não climatéricos, pois apesar de amadurecerem, apresentaram pico de produção de etileno após o amadurecimento dos mesmos, além de não responderem à aplicação de etileno exógeno. Apesar das goiabas Kumagai responderem à aplicação de etileno, não se observou comportamento climatério na produção de CO2 e de C2H4, desta forma, esta variedade não pode ser enquadrada nas classificações de padrão de atividade respiratória em uso. / Ripening and senescence have been directly related to CO2 and ethylene climacteric behavior. However, recent studies have shown that some postharvest processes occurs independently of those events and that many fruits are not frame in the definitions of respiratory activity traditional pattern, indicating the need for more studies on fruit ripening and senescence physiology. Guavas fruit respiratory behavior is contradictory and serves as a model for these studies. The use of ripening regulators can help in defining the respiratory behavior of Kumagai and Pedro Sato guavas. Consequently, the step 1 has been conducted, with the intention of determining indicators that indicate the beginning of the senescence. The step 2 aimed to determine the respiratory behavior of guava fruits of Kumagai and Pedro Sato cultivars subjected to the application of accelerator (ethylene) and retardants (1-MCP and AVG) of the ripening. In step 1, the newly harvested guavas were treated with fungicide and kept at 23 ± 1oC and 85% RH to complete senescence. In step 2, the fruits were submitted to AVG, 1-MCP and ethylene application and then stored at 23 ± 1oC and 85% RH to complete senescence. Fruit without ripening regulators were used as controls. The fruits were evaluated every two days in both steps. The experimental design was completely randomized and the results were submitted to longitudinal data analysis, due to the quantity of samples imposed by the storage time factor. The curves have been subjected to average standard error analysis. Differences between two treatments larger than the sum of two errors patterns were considered significant. The levels of acetaldehyde, ethanol and ion leakage were indices that contributed most to distinguish ripening from senescence. The increase made in levels of acetaldehyde and ethanol suggests fermentative metabolism, characteristic senescence behavior, beyond the increase in ion leakage, suggests cell decompartmentalization. The fruits of Pedro Sato cultivar can not be classified as climacteric, nor as non-climacteric, because despite they ripen, they show an ethylene production peak after their ripening, and besides do not respond to exogenous ethylene. Even though Kumagai guava fruits reply to ethylene application, there was no climacteric behavior observed during CO2 and C2H4 production thus this variety can not be framed in the respiratory climacteric pattern rankings in use.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência dos fertilizantes foliares a base de aminoácidos livres na utilização conjunta de práticas agrícolas como a aplicação de glifosato e a adubação no solo com P e K em soja BRS 255 RR. As avaliações foram realizadas nos parâmetros biométricos, nutricionais, metabólicos e produtivos através das variáveis: altura, valor SPAD (clorofilas), área foliar, biomassa aérea (massa fresca e seca de folhas e caules), macronutrientes e micronutrientes nas folhas, atividade da nitrato redutase (NR), glutamina sintetase (GS), concentração de proteínas totais solúveis (PTS), número de vagens, massa fresca e seca de vagens, massa média de 100 grãos, massa total de grãos, teores de lipídeos e proteínas acumulados nos grãos. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos em paralelo, com os produtos Ajifol e Flororgan, em ambiente natural utilizando vasos de polietileno com capacidade para 20 litros. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, onde cada unidade experimental foi constituída de três plantas de soja por vaso preenchido com 20 kg de substrato (Latossolo vermelho distrófico argiloso). A adubação no solo com P e K (1,00 e 0,24 g kg-1, respectivamente) foi realizada 30 dias antes da semeadura. As aplicações do Ajifol (1,0 L ha-1), Flororgan (2,5 L ha-1) e glifosato (0,3 L ha-1) foram realizadas via pulverização foliar no estádio fenológico V5, referente aos 35 dias após a germinação. As amostragens de altura e SPAD foram realizadas em três épocas diferentes durante o ciclo vegetativo da planta (7, 15 e 30 dias após a pulverização foliar). No estádio fenológico R1 (início do florescimento) coletou-se uma planta inteira de cada parcela para as análises morfológicas, nutricionais e metabólicas. As duas plantas restantes em cada parcela serviram para analisar os parâmetros de produção. Os principais resultados obtidos para os aminoácidos presentes nas formulações dos produtos, foram o aumento na altura das plantas aos 7 e 15 dias após suas aplicações, quando associados a adubação no solo. Além de atuarem como antiestressantes impedindo a diminuição nos teores de clorofilas através da aplicação de glifosato. Os resultados das análises nutricionais comprovaram a ação quelatizante desses aminoácidos, principalmente para o K, B, Fe e Cu. As melhores respostas através da aplicação dos aminoácidos foram para a atividade da NR, GS e concentração de PTS nas folhas. Tivemos uma redução de lipídeos acumulados nos grãos em função das aplicações com aminoácidos isolados ou em conjunto com adubação. Por outro lado, constatamos um aumento de lipídeos através da aplicação em conjunto com glifosato e adubação. Além dos aminoácidos influenciarem positivamente o armazenamento de proteínas nas sementes quando associados ao glifosato. / The objective of this work was to verify the influence of foliar fertilizer on basis of free amino acids combined with the application of glyphosate and fertilization of soil with P and K on soybean (BRS 255 RR). The evaluations were performed on biometric, nutritional, metabolic and productive parameters using the following variables: Height, SPAD values (chlorophylls), leaf area, biomass (fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems), macronutrients and micronutrients in leaves, activity of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), concentration of total soluble protein (TSP), number of pods, fresh and dry weight of pods, 100 grains average weight, total weight of grains, concentration of lipids and proteins accumulated in the grains. Two experiments were conducted in parallel with the products Ajifol and Flororgan in natural environment using polyethylene pots (20 L). A randomized blocks design was used, where each experimental unit was cultivated with three soybean plants per pot filled with 20 kg of substrate (dystrophic clayey Red Latosol). The soil fertilization with P and K (1,00 and 0,24 g kg-1, respectively) was carried out 30 days before sowing. The applications of Ajifol (1,0 L ha-1), Flororgan (2,5 L ha-1) and glyphosate (0,3 L ha-1) were performed by foliar sprays at the V5 developmental stage, corresponding to 35 days after germination. Samples for height and SPAD were taken at three different times during the vegetative stage of plant (7, 15 and 30 days after foliar spraying). At the phenological stage R1 (early flowering) one entire plant of each plot was collected for morphological, nutritional and metabolic analysis. The remaining two plants were used for analyses of production parameters. The application of amino acids increased plant height after 7 and 15 days after foliar spraying, when associated with soil fertilization. They acted moreover as antistress substances preventing a decrease in the levels of chlorophyll caused by application of glyphosate. Nutritional analysis indicated the formation of chelates of these amino acids mainly with K, B, Fe and Cu. The main effects of amino acids applications were higher for NR, GS and TSP concentrations in leaves. A reduction in lipids accumulated in the seeds through sole application of amino acids, as well as in conjunction with fertilization was identified. On the other hand increasing values were found when the amino acids were associated with both glyphosate and fertilization. The amino acids increased the protein storage in seeds when applied in conjunction with glyphosate.

High rate algae oxidation ponds (HRAOP) for domestic wastewater treatment generate biosolids that are predominantly microalgae. Consequently, HRAOP biosolids are enriched with minerals, amino acids, nutrients and possibly contain plant growth regulator (PGR)-like substances, which makes HRAOP biosolids attractive as fertiliser or PGR. This study investigated HRAOP biosolids as a starting material for a natural, cost-effective and readily-available eco-friendly organic fertiliser and/or PGRs. Various HRAOP extract formulations were prepared and their effect on plant growth and development was evaluated using selected bioassays. Initial screening included assessing the effect on change in specific leaf area, radish cotyledon expansion as an indicator of PGR-like activity, and seed germination index (GI). More detailed studies on fertiliser efficacy and PGR-like activity utilised bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Combined effects of sonicated (S) and 40% v/v methanol (M) extract (5:1 SM) had impressive plant responses, comparable to Hoagland solution (HS). Other potentially fertiliser formulations included 0.5% M, 1% M, 2.5% S and 5% S formulations. The 5:1 SM and 5% S showed greater PGR-like activity, promoting cotyledon expansion by 459 ± 0.02% and 362 ± 0.01%, respectively. GI data showed that none of the formulations negatively impacted germination. Further investigation showed that the 5% S formulation increased leaf length, width and area by 6.69 ± 0.24, 6.21 ± 0.2 mm and 41.55 ± 0.2 mm². All formulated fertiliser extracts had no adverse effect on chlorophyll content and plant nutrient balance as indicated by C:N (8-10:1) ratio. In addition, plants appeared to actively mobilise nutrients to regions where needed as evidenced by a shift in shoot: root ratio depending on C, N and water availability. Furthermore, 5% S caused a 75% increase in tomato productivity and had no effect on bean productivity. Whereas, 5:1 SM and 1% M formulation improved bean pod production by 33.3% and 11%, respectively but did not affect tomato production. Harvest index (HI) however indicated a 3% reduction in tomato productivity with 5:1 SM and little or no enhancement in bean productivity with both 5:1 SM and 5% S treatments. Bean plants treated with 5:1 SM and 5% S produced larger fruits, which could be an indication of the presence of a PGR effect. Overall, HRAOP biosolids extracts prepared and investigated in this study demonstrated both fertiliser characteristics and PGR-like activity with performances comparable and in some cases exceeding that of commercial products. However additional research is needed to confirm presence of PGR-like activities and fertiliser efficacy.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vivian Pupo de Oliveira Machado.pdf: 408979 bytes, checksum: 1346e7d9172ff64c6b220a5af3321fbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), known as calendula or marigold, is an annual plant and is widely used worldwide as medicinal and ornamental plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of biostimulant Stimulate®, applied by foliar spray, on the development, in the production of flowers and the content flavonoids in marigold. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions, in Avaré-SP. Seedlings were obtained from commercial seed marigold (Calendula officinalis L., cv. Dobrada Sortida), and the experiment was conducted in plastic pots containing a mixture of organic substrate, loam and sand (ratio 1:1:1). Treatments consisted of different doses of the product Stimulate®, applied by foliar spray, as follow: T1= 0 (distilled water); T2= 3 mL L-1; T3= 6 mL L-1; T4= 9 mL L-1; T5= 12 mL L-1 and T6= 15 mL L-1, applied after 20 days of transplanting the seedlings to pots, carrying out 10 consecutive applications of the product, in the early-morning hours. Biometric evaluations of plants growth were performed at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (height, number of leaves, dry weight of shoot and root) and during the reproductive phase (number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of flowers and content of flavonoids). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 6 treatment and 8 replicates in each treatment, a total of 48 pots. Data were tabulated and submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis, observing the behavior of the variables according to Stimulate® doses Applying Stimulate® in marigold by foliar spray was not effective in increasing the vegetative growth and total flavonoid content in flowers. In relation to flowering, the Stimulate® application may be used as efficient management technique to provide an increased production of flowers per plant. / Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), conhecida como calêndula ou malmequer, é uma planta anual e é amplamente utilizada em todo o mundo como planta medicinal e ornamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do bioestimulante Stimulate®, aplicado via pulverização foliar, no desenvolvimento, na produção de inflorescências e no teor de flavonoides em calêndula. O experimento foi instalado em condições de casa de vegetação, no município de Avaré-SP. As mudas foram obtidas a partir de sementes comerciais de calêndula (Calendula officinalis L., cv. Dobrada Sortida), e o experimento foi conduzido em vasos plásticos contendo uma mistura de substrato orgânico, terra argilosa e areia (proporção 1:1:1). Os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes doses do produto Stimulate®, aplicadas via pulverização foliar, a saber: T1= 0 (água destilada); T2= 3 mL L-1; T3= 6 mL L-1; T4= 9 mL L-1; T5= 12 mL L-1 e T6= 15 mL L-1, aplicadas após 20 dias do transplantio das mudas para os vasos, realizando-se 10 aplicações consecutivas do produto, nas primeiras horas da manhã. Foram realizadas avaliações biométricas de crescimento das plantas (altura, número de folhas, massa seca de parte aérea e raiz; aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após transplantio) e avaliações durante a fase reprodutiva (número de capítulos florais, massa seca e fresca dos capítulos florais e teor de flavonoides). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 6 tratamentos e 8 repetições em cada tratamento, num total de 48 vasos. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão, observando-se comportamento das variáveis em função das doses de Stimulate®. A aplicação de Stimulate® em calêndula via pulverização foliar não foi eficiente em aumentar o crescimento vegetativo das plantas e o teor de flavonoides totais presente nas inflorescências. Em relação ao florescimento, a utilização de Stimulate® pode ser indicada como técnica de manejo eficiente em proporcionar um aumento da produção de inflorescências por planta.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vivian Pupo de Oliveira Machado.pdf: 408979 bytes, checksum: 1346e7d9172ff64c6b220a5af3321fbc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), known as calendula or marigold, is an annual plant and is widely used worldwide as medicinal and ornamental plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of biostimulant Stimulate®, applied by foliar spray, on the development, in the production of flowers and the content flavonoids in marigold. The experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions, in Avaré-SP. Seedlings were obtained from commercial seed marigold (Calendula officinalis L., cv. Dobrada Sortida), and the experiment was conducted in plastic pots containing a mixture of organic substrate, loam and sand (ratio 1:1:1). Treatments consisted of different doses of the product Stimulate®, applied by foliar spray, as follow: T1= 0 (distilled water); T2= 3 mL L-1; T3= 6 mL L-1; T4= 9 mL L-1; T5= 12 mL L-1 and T6= 15 mL L-1, applied after 20 days of transplanting the seedlings to pots, carrying out 10 consecutive applications of the product, in the early-morning hours. Biometric evaluations of plants growth were performed at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting (height, number of leaves, dry weight of shoot and root) and during the reproductive phase (number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of flowers and content of flavonoids). The experimental design was completely randomized, with 6 treatment and 8 replicates in each treatment, a total of 48 pots. Data were tabulated and submitted to analysis of variance and regression analysis, observing the behavior of the variables according to Stimulate® doses Applying Stimulate® in marigold by foliar spray was not effective in increasing the vegetative growth and total flavonoid content in flowers. In relation to flowering, the Stimulate® application may be used as efficient management technique to provide an increased production of flowers per plant. / Calendula officinalis L. (Asteraceae), conhecida como calêndula ou malmequer, é uma planta anual e é amplamente utilizada em todo o mundo como planta medicinal e ornamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do bioestimulante Stimulate®, aplicado via pulverização foliar, no desenvolvimento, na produção de inflorescências e no teor de flavonoides em calêndula. O experimento foi instalado em condições de casa de vegetação, no município de Avaré-SP. As mudas foram obtidas a partir de sementes comerciais de calêndula (Calendula officinalis L., cv. Dobrada Sortida), e o experimento foi conduzido em vasos plásticos contendo uma mistura de substrato orgânico, terra argilosa e areia (proporção 1:1:1). Os tratamentos consistiram de diferentes doses do produto Stimulate®, aplicadas via pulverização foliar, a saber: T1= 0 (água destilada); T2= 3 mL L-1; T3= 6 mL L-1; T4= 9 mL L-1; T5= 12 mL L-1 e T6= 15 mL L-1, aplicadas após 20 dias do transplantio das mudas para os vasos, realizando-se 10 aplicações consecutivas do produto, nas primeiras horas da manhã. Foram realizadas avaliações biométricas de crescimento das plantas (altura, número de folhas, massa seca de parte aérea e raiz; aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após transplantio) e avaliações durante a fase reprodutiva (número de capítulos florais, massa seca e fresca dos capítulos florais e teor de flavonoides). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 6 tratamentos e 8 repetições em cada tratamento, num total de 48 vasos. Os dados obtidos foram tabulados e submetidos à análise de variância e análise de regressão, observando-se comportamento das variáveis em função das doses de Stimulate®. A aplicação de Stimulate® em calêndula via pulverização foliar não foi eficiente em aumentar o crescimento vegetativo das plantas e o teor de flavonoides totais presente nas inflorescências. Em relação ao florescimento, a utilização de Stimulate® pode ser indicada como técnica de manejo eficiente em proporcionar um aumento da produção de inflorescências por planta.

Thesis (MscAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Under certain South African conditions, Redglobe develops a colour that is too dark and thus unacceptable for the Far Eastern markets. These markets require a pink colour instead of a dark red colour. The cultivation of grapes with an acceptable colour involves amongst other, canopy management practices. This generally includes the removal of leaves and/or lateral shoots. Hereby, the leaf area and the microclimatic conditions in the canopy are altered. The aim of this study was to test the usefulness of leaf and lateral shoot removal at different defoliation times after anthesis in order to obtain a pink coloured Redglobe crop. Other quality aspects, namely total soluble solids (TSS), total titratable acidity (TTA), berry mass and total yield, were also evaluated. A canopy management trial was conducted on six year old Redglobe vines with moderate vigour. The treatment design was a 2 x 3 x 4 factorial and involved two leaf removal (L) levels (L0 = 0% leaf removal; L33 = 33% leaf removal) in combination with three lateral shoot removal (LS) levels (LS0 = 0 % lateral shoot removal; LS50 = 50% lateral shoot removal; LS100 = 100% lateral shoot removal). Four defoliation times (DT) were selected: 36 (pea berry size), 69 (véraison), 76 (one week after véraison) and 83 (two weeks after véraison) days after anthesis (DAA). A total of 24 treatment combinations, replicated in four blocks, were applied. Generally, treatment combinations involving 33% leaf removal lowered the main shoot leaf area. Likewise, the lateral shoot leaf area was decreased by increasing levels of lateral shoot removal at any defoliation time. As expected, 33% leaf removal applied in combination with any level of lateral shoot removal, always resulted in a lower total vine leaf area compared to where 0% leaf removal was part of the treatment combination. Compensation reactions occurred and in this regard the main shoot leaf size increased due to 33% leaf removal applied at 1 week after véraison and 2 weeks after véraison. Treatment combinations involving lateral shoot removal increased the ratio of main shoot leaf area to the total leaf area. On the other hand, the main shoot leaf area percentage was lowered by the application of 33% leaf removal at 2 weeks after véraison compared to no leaf removal at the same defoliation time. It can therefore be assumed that the contribution of lateral shoot leaves to grape composition might have increased in cases where the main shoot leaf area was lowered at a later stage (e.g. 2 weeks after véraison). The bunches were visually evaluated and divided into classes from dark (class one) to light (class nine). This visual bunch evaluation showed that the mean bunch colour was in class three (lighter than class two) due to the defoliation time. The lateral shoot removal x leaf removal interaction resulted in a mean bunch colour that was in classes 2 and 3. However, within these classes, there was a tendency that bunch colour decreased for defoliation times later than pea berry size. The lateral shoot removal x leaf removal interactions showed that bunch colour was darker when the treatment combinations involved 0% leaf removal. The percentage of bunches with the desired colour was increased by application of the treatments at véraison, compared to the other defoliation times, and also with 50% lateral shoot removal and 100% lateral shoot removal compared to 0% lateral shoot removal. Biochemical analyses confirmed that increased levels of lateral shoot removal generally lowered the anthocyanin concentration regardless of defoliation time. A similar effect on TSS was observed, i.e. from véraison onwards, the application of 50% lateral shoot removal and 100% lateral shoot removal tended to lower TSS. The effect of these levels of lateral shoot removal at véraison was significant. The role of the lateral shoots in colour development and sugar accumulation is therefore emphasized. Furthermore, the special role that lateral shoots also play in berry development is illustrated in that berry mass tended to decrease when 100% lateral shoot removal in combination with 33% leaf removal and 100% lateral shoot removal in combination with 0% leaf removal were applied at véraison. This, together with the positive relationship obtained between grape colour and the lateral shoot leaf area:fruit mass ratio, accentuates the role of active leaf area during the ripening period. The possible effect of the microclimatic light environment on colour must also be considered. However, although the light intensity increased with increased levels of LS, the colour that was obtained was probably not associated with the differences in light intensity. It was found that it is possible to manipulate the colour of Redglobe grapes with defoliation treatments. However, the treatments that have a decreasing effect on grape colour also affected other quality parameters like TSS and berry size negatively. Although, it is possible to reduce the colour of Redglobe through the application of leaf and lateral shoot removal at different defoliation times, the question arises whether the treatment combinations used in this study are worthwhile to pursue because the mean bunch colour that was obtained was still too dark. However, it was possible to increase the percentage of bunches with the desired colour. Therefore, if such treatments are applied, it must be approached cautiously, keeping in mind that assimilate supply has to be sustained throughout the ripening period.

Os vegetais possuem metabólitos endógenos circulantes nos tecidos, que não necessariamente possuem função nutricional, mas atuam na regulação do crescimento e do desenvolvimento, os hormônios vegetais. Estes, quando utilizados exogenamente, permitem ações planejadas no crescimento das plantas. Igualmente, análogos sintéticos com ação semelhante vêm sendo utilizados na agricultura com o mesmo objetivo. No entanto, o efeito destes reguladores vegetais é variável entre as espécies e em suas fases fenológicas, com necessidade de estudos especificos que propiciem respostas adequadas aos objetivos de sua aplicação. Da mesma forma, encontramos também moléculas capazes de atuar na produção endógena de hormônios, limitando ou induzindo sua produção, afetando os processos de crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal. A aplicação de tais substâncias na agricultura pode ser benéfica no controle do crescimento vegetal, revertendo a energia produzida pela fotossíntese para a produção dos cultivos. Diversos cultivos, incluindo os de cereais, tendem à um crescimento vegetativo exagerado com o incremento do uso de fertilizantes, causando quedas de produtividade e problemas na colheita devido ao acamamento das plantas. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas do uso de reguladores vegetais na cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e da cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.), visando redução do porte das plantas sem alterações ou com incremento de produção. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos com ambas espécies de cereais, semeadas em vasos. As aplicações dos tratamentos foram realizadas no início da fase de alongamento do colmo. Nos experimentos, foram avaliados os efeitos da pulverização foliar de diferentes reguladores vegetais que restringem a síntese de giberelina na planta: ácido abscísico (ABA), etil trinexpac (Moddus), daminozide (SADH), ethephon (Ethrel) e cloreto de clormequat (CCC). Foram avaliadas variáveis relacionadas ao retardamento do crescimento vegetativo e à produção de carboidratos, assim como a produção das plantas tratadas, tais como: altura das plantas, índice SPAD, transpiração, condutância estomática e massa seca do caule e espigas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos, os tratamentos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A pulverização de ABA, SADH e Ethrel diminuiu significativamente a massa seca do colmo e promoveu retardamento do crescimento, no entanto, a aplicação de ABA aumentou significativamente o índice de colheita, assim como a massa seca dos grãos. Tratamentos com duas pulverizações de ABA 24 g L-1, com uma semana de intervalo restringiu o alongamento da planta, melhorando a arquitetura da mesma, o teor de clorofila e as trocas gasosas, nas culturas de trigo e cevada, estimulando incremento de 23% na massa seca dos grãos de trigo e de 33% em cevada; assim sendo, a aplicação deste retardante de crescimento pode ser considerada para ser utilizada em lavouras de cereais. / Plant tissues contain circulating endogenous metabolites which not necessarily play nutritional function but can regulate growth, plant hormones, that can be also exogenously applied for planned effects in plant growth. These molecules when sprayed on plants allow desirable effects on the plant growth. Moreover, synthetic analogues with similar action have been used in agriculture for the same purpose. However, the effect of growth regulators is variable among species and their phoenological stages, requiring specific studies that provide appropriate responses to their application. Similarly, there are also capable of acting on endogenous hormone production, limiting or stimulating their biosynthesis and consequently affecting the processes of growth and plant development. The application of such molecules in agriculture can be beneficial in controlling the plant growth, reversing the energy produced by photosynthesis for that growth to agronomic yield of crops. Several crops, including cereals, tend to respond with excessive vegetative growth to the increase of fertilizer application causing productivity decreases and damages to the crop due to the plant lodging. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate the morphological and physiological changes by the use of plant growth regulators on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), aiming the reduction of the plant size and increases of productivity. The experiments were conducted with both cereal species sown in pots. The applications of the treatments were performed at the beginning of stem elongation stage The effects of foliar application of different plant growth regulators that restrict the gibberellin synthesis in the plant were evaluated: Abscisic acid (ABA), trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus), Daminozide (SADH), Ethephon (Ethrel), and chlormequat chloride (CCC). The following variables were measured: plant height, SPAD index (indirect chlorophyll content), transpiration, stomatal conductance, and dry mass of stems and spikelets. The data were analyzed by the Tukey test at 5% probability level. The spray with ABA, SADH, and Ethrel decreased significantly the dry mass of the stem and promoted growth retardation (plant height). However, the application of ABA increased significantly the harvest index, as well as the dry mass of the grains. Treatments with two sprays of ABA (24 g L-1), with an interval of a week restricted the plant growth in height improving the architecture thereof, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange, resulting in an increment of 23% and 33% in dry matter of grains of wheat and barley, respectively. Therefore, the application of ABA may be considered as an alternative for improving the productivity of cereal crops.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do biorregulador MBTA [cloridrato de N,N-dietil-2-(4-metilbenziloxi) etilamina] aplicado em diferentes épocas e concentrações sobre a produtividade e qualidade dos frutos das laranjeiras 'Hamlin', 'Valência' e 'Pêra' e em características fisiológicas da laranjeira 'Hamlin'. Em duas safras consecutivas, o MBTA foi aplicado em três diferentes concentrações (8; 16 e 32 mg L-1) e em duas diferentes fases fenológicas (25% e 100% de flores abertas) em árvores cítricas adultas, utilizando um volume de 7 litros de solução por planta acompanhada do adjuvante Silwett L-77 0,05%. Foram amostrados 20 frutos por planta em quatro diferentes épocas para cada cultivar estudado para determinar o teor de sólidos solúveis totais; acidez; quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais em caixa industrial de 40,8 kg; pH; rendimento de suco; cor do suco, massa média e diâmetro médio dos frutos. Os efeitos do MBTA variaram de acordo com o cultivar, concentração aplicada e com a fase fenológica de aplicação. Na laranjeira 'Hamlin', o MBTA na concentração de 16 mg L-1 aplicado com 25% de flores abertas incrementou o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, o rendimento de suco e a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais por caixa de 40,8 kg. Este mesmo tratamento também reduziu a massa média dos frutos e não alterou a acidez, o "ratio", a cor do suco, o diâmetro médio dos frutos e a produtividade final da laranjeira 'Hamlin'. O incremento médio foi de 0,45 a 0,56% na concentração de sólidos solúveis totais e de 0,16 a 0,18 kg na quantidade de sólidos solúveis por caixa padrão de 40,8 kg. Na laranjeira 'Pêra', o MBTA na concentração de 8 mg L-1 aplicado com 25% de flores abertas incrementou o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, a acidez, a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais por caixa de 40,8 kg e a produtividade. Este mesmo tratamento também reduziu a massa média dos frutos e não alterou o rendimento de suco, o ratio, a cor do suco e o diâmetro médio dos frutos. O incremento médio foi de 0,49 a 0,65% na concentração de sólidos solúveis totais, de 0,11 a 0,13 kg na quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais por caixa padrão de 40,8 kg e de 20,4 kg/planta na produtividade. Na laranjeira 'Valência', o MBTA na concentração de 16 mg L-1 aplicado com 25% ou 100% de flores abertas incrementou a quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais por caixa de 40,8 kg. Estes tratamentos não promoveram alterações consistentes sobre o teor de sólidos solúveis totais, o rendimento de suco, a acidez, o ratio, a massa média dos frutos, o diâmetro médio dos frutos, a cor dos frutos e a produtividade. O incremento médio foi de 0,11 a 0,14 kg na quantidade de sólidos solúveis totais por caixa industrial padrão de 40,8 kg. Aumentos na assimilação de CO2 e uma diminuição no conteúdo foliar de carboidratos foram observados nas folhas tratadas com MBTA na concentração de 16 mg L-1. Os efeitos do MBTA sobre a produtividade e a qualidade dos frutos estão possivelmente relacionados com a fotossíntese a com relações fonte-dreno. / The purpose of this research was to evaluate effects of MBTA [N,N-diethyl-2-(4- metylbenzyloxy) ethylamine hydrochloride] bioregulator applied on different times and concentrations on the yield and fruit quality of 'Hamlin', 'Pera' and 'Valencia' sweet orange and on physiological characteristics of 'Hamlin' sweet orange. In two consecutive harvest seasons, the MBTA was sprayed in three different concentrations (8; 16 and 32 mg L-1) and in two different phenological phases (25% and 100% open flowers) in citrus mature trees, using 7 L of spray per tree added with Silwett L-77 adjuvant at 0.05%. For each cultivar, twenty fruits per tree were sampled in four different times to determine the total soluble solids concentration, acidity, quantity of total soluble solids in 40.8 kg box, pH, juice concentration, juice color, fruit weight and diameter. The effects of MBTA varied according to the cultivar, concentration and phenological phase of application. In 'Hamlin' sweet orange, the MBTA at 16 mg L-1 concentration sprayed with 25% open flowers increased the total soluble solids concentration, juice concentration and the quantity of total soluble solids per 40,8 kg box. This same treatment decreased the fruit weight and didn´t affect the acidity, ratio, juice color, fruit diameter and yield. The average increase was from 0.45 to 0.56% on total soluble solids concentration and from 0.16 to 0.18 kg on the quantity of total soluble solids per 40.8 kg box. In 'Pera' sweet orange, the MBTA at 8 mg L-1 concentration sprayed with 25% open flowers increased the total soluble solids concentration, acidity, the quantity of total soluble solids per 40.8 kg box and the yield. This same treatment decreased the fruit weight and didn´t affect the juice concentration, ratio, juice color and fruit diameter. The average increase was from 0.49 to 0.65% on total soluble solids concentration, from 0.11 to 0.13 kg on the quantity of total soluble solids per 40.8 kg box and 20.4 kg/tree on yield. In 'Valencia' sweet orange, the MBTA at 16 mg L-1 concentration sprayed with 25% or 100% open flowers increased the quantity of total soluble solids per 40.8 kg box. These treatments didn't cause consistent changes in the total soluble solids concentration, acidity, fruit diameter, fruit weight, juice concentration, ratio, juice color and the yield. The average increase was from 0.11 to 0.14 kg on the quantity of total soluble solids per 40.8 kg box. An increase on the CO2 assimilation and a decrease on foliar carbohydrate content were observed in the leaves sprayed with MBTA at 16 mg L-1 concentration. The MBTA effects on the yield and fruit quality are possibly related to the photosynthesis and source-sink relations.

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima / Banca: João Domingos Rodrigues / Banca: Denise Laschi / Banca: Terezinha Rangel Câmara / Banca: José Luis Mosca / Abstract: Beehive ginger inflorescences have yellow bracts when they are young, which are ornamental and are specially used in gardening projects and as cut flowers. However, there are crop management and postharvest factors that affect the expansion of the species. So, the objective of this work was to study some physiological postharvest aspect of beehive ginger inflorescences grown in the lower middle São Francisco river basin. Flower stems just harvested were submitted to different treatments (distilled water; 75 mg L-1 of silver nitrate - AgNO3; 1000 mg L-1 of cobalt chloride - CoCl2; 5 mg L-1 de GA3 - Progibb® and 10 mg L-1 of 6-benzylamino purine - BAP), in an environment with controlled temperature and humidity, for 15 days. The longevity was monitored from non-destructive analysis (grading scale, fresh weight, consumption and pH of the preservative solution) as well as destructive ones (peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, total soluble and reducing carbohydrates, phenols, putrescine, spermine and spermidine content). The non-destructive analysis showed that the beehive ginger stems treated with gibberelin and silver nitrate presented a better visual aspect according to the grading scale, the ones treated with AgNO3 absorbed a greater volume of the solution during the experimental period, while the ones treated with silver nitrate and BAP had a greater fresh weight. The smallest variation of the preservative solution pH took place with the treatments containing the plant regulators. The destructive analysis revealed that the inflorescences maintained in preservative solutions with gibberelin and distilled water kept their stocks of total soluble sugars for 3 days longer than the stems submitted to the other treatments. The contents of reducing sugars increased 7 considerably in inflorescences treated with cytokinin. The BAP promoted alterations in the activity of the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Os vegetais possuem metabólitos endógenos circulantes nos tecidos, que não necessariamente possuem função nutricional, mas atuam na regulação do crescimento e do desenvolvimento, os hormônios vegetais. Estes, quando utilizados exogenamente, permitem ações planejadas no crescimento das plantas. Igualmente, análogos sintéticos com ação semelhante vêm sendo utilizados na agricultura com o mesmo objetivo. No entanto, o efeito destes reguladores vegetais é variável entre as espécies e em suas fases fenológicas, com necessidade de estudos especificos que propiciem respostas adequadas aos objetivos de sua aplicação. Da mesma forma, encontramos também moléculas capazes de atuar na produção endógena de hormônios, limitando ou induzindo sua produção, afetando os processos de crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal. A aplicação de tais substâncias na agricultura pode ser benéfica no controle do crescimento vegetal, revertendo a energia produzida pela fotossíntese para a produção dos cultivos. Diversos cultivos, incluindo os de cereais, tendem à um crescimento vegetativo exagerado com o incremento do uso de fertilizantes, causando quedas de produtividade e problemas na colheita devido ao acamamento das plantas. Diante disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar as alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas do uso de reguladores vegetais na cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) e da cevada (Hordeum vulgare L.), visando redução do porte das plantas sem alterações ou com incremento de produção. Os experimentos foram desenvolvidos com ambas espécies de cereais, semeadas em vasos. As aplicações dos tratamentos foram realizadas no início da fase de alongamento do colmo. Nos experimentos, foram avaliados os efeitos da pulverização foliar de diferentes reguladores vegetais que restringem a síntese de giberelina na planta: ácido abscísico (ABA), etil trinexpac (Moddus), daminozide (SADH), ethephon (Ethrel) e cloreto de clormequat (CCC). Foram avaliadas variáveis relacionadas ao retardamento do crescimento vegetativo e à produção de carboidratos, assim como a produção das plantas tratadas, tais como: altura das plantas, índice SPAD, transpiração, condutância estomática e massa seca do caule e espigas. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e quando significativos, os tratamentos foram comparados pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A pulverização de ABA, SADH e Ethrel diminuiu significativamente a massa seca do colmo e promoveu retardamento do crescimento, no entanto, a aplicação de ABA aumentou significativamente o índice de colheita, assim como a massa seca dos grãos. Tratamentos com duas pulverizações de ABA 24 g L-1, com uma semana de intervalo restringiu o alongamento da planta, melhorando a arquitetura da mesma, o teor de clorofila e as trocas gasosas, nas culturas de trigo e cevada, estimulando incremento de 23% na massa seca dos grãos de trigo e de 33% em cevada; assim sendo, a aplicação deste retardante de crescimento pode ser considerada para ser utilizada em lavouras de cereais. / Plant tissues contain circulating endogenous metabolites which not necessarily play nutritional function but can regulate growth, plant hormones, that can be also exogenously applied for planned effects in plant growth. These molecules when sprayed on plants allow desirable effects on the plant growth. Moreover, synthetic analogues with similar action have been used in agriculture for the same purpose. However, the effect of growth regulators is variable among species and their phoenological stages, requiring specific studies that provide appropriate responses to their application. Similarly, there are also capable of acting on endogenous hormone production, limiting or stimulating their biosynthesis and consequently affecting the processes of growth and plant development. The application of such molecules in agriculture can be beneficial in controlling the plant growth, reversing the energy produced by photosynthesis for that growth to agronomic yield of crops. Several crops, including cereals, tend to respond with excessive vegetative growth to the increase of fertilizer application causing productivity decreases and damages to the crop due to the plant lodging. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate the morphological and physiological changes by the use of plant growth regulators on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), aiming the reduction of the plant size and increases of productivity. The experiments were conducted with both cereal species sown in pots. The applications of the treatments were performed at the beginning of stem elongation stage The effects of foliar application of different plant growth regulators that restrict the gibberellin synthesis in the plant were evaluated: Abscisic acid (ABA), trinexapac-ethyl (Moddus), Daminozide (SADH), Ethephon (Ethrel), and chlormequat chloride (CCC). The following variables were measured: plant height, SPAD index (indirect chlorophyll content), transpiration, stomatal conductance, and dry mass of stems and spikelets. The data were analyzed by the Tukey test at 5% probability level. The spray with ABA, SADH, and Ethrel decreased significantly the dry mass of the stem and promoted growth retardation (plant height). However, the application of ABA increased significantly the harvest index, as well as the dry mass of the grains. Treatments with two sprays of ABA (24 g L-1), with an interval of a week restricted the plant growth in height improving the architecture thereof, chlorophyll content, and gas exchange, resulting in an increment of 23% and 33% in dry matter of grains of wheat and barley, respectively. Therefore, the application of ABA may be considered as an alternative for improving the productivity of cereal crops.