Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T12:10:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-02-24. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-07-13T12:25:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000835170.pdf: 1326119 bytes, checksum: c34d03b1650266b97afc0c934d759d79 (MD5) / O reflorestamento com espécies arbóreas nativas de áreas destinadas à Reserva Legal é uma maneira de se atender à exigência legal. Esta atividade pode ser aliada ao uso de espécies nativas melhoradas geneticamente, potencializando o uso sustentável da propriedade e, consequentemente, incentivando assim os proprietários rurais a recompor tais áreas. Este trabalho aborda algumas metodologias de recomposição de áreas degradadas com a espécie Myracrodruon urundeuva, com orientações de como obter sementes com certo estágio de melhoramento genético. O objetivo é transformar dois sistemas de plantio da espécie, conservadas ex situ, em pomares de sementes. Para tanto, avaliou-se a razão sexual, a variação genética dos caracteres diâmetro a altura do peito (DAP), altura total (HT), altura de inserção de copa (HI), altura da copa (HC), diâmetro médio da copa (DMC), volume da copa (VCO) e a produção de diásporos em dois testes de progênies (sistemas de plantio) com 16,5 anos de idade, instalados na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão (FEPE), da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira - UNESP, no município de Selvíria (MS). Foram estimados parâmetros genéticos como herdabilidade e ganhos na seleção para os caracteres, utilizando-se do modelo linear misto via REML/BLUP. A avaliação da produção de diásporos foi feita em oito plantas femininas do sistema de plantio intercalado, com correlação entre VCO e a produção de diásporos representada pela equação de regressão y= 0,0199x + 0,0496. Em ambos os sistemas de plantio de Myracrodruon urundeuva, a razão sexual de machos e fêmeas foi de aproximadamente 5:1. Nos dois sistemas de plantio foram selecionadas as melhores 45 plantas masculinas e as melhores nove plantas femininas, para o caráter DAP, com ganho genético de 11,1% no sistema de plantio homogêneo e de 24,3% no sistema de plantio intercalado. Os resultados validam a proposta de melhoramento... / Reforestation with native tree species of legal reserve areas is a way to attend the legal requirement. This activity can be combined with the use of genetically improved native species, increasing the sustainable use of the property and, consequently, encouraging rural landowners to recovery such areas. This paper discusses some methodologies of recovery of degraded areas with Myracrodruon urundeuva, with guidelines on how to obtain seeds with certain stage of genetic improvement. The aim is to convert two planting systems of the species, conserved ex situ, in seed orchards. Therefore, we evaluated the sex ratio, genetic variation of traits diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (TH), canopy insertion height (CI), canopy height (CH), average canopy diameter (ACD), canopy volume (CV) and the production of diaspores in two tests of progenies (planting systems) with 16.5 years-old, planted in the Teaching, Research and Extention Farm (TREF), of the Faculty of Ilha Solteira - UNESP, in Selvíria (MS). We estimated genetic parameters such as heritability and gains in selection for the traits using the linear mixed model with REML/BLUP. The evaluation of diaspores production was done in eight female plants of intercalated planting system, with correlation between CV and the production of diaspores represented by the regression equation y = 0,0199x + 0.0496. In both planting systems of Myracrodruon urundeuva, the sex ratio of males and females was approximately 5:1. In the two planting systems we selected the best 45 male plants and the best nine female plants, for DAP character, with genetic gain of 11.1% in the homogenous planting system and 24.3% in the intercalated planting system. The results validate the proposed improvement of this species and any of the selected planting system can be successfully used in the production of seeds for recomposition of legal reserve. The method can also be adapted to other species

Submitted by Sophia Mangussi Franchi Dutra null (sophiamfd@gmail.com) on 2018-04-06T17:25:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese versão final Sophia.pdf: 1221972 bytes, checksum: 4c5069079ed78d11bd09f984fc16f5ac (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-04-09T17:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_smf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1221972 bytes, checksum: 4c5069079ed78d11bd09f984fc16f5ac (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T17:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dutra_smf_dr_jabo.pdf: 1221972 bytes, checksum: 4c5069079ed78d11bd09f984fc16f5ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os objetivos principais com a pesquisa foram: alocar genótipos de milho em grupos divergentes pela abordagem multivariada e correlacionar caracteres agronômicos com caracteres relacionados à qualidade de sementes de milho. Para alocação em grupos heteróticos, foram utilizados dois métodos multivariados, método K-means e método Tocher. A partir da avaliação de caracteres agronômicos (altura de planta, posição relativa da espiga, acamamento, quebramento, prolificidade e produtividade de grãos), foram alocadas 229 linhagens parcialmente endogâmicas (S3), avaliadas em três safras. Já para correlação entre caracteres foram utilizados os métodos Redes Bayesiana e correlação linear simples de Pearson. Os caracteres avaliados, de 31 genótipos de milho, foram caracteres agronômicos (altura de planta, posição relativa da espiga, acamamento, quebramento, prolificidade e produtividade de grãos), avaliados em três safras, e caracteres de sementes (primeira contagem de germinação, germinação final, primeira contagem de emergência, emergência final e índice de velocidade de germinação). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando-se o programa computacional SAS, Selegen e RStudio. Na análise de variância conjunta foi constatado efeito significativo para safra em todas caracteres analisadas, caracterizando a influência das safras e indicando diferença entre os ambientes de avaliação. Foi possível alocar os genótipos de milho em grupos heteróticos a partir dos métodos de agrupamento. A correlação linear de Pearson variou de -0,511 (entre quebramento e produtividade) a 0,987 (entre primeira contagem de emergência e emergência final). A partir do Directed Acyclic Graph é possível observar a correlação entre caracteres agronômicos e caracteres relacionados à qualidade de sementes de milho. Assim, os genótipos de milho foram alocados quanto à divergência a partir das análises multivariadas de agrupamento K-médias e Tocher. Foi possível identificar sete grupos divergêntes pelo método Kmédias e 21 pelo método Tocher. E também, observa-se pouca correlação existente entre os caracteres agronômicos e os caracteres relacionados à qualidade de sementes de milho. / The main objectives of the research were: to allocate corn genotypes in divergent groups by the multivariate approach and to correlate agronomic traits with traits related to maize seed quality. For allocation in heterotic groups, two multivariate methods, K-means method and Tocher method were used. Based on the evaluation of agronomic characters (plant height, relative position of the spike, lodging, breaking, prolificacy and grain yield), 229 partially inbred lines (S3) were evaluated, evaluated in three harvests. Already for the correlation between characters were used the methods Bayesian Networks and simple linear correlation of Pearson. The evaluated traits of 31 corn genotypes were agronomic characteristics (plant height, relative position of the spike, lodging, breaking, prolificacy and grain yield) evaluated in three harvests, and seed characteristics (first germination count, germination endpoint, first emergency count, final emergency and germination speed index). Statistical analyzes were performed using the SAS software, Selegen and RStudio. In the analysis of joint variance it was verified a significant effect for harvest in all characters analyzed, characterizing the influence of the crops and indicating difference between the evaluation environments. It was possible to allocate the maize genotypes to heterotic groups from the clustering methods. Pearson's linear correlation ranged from -0.511 (between breakage and productivity) to 0.987 (between first emergency count and final emergency). From the Directed Acyclic Graph it is possible to observe the correlation between agronomic characters and characters related to the quality of maize seeds. Thus, maize genotypes were allocated for divergence from the multivariate K-medium and Tocher cluster analyzes. It was possible to identify seven divergent groups by the K-means method and 21 by the Tocher method. Also, there is little correlation between agronomic characters and traits related to maize seed quality.

Orientadores: Sergio Luiz Monteiro Salles Filho, Joaquim Aparecido Machado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T16:49:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Teixeira_RodrigodeAraujo_M.pdf: 1898284 bytes, checksum: 7f4f79bdbc57f0300d6cb5efbaadaf52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: A produção de sementes melhoradas tecnologicamente é um fator de grande importância para o desempenho econômico da agricultura em nível mundial. Para o Brasil, o melhoramento genético vegetal é uma das atividades mais relevantes da pesquisa agropecuária nacional, tendo produzido resultados que contribuíram significativamente para os principais ganhos qualitativos e quantitativos alcançados pela agricultura brasileira ao longo das últimas décadas. Apesar do grande sucesso dos programas de melhoramento genético vegetal no país, com mais de um século de capacitação nessa área do conhecimento, muitos eventos têm modificado o equilíbrio deste segmento de inovação, alterando as relações entre a oferta e a demanda de tecnologias. O presente trabalho de dissertação busca discutir as perspectivas de capacitação e desenvolvimento tecnológico no campo do melhoramento genético de plantas para o futuro próximo (5 a 10 anos), buscando elementos que apóiem a formulação de políticas essenciais para manutenção e fortalecimento da competência instalada no Brasil frente ao avanço muito rápido do conhecimento, nos campos da biotecnologia, da tecnologia da informação e das tecnologias de plantio / Abstract: Genetic improvement is a factor of great importance for the economic performance of agriculture in world-wide level. For Brazil, plant breeding is one of the most outstanding of the national agronomy research, having produced results that have contributed significantly for the main qualitative and quantitative advances obtained by Brazilian agriculture over the last decades. Despite the great success of the programs of plant breeding in the country, with more than a century of qualified activities in this area of knowledge, many events have modified the balance of this segment of innovation, modifying the relations between the offer and the demand of technologies.This dissertation search to argue the perspectives of qualification and technological development in the field of the genetic breeding of plants for the near future (5-10 years), searching elements to support the elaboration of essential policies for maintenance and strengthening of the ability installed in Brazil in face of the very fast advance of the knowledge, in the fields of the biotechnology and the information technology / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

M.Sc. (Botany) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Chromosome doubling has become an important tool in breeding programmes as it offers the ability of introducing novel traits into existing plants. Doubled haploid plants are highly valued by both consumers and breeders as these plants usually show larger flower, leaves and fruit, thus making them more marketable. Marianna open pollinated plum rootstocks’ adaptability to different soil types and moisture conditions has been favoured in polyploidy studies as parental material in breeding programmes. The potential of the microtubule depolymerizing herbicide (oryzalin) for in vitro chromosome doubling were investigated by optimizing the concentration and incubation time of plant shoots to the antimitotic agent. Meristem tissues were treated for two time intervals (24 and 48 h) with five different concentrations of oryzalin (50, 75, 100, 150 or 200 μM) in liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. After treatment, plants were allowed to grow under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod at 24±2˚C for 4 weeks. One and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was used to separate, visualise and identify differently expressed proteins. Furthermore, changes in ROS accumulation, photosynthetic pigmentation, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, APX and GR) were investigated. Flow cytometry results revealed that treatment of plants with oryzalin concentrations ranging from 75 to 150 μM induced ploidy after 24 h exposure whereas, 200 μM produced mixoploids containing both tetraploid and octoploids plants after 24 h exposure. Longer incubations of 48 h were detrimental to plant tissues as complete mortality was observed in the higher concentration (100 to 200 μM) treatments. Mass spectrometry analysis identified 14 differentially expressed protein spots that were characterized into different functional categories. ROS accumulation, the extent of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity were differentially regulated in response to oryzalin treatment whereas photosynthetic pigments were significantly enhanced. The results suggests that oryzalin-induced proteins may act as potential biomarkers to improve fruit characteristics in future breeding programs whereas antioxidant enzymes play an important role in scavenging ROS in plants to enhance their adaptability to different environmental conditions.

Three crosses were used to study the inheritance of the sedimentation properties in hard red winter wheat. The parents of the three crosses were the variety Delmar, and the breeding lines 217-61- 7-14 and 217 - 19- 5. Delmar has high sedimentation properties, 217-6 1-7-14 is intermediate, and 217-19-5 has very poor sedimentation qualities. Sedimentation tests were run on five replications of the parents and 300 samples of the F3 populations in each cross. A semi-micro sedimentation test (a one-fourth scale test) was run on 200 F2 plants and the F1's from each cross. The distributions from each cross were analyzed and the type of gene action and possible number of genes involved were estimated. There were two general trends apparent in the progeny of all three crosses. (1) In the F2 generation there were more low parental types than high parental types recovered. This situation was reversed in each of the F3 populations where more high parental types were recovered than the low parental types (2) All three F3means were about 10 units higher than their respective F2 means. The type of gene action appeared to be mainly additive but with some partial dominance for the high parent in each cross . Depending on the cross, from one to three genes were estimated to be functioning in the determination of the sedimentation properties.

The assignment of genetic factors to definite loci in the hereditary mechanism has been a great step in the progress of biology. Of the cereal crops, barley (Hordeum sp.), a crop of economic importance, offers a superior opportunity for genetic studies. Its adaptation to wide varieties of conditions, with a wealth of easily differentiated characters and only seven pairs of chromosomes, the barley plant provides excellent material for linkage studies. Although there is a vast amount of literature dealing with inheritance in barley, yet knowledge of the subject is still very limited. The mode of inheritance of about one hundred characters has been studied and linkage relations of nearly thirty-five characters have been made. The location of a relatively large number of them is still unknown. All the seven linkage groups are established and distinct viable characters are available in six of them, although but few in some cases. The desirability of making further studies in this crop is quite apparent. This manuscript contains the results of observations and experiments with sixteen characters which include three new characters not reported in the literature. All character pairs in each cross studied were checked for possible linkages or independence. The importance of such a study in the future improvement of the barley crop needs no emphasis.

Abiotic stress tolerance and biotic stress resistance have long been targets for trait improvement in the field of plant breeding. To date, much of the target crop focus has been centered on commodity crops such as corn, soybean, wheat, and rice. However, little work has been conducted on improvement of these traits in forage grasses. This is due to a number of issues, particularly that most species are obligately outcrossing, the traits are governed by many genes at unknown loci, and are greatly affected by environmental variation. This creates major complications in successfully selecting and breeding populations of forage grasses tolerant to extreme high or low temperatures, as well as disease resistance. Recurrent phenotypic selection was used to select elite individuals of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) that expressed improved germination at high temperature. Selections were conducted within growth chambers at fixed temperature and light regimes (40/30 DEGREES C, 12/12 hr, light/darkness) to eliminate environmental variation. Following three cycles of selection, we observed gains (P LESSTHAN 0.001) in selection over the base population for both species. Annual ryegrass mean cumulative germination for cycle 3 peaked at 45.8%, and orchardgrass mean cumulative germination for cycle 3 peaked at 82.67%. Further selection of annual ryegrass for freezing tolerance was also conducted. Flats of unselected germplasm were grown to the three-leaf stage, then frozen for nine hours. Significant differences (P LESSTHAN 0.05) in freezing tolerance were observed between selected germplasm in both cycle 1 (0.076%) and cycle 2 (0.125%) over the unselected cycle 0 (0.025%). Finally, initial stages of resistance breeding work were conducted involving gray leaf spot (causal agent Pyricularia grisea Cke. [Sacc.]) on annual ryegrass. Isolates of the pathogen were obtained and stored for future use. It was determined that the actual pathogen species responsible was Pyricularia oryzae Cavara. Future work for annual ryegrass and orchardgrass germplasm that germinates at high temperatures will involve variety testing and cultivar release. Freezing tolerance and disease resistance work will require larger-scale screening methodology that was able to be conducted in this work to acquire sufficient population sizes for breeding.

Understanding of grass genome structure and evolution has been significantly advanced through comparative genomics. The genomes of most cool-season forage and turf grasses, belonging to the Pooideae subfamily of the grasses, remain understudied. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) is one of the most important cool-season turfgrasses due to its low mowing tolerance and aggressive growth habit. An RFLP genetic map of creeping bentgrass using 229 RFLP markers derived from cereal and creeping bentgrass EST-RFLP probes was constructed for a comparative genome analysis. This genetic map was compared with those of perennial ryegrass, oat, wheat, and rice. Large-scale chromosomal rearrangements between the map of creeping bentgrass and the respective maps of the Triticeae, oat, and rice were observed. However, no evidence of chromosomal rearrangements between the maps of creeping bentgrass and perennial ryegrass was detected, suggesting that these recently domesticated species might be closely related than expected. Further comparative genome analysis of creeping bentgrass was performed with the genome sequences of Brachypodium distachyon using sequences of the above-mentioned RFLP mapped markers and 8,470 publicly available A. stolonifera EST (AgEST) sequences. A total of 24 syntenic blocks were identified between the Agrostis linkage groups and the B. distachyon chromosomes. Orthologous loci of AgESTs (678) were identified in the B. distachyon genome, and these loci can be utilized in further comparative mapping of Pooideae species. Insights from comparative genomics with B. distachyon will be useful for genetic improvement of Agrostis spp. and provide a better understanding of the evolution of the Pooideae species.

Studies of the inheritance of morphological traits contribute to the understanding of peanut genetics. Investigations of the fertility and cytogenetics of interspecific progenies between Arachis hypogaea and wild Arachis species have provided invaluable information on the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Arachis and on the amphidiploid nature of peanut. However, the inheritance of morphological traits using interspecific progenies has not been elucidated to date. The objective of this study was to identify and to analyze genetic factors controlling growth habit, stem color, root nodulation, and leaflet size in peanut. F1 and F2 progenies were obtained from diallel crosses between A. hypogaea cvs. Argentine and T2442, and A. monticola. Fz progenies and parents were grown at the Tidewater Agricultural Experiment Station in 1985. F1 plants were grown in the greenhouse in 1986. Five, six, and seven phenotypic classes, respectively, were assigned to characterize growth habit, stem color, and leaflet size. Root nodulation was indirectly determined through leaf color. Chi-squares were computed to test homogeneity of reciprocal crosses and genetic ratios for growth habit, stem color, and root nodulation. Leaflet size distributions were analyzed graphically and independence of inheritance was tested among all traits studied. Analysis of results indicates that: 1) growth habit may be determined by four genes having two types of isoalleles, 2) the relationship between and within these four genes may be essentially additive, 3) all loci may not contribute with the same weight to growth habit phenotype, 4) purple and green pigmentations may be determined by two distinctive sets of epistatic genes, 5) the two genes responsible for green pigmentation may be duplicate, 6) more than two types of alleles may have been involved for one or more loci responsible for stem color, 7) root nodulation may be determined by three independent non-duplicate genes, 8) leaflet size may be quasi-quantitatively determined in peanut, 9) extranuclear factors may interact additively and/or epistaticly with nuclear factors determining growth habit, stem color, and leaflet size, 10) the relatively high number of segregating loci observed for all the traits studied may have resulted from the use of A. monticola as one of the parents, and 11) extranuclear factors may induce or modify relationships between traits when they interfere with nuclear genes determining these traits. / M.S.