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Tesis por compendio / [ES] Los virus de plantas poseen la capacidad de parasitar células vegetales y poner a su disposición la maquinaria celular de la planta para la síntesis de sus propias proteínas. Aprovechando esta capacidad, la ingeniería genética ha dirigido muchos de sus esfuerzos en la modificación del genoma viral para utilizar los virus de plantas como vectores de expresión de proteínas de interés humano. Los potyvirus son un grupo de virus de plantas ampliamente estudiado y utilizado en biotecnología. Su genoma está formado por un RNA de cadena sencilla que codifica, principalmente, una poliproteína que se procesa para dar aproximadamente 10 proteínas maduras. En diferentes posiciones intercistrónicas se pueden insertar cDNAs que codifican proteínas de interés, las cuales se producen junto al resto de productos de la poliproteína. Si además estos cDNAs se flanquean por secuencias que codifican los sitios de procesamiento específicos de las proteasas virales, las proteínas heterólogas se liberan eficientemente de la poliproteína viral. Así, la inserción de un cDNA correspondiente al factor de transcripción Rosea1 de la ruta de las antocianinas en distintos potyvirus resulta en la biosíntesis de estos compuestos en las células vegetales infectadas. Las antocianinas son compuestos flavonoides coloreados que se pueden observar a simple vista, por lo que la expresión de Rosea1 es una herramienta biotecnológica muy útil para seguir la infección de virus de plantas. En esta Tesis se han investigado diferentes aplicaciones biotecnológicas basadas en la expresión del factor de transcripción Rosea1 y la consecuente acumulación de antocianinas en el contexto de la biología de los potyvirus. Primero, se construyó un clon del virus del mosaico amarillo del calabacín (ZYMV) etiquetado con Rosea1 (ZYMV-Ros1). El ZYMV es capaz de replicarse a nivel local pero no de moverse a larga distancia en plantas de Nicotiana benthamiana. Un análisis de la infección por ZYMV-Ros1 en una serie de plantas transgénicas de N. benthamiana silenciadas en distintas RNasas de tipo Dicer (DCL) permitió profundizar en el conocimiento de los mecanismos defensivos de la planta frente a este virus. Los resultados indicaron que DCL4 está implicada en restringir el movimiento sistémico del virus, ya que en plantas con este gen silenciado el virus es capaz de moverse a larga distancia. Además, las antocianinas tienen un gran interés nutricional, farmacéutico e incluso industrial, por su gran actividad antioxidante. Un clon viral derivado del virus Y de la patata (PVY) que expresaba Rosea1 (PVY-Ros1) indujo la acumulación de más antocianinas que las que contienen frutas y verduras que son fuente rica de estos valiosos antioxidantes. Este mismo clon PVY-Ros1 también se utilizó para estudiar la transmisión del virus mediante áfidos vectores, observándose como estos provocan frecuentemente el inicio de la infección en el tejido vascular. Este mismo clon viral permitió mostrar visualmente el efecto antiviral que tienen las nanopartículas de plata en plantas. Por último, en esta Tesis se combinó el factor de transcripción Rosea1 con distintas proteasas de los potyvirus para crear circuitos lógicos de regulación génica en plantas. Se observó que la fusión de distintas proteínas virales, como la proteína de inclusión nuclear b (NIb) de los potyvirus o fragmentos de ella, al extremo carboxilo terminal de Rosea1 inhibía la actividad del factor de transcripción. Sin embargo, la acumulación de antocianinas se pudo restablecer insertando sitios de reconocimiento de proteasas virales entre ambas partes y coexpresando tales proteasas. La especificidad de corte y la eficiente actividad catalítica de las proteasas de inclusión nuclear a (NIaPro) del virus del grabado del tabaco (TEV) y del virus de las venas moteadas del tabaco (TVMV) permitió construir circuitos genéticos basados en regulación postranscripcional que son capaces de realizar algunas operaciones lógicas básicas (YES, OR y AND) en tejidos vegetales. / [CA] Els virus de plantes posseeixen la capacitat de parasitar cèl·lules vegetals i posar a la seva disposició la maquinària cel·lular de la planta per a la síntesi de les seves pròpies proteïnes. Aprofitant aquesta capacitat, l'enginyeria genètica ha dirigit molts dels seus esforços a la modificació del genoma viral per utilitzar els virus de plantes com a vectors d'expressió de proteïnes d'interès humà. Els potyvirus són un grup de virus de plantes àmpliament estudiat i utilitzat en biotecnologia. El seu genoma està format per un RNA de cadena senzilla que codifica, principalment, una poliproteïna que es processa per donar aproximadament 10 proteïnes madures. En diferents posicions intercistróniques es poden inserir cDNAs que codifiquen proteïnes d'interès, les quals es produeixen alhora amb la resta de productes de la poliproteïna. Si a més aquests cDNAs es flanquegen per seqüències que codifiquen els llocs de processament específics de les proteases virals, les proteïnes heteròlogues s'alliberen eficientment de la poliproteïna viral. Així, la inserció d'un cDNA corresponent al factor de transcripció Rosea1 de la ruta de les antocianines en diferents potyvirus resulta en la biosíntesi d'aquests compostos en les cèl·lules vegetals infectades. Les antocianines són compostos flavonoides colorits que es poden observar a simple vista, de manera que l'expressió de Rosea1 és una eina biotecnològica molt útil per seguir la infecció de virus de plantes. En aquesta Tesi s'han investigat diferents aplicacions biotecnològiques basades en l'expressió del factor de transcripció Rosea1 i la conseqüent acumulació d'antocianines en el context de la biologia dels potyvirus. Primer, es va construir un clon del virus del mosaic groc del carbassó (ZYMV) etiquetat amb Rosea1 (ZYMV-Ros1). El ZYMV és capaç de replicar-se a nivell local però no de moure's a llarga distància en plantes de Nicotiana benthamiana. Un anàlisi de la infecció per ZYMV-Ros1 en una sèrie de plantes transgèniques de N. benthamiana silenciades en diferents RNases de tipus Dicer (DCL) va permetre aprofundir en el coneixement dels mecanismes defensius de la planta front aquest virus. Els resultats van indicar que DCL4 està implicada en restringir el moviment sistèmic del virus, ja que en plantes amb aquest gen silenciat el virus és capaç de moure's a llarga distància. A més, les antocianines són objecte d'un gran interès nutricional, farmacèutic i fins i tot industrial, per la seva gran activitat antioxidant. Un clon viral derivat del virus Y de la patata (PVY) que expressava Rosea1 (PVY-Ros1) va induir l'acumulació de més antocianines que les que contenen fruites i verdures que són font rica d'aquests valuosos antioxidants. Aquest mateix clon PVY-Ros1 es va utilitzar per estudiar la transmissió del virus mitjançant àfids vectors, observant com aquests provoquen freqüentment l'inici de la infecció en el teixit vascular. Aquest mateix clon viral també va permetre mostrar visualment l'efecte antiviral que tenen les nanopartícules de plata en plantes. Finalment, en aquesta Tesi es va combinar el factor de transcripció Rosea1 amb diferents proteases dels potyvirus per crear circuits lògics de regulació gènica en plantes. Es va observar que la fusió de diferents proteïnes virals, com la proteïna d'inclusió nuclear b (NIb) dels potyvirus o fragments d'ella, a l'extrem carboxil terminal de Rosea1 inhibia l'activitat del factor de transcripció. No obstant això, l'acumulació d'antocianines es va poder restablir inserint llocs de reconeixement de les proteases virals entre les dues parts i coexpressant aquestes proteases. L'especificitat de tall i l'eficient activitat catalítica de les proteases d'inclusió nuclear a (NIaPro) del virus del gravat del tabac (TEV) i del virus de les venes clapejades del tabac (TVMV) va permetre construir circuits genètics basats en regulació postranscripcional que són capaços de realitzar algunes operacions lògiques bàsiques (YES, OR i AND) en teixits vegetals. / [EN] Plant viruses have the ability to parasitize plant cells and use the plant cellular machinery for the synthesis of their own proteins. Taking advantage of this capacity, genetic engineering has focused many of its efforts in modifying the viral genome in order to use modified plant viruses as expression vectors of proteins of human interest. These proteins are stored in host plants that act as low-cost and highly secure biofactories. Potyviruses are a group of plant viruses widely studied and used in biotechnology. Their genome consist of a single-stranded RNA that mainly encodes a polyprotein that is processed in approximately 10 mature proteins. cDNAs flanked by protease specific processing sequences can be inserted in different intercistronic positions and efficiently processed by the viral proteases to produce proteins of interest together with the rest of the viral polyprotein products. Thus, the insertion of the cDNA corresponding to the transcription factor Rosea1 of the anthocyanin pathway in different potyviruses results in the biosynthesis of these compounds in infected plant cells. Anthocyanins are colored flavonoid compounds that can be observed with the naked eye, and thus, the expression of Rosea1 is a very useful biotechnological tool to follow the infection of plant viruses. In this work, we provided different biotechnological applications based on the expression of this transcription factor and the consequent accumulation of anthocyanins in the context of potyvirus biology. First, a zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV, genus Potyvirus) clone tagged with Rosea1 (ZYMV-Ros1) was constructed. ZYMV is able to replicate locally but not to move long distances in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We analyzed the infection by ZYMV-Ros1 in a series of N. benthamiana transgenic plants in which the different Dicer-like (DCL) RNases were slilenced. The results showed that DCL4 is involved in restricting the systemic movement of the virus in N. benthamiana plants. This study allowed to deepen the knowledge of the defense mechanisms of the plant against this virus. Besides their biotechnological potential as markers of biological activities, anthocyanins have great nutritional, pharmaceutical and even industrial interest due to their high antioxidant activity. We found that a potato virus Y clone (PVY; genus Potyvirus) expressing Rosea1 (PVY-Ros1) induced the accumulation of a higher amount of anthocyanins than those contained in fruits and vegetables that are a rich source of these valuable antioxidants. The PVY-Ros1 clone was also used to study the transmission of the virus by aphid vectors. We observed that aphids frequently initiate infection in vascular tissue. This viral clone also allowed to visually show the antiviral effect of silver nanoparticles in plants. Finally, in this work, the Rosea1 transcription factor was combined with different potyvirus proteases to create genetic circuits in plants. We observed that the fusion of the nuclear inclusion protein b (NIb) of potyviruses, or fragments of it, to the carboxyl terminal end of Rosea1 inhibited the activity of the transcription factor. However, the accumulation of anthocyanins could be restored by inserting viral protease recognition sites in between NIb and Rosea1 and co-expressing those proteases. The cleavage specificity and the efficient catalytic activity of nuclear inclusion a proteases (NIaPro) of tobacco etch virus (TEV; genus Potyvirus) and tobacco spotted vein virus (TVMV; genus Potyvirus) allowed the construction of genetic circuits based on post-transcriptional regulation that are capable of performing some basic logical operations (YES, OR and AND) in plant tissues. / This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO) through grants BIO2014-54269-R and AGL2013-49919-EXP, and by the Greek Ministry for Education and Religious Affairs (Program Aristeia II, 4499, ViroidmiR; ESPA 2007-2013). This research was supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (Spain) grants AGL2013-49919-EXP, BIO2014-54269-R, BFU2015-66894-P and BIO2017-83184-R (co-financed FEDER funds) and by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UK) grant BB/M017982/1. / Cordero Cucart, MT. (2021). Aplicaciones del factor de transcripción Rosea1 de la ruta de las antocianinas como marcador visual en virología molecular y biotecnología de plantas [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/171455 / Compendio

Trifolium L. (clover) are annual or perennial species established in pasturelands to improve forage productivity and quality. In the southeastern United States, Trifolium repens L. (white clover) and Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) are important species, susceptible to virus infection. Objectives of this research were to isolate bean yellow mosaic (BYMV), clover yellow vein (CYVV) and peanut stunt (PSV) viruses from naturally infected white and red clovers from different locations in Virginia; and, to compare Indirect Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (i-ELISA) and tissue immunoblot assay (TIBA) as methods for virus detection. A total of five white clover samples from Augusta, Richmond and Washington Counties were positive against CYVV antiserum and four white clover samples from Augusta County were positive against PSV antiserum. Single red clover samples from Frederick and Montgomery Counties were positive against BYMV antiserum. There were notable differences in host range with samples that tested positive for CYVV and BYMV, indicating they may be different strains. PSV was evenly distributed in the plant, whereas CYVV was higher in older plant parts. Viruses were successfully detected by blotting leaf samples directly onto membranes, thereby simplifying the sample preparation step. A number of membranes, such as nitrocellulose, nylon, chromatography paper, filter paper and writing pad could be used to detect viruses. In terms of specificity, immunoblots were equal or superior to i-ELISA. The TIBA should be useful in support of breeding and plant pathology studies as it is simple and rapid, and is less laborious and less expensive than i-ELISA. / Master of Science

As viroses causam perdas significativas na cultura do melão. Dentre essas, o vírus do mosaico amarelo da abobrinha-de-moita (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus- ZYMV) possui grande importância para a cultura e é encontrado em todos os locais de plantio de cucurbitáceas. O controle desse vírus através da resistência genética é a forma mais eficiente de manejo. O acesso PI414723 é a única fonte de resistência de meloeiro ao ZYMV. Essa resistência é oligogênica e supostamente condicionada por três genes dominantes: Zym-1, Zym-2 e Zym-3. A localização cromossômica do gene Zym-1 já foi confirmada no grupo de ligação 2, próximo ao marcador CMAG36. Entretanto, a localização de Zym-2 ainda carece de confirmação experimental, muito embora existam evidências de sua localização no grupo de ligação 10 (LGX). Sendo assim, um dos objetivos do presente trabalho foi confirmar a localização do gene Zym-2 através de análises de ligação com marcadores microssatélites (SSRs). Para tanto, foi utilizada uma população F2 derivada do cruzamento PI414723 x \'Védrantais\'. As plantas foram inoculadas mecanicamente com o isolado RN6-F, patótipo 0, duas vezes em um intervalo de 24 h. A confirmação da infecção e a quantificação dos títulos virais nas plantas F2 foram realizadas através do teste PTA-ELISA. O DNA genômico das plantas foi extraído da primeira folha verdadeira e utilizado nas reações de PCR com primers específicos para SSRs selecionados pertencentes ao LGX. Observou-se uma distribuição assimétrica de classes de absorbância e maior frequência de indivíduos F2 na classe com menor valor (0,1 a 0,2), sugerindo a existência de um gene de efeito maior. O teste chi-quadrado mostrou que todos os marcadores segregaram na frequência esperada (1:2:1), exceto o marcador CMCT134b. A ligação do Zym-2 aos marcadores foi confirmada por meio de regressão linear simples. Dos marcadores analisados, a regressão linear foi significativa para MU6549 e CMBR55, com p-valores de 0,011 e 0,0054, respectivamente. As análises de ligação mostraram que as ordens e as distâncias entre os marcadores condizem com os mapas presentes na literatura. Um segundo objetivo do estudo foi o de avaliar a reação ao ZYMV de 42 acessos de meloeiro oriundos da região Nordeste do Brasil, com o intuito de explorar novas fontes de resistência. Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando a mesma metodologia citada anteriormente. O título viral médio entre os acessos variou de 0,123 a 0,621 no experimento 1 e de 0,019 a 0,368 no experimento 2. Alguns acessos apresentaram consistentemente baixos títulos virais, próximos aos do acesso resistente PI414723 e dos controles negativos (plantas não inoculadas da cultivar \'Védrantais\'). Portanto, estes acessos mostram-se como potenciais fontes de resistência ao vírus para o emprego em programas de melhoramento. / Viruses cause significant losses in the melon crop. Among these, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is of great importance and is ubiquitous in cucurbit crops. The control of this virus through genetic resistance is the most efficient management strategy. PI414723 is the only source of resistance to ZYMV in melon. This resistance is oligogenic and is supposed to be conditioned by three dominant genes: Zym-1, Zym-2 and Zym-3. While the chromosomal location of Zym-1 gene has been determined to be close to the CMAG36 marker in linkage group 2, the location of Zym-2 still lacks experimental confirmation, although there is some preliminary evidence that it is located in the linkage group 10 (LGX). Thus, one objective of this study was to confirm the chromosomal location of Zym-2 through linkage analysis with microsatellite markers (SSRs). To this, F2 plants population derived from the cross PI414723 x \'Védrantais\' were used as a segregating population. The plants were mechanically inoculated twice with isolate RN6-F, pathotype 0, at an interval of 24h. Confirmation of the infection and the quantification of viral titers in F2 plants were conducted using the PTA-ELISA technique. Plant genomic DNA was extracted from the first true leaf and used in PCR reactions using specific primers for selected SSRs belonging to LGX. An asymmetric distribution of absorbance classes was observed as well as a higher frequency of F2 individuals in the classes with lower values (0.1 to 0.2), confirming the presence of the major gene Zym-1. The chi-square test showed that all markers segregated according to the expected frequency (1: 2: 1), except for the CMCT134b marker. Linkage analysis among markers showed that the orders and distances between markers were consistent with published linkage maps. Linkage of Zym-2 to the markers was investigated by simple linear regression. Of the analyzed markers, the linear regression was significant for MU6549 and CMBR55, with p-values of 0.011 and 0.0054, respectively. Thus, the location of Zym-2 was determined in LGX. A second objective of the study was to evaluate the reaction to ZYMV of 42 melon accessions from the Northeastern Brazil, in order to discover new sources of resistance. For this, two experiments were conducted using the same inoculation and evaluation procedures previously described. The mean viral titer between accessions ranged from 0.123 to 0.621 in experiment 1 and between 0.019 to 0.368 in the experiment 2. Some accessions consistently showed low viral titers, similar to the resistant access PI414723 and the negative controls (non-inoculated plants of the cultivar \'Védrantais\'). Therefore, these accessions are potential sources of resistance to be employed in breeding programs.

Thesis (MSc (Genetics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is regarded as one of the top wine producing countries in the world. One of the threats to the sustainability of the wine industry is viral diseases of which Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and Grapevine virus A (GVA) are considered to be the most important and wide spread. Scion material is regularly tested for viruses; however scion material is often grafted onto rootstocks that have questionable phytosanitary status. Virus detection in rootstocks is challenging due to low and varying titres, but is imperative as a viral control mechanism. An additional viral control mechanism is the use of transgenic grapevine material which offers resistance to grapevine infection. The objective of this project was to establish a detection system using real time PCR (qPCR) techniques, to accurately and routinely detect GLRaV-3 and GVA in rootstock propagation material. qPCR would furthermore be used to perform molecular characterisation of transgenic plants containing a GLRaV-3 antiviral ΔHSP-Mut construct. A severely infected vineyard (Nietvoorbij farm) in the Stellenbosch area was screened throughout the grapevine growing season to investigate virus prevalence throughout the season and to determine the optimal time for sensitive virus detection. A large scale screening of nursery propagation material for GLRaV-3 infection was also conducted. The qRT-PCR results were compared to DAS-ELISA results to compare the efficacy and sensitivity of the two techniques. For the severely infected vineyard, the ability to detect GLRaV-3 increased as the season progressed towards winter. qRT-PCR was more sensitive and accurate in detecting GLRaV-3 than DASELISA, as the latter technique delivered numerous false positive results later in the season. The best time to screen for GLRaV-3 in the Western Cape region was from the end of July to September. For the nursery screenings, our qRT-PCR results were compared to the results of the DAS-ELISA performed by the specific nurseries. No GLRaV-3 infection was detected in the specific samples received from the two different nurseries. The results for all the samples correlated between the two techniques. This confirms that the propagation material of these nurseries has a healthy phytosanitary status with regards to GLRaV-3. However, the detection of GVA in the severely infected vineyard yielded inconsistent results. Detection ability fluctuated throughout the season and no specific trend in seasonal variation and virus titre fluctuation could be established. The highest percentage of GVA infected samples were detected during September, April and the end of July. Previously published universal primers were used for the detection of GVA, but further investigation indicated that they might not be suitable for sensitive detection of specific GVA variants present in South Africa. Vitis vinifera was transformed with a GLRaV-3 antiviral construct, ΔHSP-Mut. SYBR Green Real time PCR (qPCR) and qRT-PCR were utilised as alternative methods for molecular characterisation of transgenic plants. The qPCR and Southern blot results correlated for 76.5% of the samples. This illustrated the ability of qPCR to accurately estimate transgene copy numbers. Various samples were identified during qRT-PCR amplification that exhibited high mRNA expression levels of the transgene. These samples are ideal for further viral resistance studies. This study illustrated that the versatility of real time PCR renders it a valuable tool for accurate virus detection as well as copy number determination. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid Afrika word geag as een van die top wyn produserende lande ter wereld. Die volhoubaarheid van die wynbedryf word onder andere bedreig deur virus-infeksies. Grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) en Grapevine virus A (GVA) is van die mees belangrike virusse wat siektes veroorsaak in Suid-Afrikaanse wingerde. Wingerd bo-stok materiaal word gereeld getoets vir hierdie virusse, maar hierdie materiaal word meestal geënt op onderstokmateriaal waarvan die virus status onbekend is. Virus opsporing in onderstokke word egter gekompliseer deur baie lae en variërende virus konsentrasies, maar opsporing in voortplantingsmateriaal is ‘n noodsaaklike beheermeganisme vir virus-infeksie. Die doel van die projek was om ‘n opsporingsisteem te ontwikkel via kwantitatiewe PCR (qPCR) tegnieke vir akkurate en gereelde toetsing van GLRaV-3 en GVA in onderstokmateriaal. qPCR sal ook verder gebruik word vir molekulêre karakterisering van transgeniese plante wat ‘n GLRaV-3 antivirale ΔHSP-Mut konstruk bevat. ‘n Hoogs geïnfekteerde wingerd was regdeur die seisoen getoets om seisoenale fluktuasies in viruskonsentrasie te ondersoek en om die optimale tydstip vir sensitiewe virus opsporing te bepaal. ‘n Grootskaalse toetsing van kwekery voortplantingsmateriaal vir GLRaV-3 infeksie was ook uitgevoer. Die qRT-PCR resultate is met die DAS-ELISA resultate vergelyk om die effektiwiteit en sensitiwiteit van die twee tegnieke te vergelyk. Vir die hoogs geïnfekteerde wingerd het die GLRaV-3 opsporing toegeneem met die verloop van die seisoen tot en met winter. qRT-PCR was meer sensitief en akkuraat as DAS-ELISA in die opsporing van GLRaV-3, weens verskeie vals positiewe resultate wat later in die seisoen deur die laasgenoemde tegniek verkry is. Die beste tyd om vir GLRaV-3 te toets is vanaf einde Julie tot September. Tydens die kwekery toetsings was qRT-PCR resultate met die DAS-ELISA resultate van die spesifieke kwekerye vergelyk. Geen GLRaV-3 infeksie was waargeneem in die spesifieke monsters wat vanaf die kwekerye ontvang is nie. Die resultate van die twee tegnieke het ooreengestem vir al die monsters wat v getoets is. Dit het bevestig dat die voortplantingsmateriaal van hierdie kwekerye gesonde fitosanitêre status met betrekking tot GLRaV-3 gehad het. Die opsporing van GVA in die geïnfekteerde wingerd het egter wisselvallige resultate gelewer. Opsporing van die virus het ook regdeur die seisoen gefluktueer en geen spesifieke neiging in seisoenale opsporingsvermoë kon gemaak word nie. Die hoogste persentasie GVA geïnfekteerde monsters was waargeneem tydens September, April en die einde van Julie. Voorheen gepubliseerde universele inleiers was gebruik vir die opsporing van GVA, maar verdere ondersoeke het getoon dat hierdie inleiers nie noodwendig geskik is vir sensitiewe opsporing van GVA variante wat teenwoordig is in Suid-Afrika nie. Vitis vinifera was getransformeer met ‘n GLRaV-3 antivirale konstruct, ΔHSP-Mut. SYBR Green Real time PCR (qPCR) en qRT-PCR was ingespan as alternatiewe metodes vir molekulêre karaterisering van transgeniese plante. Die qPCR en Southern-klad resultate het ooreengestem vir 76.5% van die monsters. Dit illustreer die vermoë van qPCR om akkurate kopie-getalle van transgene te bepaal. Verskeie plante is geïdentifiseer tydens qRT-PCR amplifisering wat hoë vlakke van transgeen mRNA uitdrukking getoon het. Hierdie monsters is ideaal vir verdere virus weerstandbiedendheids studies. Hierdie studie het die veelsydigheid van real time PCR bewys en getoon dat dit ‘n kosbare tegniek is vir akkurate virus opsporing sowel as kopie-getal bepaling.

Les polérovirus infectent une large gamme de plantes d’intérêt économique. Ils sont transmis par un insecte vecteur, le puceron, selon le mode circulant non-multipliant. Le virus, acquis par le puceron lors de l’ingestion de sève sur une plante infectée, traverse l’épithélium des cellules intestinales puis celui des glandes salivaires par un mécanisme de transcytose impliquant des récepteurs encore inconnus. Le récepteur de l’éphrine (Eph) est une protéine membranaire dont un domaine est capable de se lier dans la levure aux protéines structurales des polérovirus. En développant des techniques basées sur l’ARN interférence, nous avons montré que l’acquisition orale d’ARN double brin ciblant Eph chez le puceron Myzus persicae permet de réduire de manière reproductible l’internalisation des polérovirus dans le corps du puceron. Les pucerons ainsi traités transmettent le virus avec une efficacité réduite. Eph pourrait donc assurer la fonction de récepteur des polérovirus chez M. persicae. / Poleroviruses infect a wide range of economically important plants. They are transmitted in a circulative and non-propagative mode by an insect vector, the aphid. The virus particles are acquired by aphids when ingesting the sap from an infected plant and cross successively the epithelia of the midgut and the salivary gland cells by a transcytosis mechanism that relies on the presence of unknown receptors.The ephrin receptor (Eph) is a membrane protein which contains a domain able to bind in yeast to the structural proteins of poleroviruses. By developing methods based on RNA interference, we have shown that oral acquisition of double-stranded RNA targeting Eph in the aphid Myzus persicae can reproducibly reduce polerovirus internalization into the aphid's body. Such treated aphids transmit the virus to plants with a lower efficiency. Eph could therefore function as a receptor for poleroviruses in M. persicae.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:42:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 7011501 bytes, checksum: 91e769b2bb42693898b81b66b463f1e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-03 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Receptores cinases (RLKs) compõem uma grande famíla de proteínas transmembrânicas que possuem funções importantes na propagação e percepção de sinais celulares nas plantas. Em Arabidopsis thaliana, a superfamília de RLK é composta de mais de 600 membros e vários destes, principalmente aqueles que possuem repetições ricas em leucina (LRR), são considerados excelentes alvos para manipulação molecular em cultivares superiores no intuito de aumentar a produtividade e a resistência contra estresses bióticos e abióticos. A subfamília LRRII é particularmente relevante neste aspecto uma vez que seus membros apresentam funções duplas tanto no desenvolvimento quanto na resposta de defesa da planta. Apesar da relevância desta superfamília e da recente finalização do sequenciamento do genoma de tomateiro, a superfamília de RLK de tomate ainda não se encontra caracterizada e são poucos os trabalhos que analisaram a função biológica de seus membros. Neste trabalho, foi construído um inventário completo dos membros da superfamília de RLK de tomate. Para identificar os membros da superfamília RLK em tomate, foi realizado uma análise filogenética utilizando a superfamília de RLK de Arabidopsis como modelo. Um total de 647 RLKs foram recuperados do genoma de tomate e estes encontravam- se organizados no mesmo clado das subfamílias de RLKs de Arabidopsis. Apenas oito das 58 subfamílias exibiram expansão/redução específica no número de menbros comparado com Arabidopsis e apenas seis RLKs foram específicos em tomate, indicando que os RLKs de tomate compartilham aspectos funcionais e estruturais com os RLKs de Arabidopsis. Também foi caracterizado a subfamília LRRII através de análises filogenéticos, genômico, expressão gênica e interação com o fator de virulência de begomovírus, o nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). Os membros da subfamília LRRII de tomate e Arabidopsis demonstraram-se altamente conservados tanto em sequência quanto em estrutura. No entanto, a maioria dos pares ortólogos não mostraram conservados em relação à expressão gênica, indicando que estes ortólogos tenham se divergido na função após a especiação do ancestral comum entre o tomate e Arabidopsis. Baseado no fato de que membros de RLKs de Arabidopsis (NIK1, NIK2, NIK3 e NsAK) interagem com o NSP de begomovirus, foi verificado se ortólogos de NIKs, BAK1 e NsAK interagem com o NSP de Tomato Yellow Spot Virus (ToYSV). Os ortólogos dos genes que interagem com o NSP em tomate, SlNIKs e SlNsAK, interagiram especificamente com NSP na levedura e demonstraram um padrão de expressão consistente com o padrão de infecção de geminivírus. Além de sugerir uma analogia funcional entre estes ortólogos, estes resultados confirmam a observação anterior de que as interações NSP-NIK não são específicos para um vírus ou para um hospedeiro. Portanto, a sinalização antiviral mediado por NIK provavelmente ocorre em tomate, sugerindo que NIKs de tomate sejam alvos potenciais para manipular a resistência contra begomovírus que infectam esta planta. / Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) represent a large family of transmembrane proteins that play important roles in cellular signaling perception and propagation in plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the RLK superfamily is made-up of over 600 proteins and many of these RLKs, mainly those bearing leucine-rich repeats (LRR), have been considered as excellent targets for engineering superior crops with enhancement of yield and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The LRRII-RLK subfamily is particularly relevant due to the dual function of its members in both development and defense. In spite of the relevance of the RLK family and the completion of the tomato genome sequencing, the tomato RLK family has not been characterized and a framework for functional predictions of the members of the family is lacking. In this investigation we disclosed a complete inventory of the members of the tomato RLK family. To generate a complete list of all members of the tomato RLK superfamily, we performed a phylogenetic analysis using the Arabidopsis RLKs as a template. A total of 647 RLKs were identified in the tomato genome, which were organized into the same RLK subfamily clades as Arabidopsis. Only eight of 58 RLK subfamilies exhibited specific expansion/reduction compared to their Arabidopsis counterparts and only six proteins were lineage-specific in tomato, indicating that the tomato RLKs share functional and structural conservation with Arabidopsis. We also characterized the LRRII-RLK family by phylogeny, genomic analysis, expression profile and interaction with the virulence factor from begomoviruses, the nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The LRRII subfamily members from tomato and Arabidopsis were highly conserved in both sequence and structure. Nevertheless, the majority of the orthologous pairs did not display similar conservation in the gene expression profile, indicating that these orthologs may have diverged in function after speciation of tomato and Arabidopsis common ancestor. Based on the fact that members of the Arabidopsis RLK superfamily (NIK1, NIK2, NIK3 and NsAK) interact with the begomovirus nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), we examined whether the tomato orthologs of NIK, BAK1 and NsAK genes interacted with NSP of Tomato Yellow Spot Virus (ToYSV). The tomato orthologs of NSP interactors, SlNIKs and SlNsAK, interacted specifically with NSP in yeast and displayed an expression pattern consistent with the pattern of geminivirus infection. In addition to suggesting a functional analogy between these phylogenetically classified orthologs, these results expand our previous observation that NSP-NIK interactions are neither virus-specific nor host-specific. Therefore, NIK-mediated antiviral signalling is also likely to operate in tomato, suggesting that tomato NIKs may be good targets for engineering resistance against tomato-infecting begomoviruses.

As viroses causam perdas significativas na cultura do melão. Dentre essas, o vírus do mosaico amarelo da abobrinha-de-moita (Zucchini yellow mosaic virus- ZYMV) possui grande importância para a cultura e é encontrado em todos os locais de plantio de cucurbitáceas. O controle desse vírus através da resistência genética é a forma mais eficiente de manejo. O acesso PI414723 é a única fonte de resistência de meloeiro ao ZYMV. Essa resistência é oligogênica e supostamente condicionada por três genes dominantes: Zym-1, Zym-2 e Zym-3. A localização cromossômica do gene Zym-1 já foi confirmada no grupo de ligação 2, próximo ao marcador CMAG36. Entretanto, a localização de Zym-2 ainda carece de confirmação experimental, muito embora existam evidências de sua localização no grupo de ligação 10 (LGX). Sendo assim, um dos objetivos do presente trabalho foi confirmar a localização do gene Zym-2 através de análises de ligação com marcadores microssatélites (SSRs). Para tanto, foi utilizada uma população F2 derivada do cruzamento PI414723 x \'Védrantais\'. As plantas foram inoculadas mecanicamente com o isolado RN6-F, patótipo 0, duas vezes em um intervalo de 24 h. A confirmação da infecção e a quantificação dos títulos virais nas plantas F2 foram realizadas através do teste PTA-ELISA. O DNA genômico das plantas foi extraído da primeira folha verdadeira e utilizado nas reações de PCR com primers específicos para SSRs selecionados pertencentes ao LGX. Observou-se uma distribuição assimétrica de classes de absorbância e maior frequência de indivíduos F2 na classe com menor valor (0,1 a 0,2), sugerindo a existência de um gene de efeito maior. O teste chi-quadrado mostrou que todos os marcadores segregaram na frequência esperada (1:2:1), exceto o marcador CMCT134b. A ligação do Zym-2 aos marcadores foi confirmada por meio de regressão linear simples. Dos marcadores analisados, a regressão linear foi significativa para MU6549 e CMBR55, com p-valores de 0,011 e 0,0054, respectivamente. As análises de ligação mostraram que as ordens e as distâncias entre os marcadores condizem com os mapas presentes na literatura. Um segundo objetivo do estudo foi o de avaliar a reação ao ZYMV de 42 acessos de meloeiro oriundos da região Nordeste do Brasil, com o intuito de explorar novas fontes de resistência. Foram realizados dois experimentos utilizando a mesma metodologia citada anteriormente. O título viral médio entre os acessos variou de 0,123 a 0,621 no experimento 1 e de 0,019 a 0,368 no experimento 2. Alguns acessos apresentaram consistentemente baixos títulos virais, próximos aos do acesso resistente PI414723 e dos controles negativos (plantas não inoculadas da cultivar \'Védrantais\'). Portanto, estes acessos mostram-se como potenciais fontes de resistência ao vírus para o emprego em programas de melhoramento. / Viruses cause significant losses in the melon crop. Among these, Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is of great importance and is ubiquitous in cucurbit crops. The control of this virus through genetic resistance is the most efficient management strategy. PI414723 is the only source of resistance to ZYMV in melon. This resistance is oligogenic and is supposed to be conditioned by three dominant genes: Zym-1, Zym-2 and Zym-3. While the chromosomal location of Zym-1 gene has been determined to be close to the CMAG36 marker in linkage group 2, the location of Zym-2 still lacks experimental confirmation, although there is some preliminary evidence that it is located in the linkage group 10 (LGX). Thus, one objective of this study was to confirm the chromosomal location of Zym-2 through linkage analysis with microsatellite markers (SSRs). To this, F2 plants population derived from the cross PI414723 x \'Védrantais\' were used as a segregating population. The plants were mechanically inoculated twice with isolate RN6-F, pathotype 0, at an interval of 24h. Confirmation of the infection and the quantification of viral titers in F2 plants were conducted using the PTA-ELISA technique. Plant genomic DNA was extracted from the first true leaf and used in PCR reactions using specific primers for selected SSRs belonging to LGX. An asymmetric distribution of absorbance classes was observed as well as a higher frequency of F2 individuals in the classes with lower values (0.1 to 0.2), confirming the presence of the major gene Zym-1. The chi-square test showed that all markers segregated according to the expected frequency (1: 2: 1), except for the CMCT134b marker. Linkage analysis among markers showed that the orders and distances between markers were consistent with published linkage maps. Linkage of Zym-2 to the markers was investigated by simple linear regression. Of the analyzed markers, the linear regression was significant for MU6549 and CMBR55, with p-values of 0.011 and 0.0054, respectively. Thus, the location of Zym-2 was determined in LGX. A second objective of the study was to evaluate the reaction to ZYMV of 42 melon accessions from the Northeastern Brazil, in order to discover new sources of resistance. For this, two experiments were conducted using the same inoculation and evaluation procedures previously described. The mean viral titer between accessions ranged from 0.123 to 0.621 in experiment 1 and between 0.019 to 0.368 in the experiment 2. Some accessions consistently showed low viral titers, similar to the resistant access PI414723 and the negative controls (non-inoculated plants of the cultivar \'Védrantais\'). Therefore, these accessions are potential sources of resistance to be employed in breeding programs.

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