CAPES / A estacionalidade de produção de forragem entre a estação quente e fria do ano é um dos principais problemas da ILP no sul do Brasil. O plantio consorciado de culturas produtoras de grãos e plantas forrageiras é uma alternativa interessante para suprir esta carência. Dentre os fatores que favoreceriam a adoção deste sistema, pode se destacar a alta dispersão do papuã (Brachiaria syn. Urochloa Plantaginea) nas lavouras de milho, uma gramínea de alta produção de forragem, de boa qualidade. Porém, para que um sistema consorciado com o papuã apresente produtividade satisfatória de ambas as espécies é necessário que se considere a redução do seu desenvolvimento inicial pela aplicação de subdoses de herbicidas, garantindo que a competição não onere a produção de grãos de milho. Assim, com o presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar manejos de herbicida e sua influência na produção de grãos de milho e produção de forragem de papuã, em cultivo consorciado. O experimento foi conduzido no período de outubro de 2011 a maio de 2012, na estação experimental do IAPAR, em Pato Branco – PR. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator de tratamento foi composto de três associações e um tratamento de herbicida aplicado à cultura do milho: (1) Atrazina + Óleo; (2) Atrazina + Simazina + Óleo; (3) Atrazina + Nicosulfuron + Óleo; (4) Atrazina + Mesotrione + Óleo. O segundo fator foi composto por três doses das referidas combinações de herbicidas: 100%, 75% e 50% da dose recomendada para controle total do papuã. Foi avaliada uma testemunha composta pela cultura do milho sem manejo do papuã. O estabelecimento da forrageira ocorreu a partir do banco de sementes do solo, proveniente da ressemeadura natural. A cultura do milho foi semeada em sistema de plantio direto, em 04/10/2011, e os herbicidas foram aplicados em 18/10/2011, AOS 14 D.A.S. com o auxilio de um pulverizador costal de CO2 pressurizado. Os resultados demonstraram que o manejo de herbicidas é necessário para se obter boas produtividades de ambas as espécies consorciadas concomitantemente. Na testemunha, a produção de grãos de milho foi substancialmente reduzida (67%). Não houve interação entre os fatores para as variáveis: produção de milho e produção de massa seca de papuã. Quanto maior a dose de herbicida utilizada, maior foi a produtividade do milho e menor a produção de massa seca de papuã. Independente do manejo foi possível obter forragem para o pastejo ou colheita durante o vazio forrageiro de outono, apesar disso, a produção da forrageira foi influenciada pelos tipos e doses de herbicida. Mesotrione e Nicosulfuron resultaram nas maiores produtividades de milho. Atrazina e Simazina proporcionaram as maiores produções de massa seca de papuã. A associação de Atrazina + Mesotrione + Óleo na dose de 75% proporcionou, ao mesmo tempo, baixa interferência no desenvolvimento do milho, boa produtividade de grãos e boa produção de forragem de papuã destacando-se como um dos manejos que permitiu um bom balanço produtivo entre as espécies. / In the Southern Brazil, Crop Livestock systems shows a critic period of forage availability in the transition period between summer and winter seasons. Intercrop systems, using grain crops and forage plants are an alternative to avoid this forage deficit. Among the factors that could favor this system adoption, its highlighted the high spread of Alexandergrass (Brachiaria syn. Urochloa plantaginea) in the corn fields, a grass that present high forage production of good quality. However, to the intercropped system with corn plus Alexandergrass result in good productivity for both species, it is necessary to consider the reduction of forage plant initial development by spraying herbicides. It will ensure that the competition between the species do not reduce the corn production. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate herbicide managements and their influence over corn grain production and Alexandergrass dry mass production, in an intercropped system. The study was carried out from October 2011 to May 2012, at the Experimental Unit of IAPAR (Instituto Agronômico do Paraná), in Pato Branco – PR, Brazil. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design, with four replications. The studied factors were three herbicide associations, and an herbicide treatment: (1) Atrazine + Oil; (2) Atrazine + Simazine + Oil; (3) Atrazine + Nicosulfuron + Oil; (4) Atrazine + Mesotrione + Oil, and three levels of these herbicide associations: 100%, 75% and 50% of the recommended dose to the total control of Alexandergrass. It was evaluated a control treatment with the corn crop without Alexandergrass management. Forage plant establishment occurred by natural reseeding. Corn crop was sown by a no-till seed planter on October 4th, 2011. The herbicide was sprayed at October 18th, 2011. Results show that herbicide management was necessary to obtain good productions of booth intercropped species. At the control treatment, without herbicide application, corn grain yield was drastically reduced (67%). Corn yield increased as herbicide level increases, and Alexandergrass dry matter production decreased as herbicide levels increased. Despite de herbicide management, it was possible to obtain forage to graze or harvest during the deficit period between the summer and winter seasons. However, Alexandergrass dry mass production was influenced by the herbicide types and doses. Mesotrione plus Nicosulfuron resulted in the highest corn yields. Atrazine plus Simazine resulted in the higher Alexandergrass dry mass production. The association of Atrazine + Mesotrione + Oil at 75% of the recommended dose resulted in low interferences in corn development, good corn grain yield and forage production, highlighting as one of the best herbicide managements that allowed good productivity of both species at the same time.

Para cada subperíodo de desenvolvimento do trigo são produzidos diferentes órgãos, estando a formação do número destes órgãos dependente da duração de cada subperíodo. A temperatura, o fotoperíodo e a vernalização contribuem significativamente para a determinação da taxa de desenvolvimento da duração desses subperíodos. Neste contexto, este estudo objetivou apresentar um mapeamento da variabilidade temporal dos fatores de ambiente em Pato Branco, e discutir suas possíveis implicações para a expressão do potencial de rendimento de grãos de trigo. Também, buscou-se analisar os períodos do ano que ofereçam as melhores condições de ambiente, em termos de temperatura e radiação solar para a definição do aumento dos componentes de rendimento e desenvolvimento da cultura, buscando as melhores épocas de semeadura para as cultivares em estudo. O experimento foi conduzido durante os anos de 2008 e 2009 na Estação Experimental do Curso de Agronomia da UTFPR, em Pato Branco-PR (26º10’ S; 52º41’W e 750 m). O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições no primeiro ano e com quatro repetições no segundo ano, em esquema bifatorial (cultivares BRS 208, BRS 220 e BRS Guamirim x sete épocas de semeaduras). As semeaduras foram efetuadas no período de: 06/05, 17/05, 31/05, 14/06, 28/06, 12/07 e 26/07 para o ano de 2008 e 02/05, 16/05, 02/06, 13/06, 30/06, 13/07, 24/07 para o ano de 2009. Assim, o presente estudo, inicialmente, determinou os diferentes subperíodos de desenvolvimento dos genótipos de trigo testados, assim delimitados: SE-EM, EM-DA, DA-ET, ET-AN, AN-MF. Os estádios de duplo anel e de espigueta terminal foram determinados morfologicamente, em 3 colmos colhidos a cada 48 horas. Para determinação da maturação fisiológica, cinco espiguetas centrais de três espigas, totalizando 15 espiguetas por parcela foram amostradas a cada 72 horas e levadas a estufa, para após serem pesadas, considerando a maturação fisiológica quando apresentavam massa constante. Também, foram avaliadas as implicações do QF no rendimento dos genótipos testados. Foram analisadas as variáveis: altura de planta, massa seca da parte aérea e espigas, índice de colheita e os componentes de rendimento (espigas m-2, espiguetas espiga-1, grãos espiguetas-1 e massa de mil grãos). Conclui-se que não foi possível observar efeito claro, do quociente fototermal (QF) sobre a definição dos componentes de rendimento. Para o ano de 2008 o subperíodo AN-MF, esteve associado com o aumento do rendimento de grãos, somente para a cultivar BRS 220, correlacionando-se posteriormente com o aumento do QF e repercutindo no aumento da massa de grãos. Para o ano de 2009 não foi possível observar correlações do rendimento de grãos com a soma térmica. Entretanto foi verificado entre o QF e a soma térmica do subperíodo AN-MF, para a cultivar BRS Guamirim. Quanto ao rendimento de grãos, esse diferiu entre os anos de alta precipitação (2009) com relação ao ano de baixa precipitação (2008). As semeaduras realizadas nas datas de 30 de maio e 14 de junho ocasionaram os maiores rendimentos de grãos, para os anos de 2008 e 2009, respectivamente. / For each subperiod development of wheat are produced in different organs and is the formation of the number of these organs dependent on the duration of each subperiod. The temperature of the vernalization photoperiod and contribute significantly to determine the rate of development of the length of such sub-periods. In this context, this study aims to map the temporal variability of environmental factors in Pato Branco, and discuss its possible implications for the expression of yield potential of wheat. Also, we attempted to analyze the periods of the year that offer the best environmental conditions, in terms of temperature and solar radiation to define the increase in yield components and development of culture, seeking the best seasons to the cultivars studied. The experiment was conducted during the years 2008 and 2009 at the Experimental Station of Agronomy Course UTFPR in Pato Branco-PR (26º10'S; 52º41'W and 750 m). The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replications in the first year and four replications in the second year in a factorial scheme (BRS 208, BRS 220 and BRS Guamirim x seven sowing dates). The sowings were made in the period of: 06/05 17/05 31/05 14/06 28/06 12/07 and 26/07 for the year 2008 and 02/05 16/05, 02 / 06 13/06 30/06 13/07 24/07 for the year 2009. Thus, this study initially determined the different developmental sub periods of the wheat genotypes tested, so defined: SE-EM, EM-DA, DA-ET, ET-AN, AN-MF. The double ring stages and terminal spikelet were determined morphologically, 3 stalks harvested every 48 hours. To determine the physiological maturity, five central spikelets of three spikes, with 15 spikelets per plot were sampled every 72 hours and brought the oven, for after being weighed, considering the physiological maturity when they had constant weight. Also, we assessed the implications of QF yield of genotypes. The variables analyzed were: plant height, shoot dry weight and ear, harvest index and yield components (spikes m-2, spikelets spike-1, grains spikelet-1 and thousand grain weight). It is not clear effect was observed, photothermal quotient (QF) on the definition of component performance. For the year 2008 the subperiod AN-MF, was associated with increased grain yield, only for BRS 220, correlating with the later increase in QF and reflecting the increase in grain mass. For the year 2009 was not possible to observe correlations of yield with the thermal. However it was observed between the QF and the thermal sub-period of the AN-MF, for BRS Guamirim. The grain yield, this differed between the years of high rainfall (2009) with respect to years of low precipitation (2008). Cultivation procedures conducted on the dates of May 30 and June 14 showed higher grain yields for the years 2008 and 2009, respectively.

CAPES / A estacionalidade de produção de forragem entre a estação quente e fria do ano é um dos principais problemas da ILP no sul do Brasil. O plantio consorciado de culturas produtoras de grãos e plantas forrageiras é uma alternativa interessante para suprir esta carência. Dentre os fatores que favoreceriam a adoção deste sistema, pode se destacar a alta dispersão do papuã (Brachiaria syn. Urochloa Plantaginea) nas lavouras de milho, uma gramínea de alta produção de forragem, de boa qualidade. Porém, para que um sistema consorciado com o papuã apresente produtividade satisfatória de ambas as espécies é necessário que se considere a redução do seu desenvolvimento inicial pela aplicação de subdoses de herbicidas, garantindo que a competição não onere a produção de grãos de milho. Assim, com o presente estudo objetivou-se avaliar manejos de herbicida e sua influência na produção de grãos de milho e produção de forragem de papuã, em cultivo consorciado. O experimento foi conduzido no período de outubro de 2011 a maio de 2012, na estação experimental do IAPAR, em Pato Branco – PR. O delineamento utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator de tratamento foi composto de três associações e um tratamento de herbicida aplicado à cultura do milho: (1) Atrazina + Óleo; (2) Atrazina + Simazina + Óleo; (3) Atrazina + Nicosulfuron + Óleo; (4) Atrazina + Mesotrione + Óleo. O segundo fator foi composto por três doses das referidas combinações de herbicidas: 100%, 75% e 50% da dose recomendada para controle total do papuã. Foi avaliada uma testemunha composta pela cultura do milho sem manejo do papuã. O estabelecimento da forrageira ocorreu a partir do banco de sementes do solo, proveniente da ressemeadura natural. A cultura do milho foi semeada em sistema de plantio direto, em 04/10/2011, e os herbicidas foram aplicados em 18/10/2011, AOS 14 D.A.S. com o auxilio de um pulverizador costal de CO2 pressurizado. Os resultados demonstraram que o manejo de herbicidas é necessário para se obter boas produtividades de ambas as espécies consorciadas concomitantemente. Na testemunha, a produção de grãos de milho foi substancialmente reduzida (67%). Não houve interação entre os fatores para as variáveis: produção de milho e produção de massa seca de papuã. Quanto maior a dose de herbicida utilizada, maior foi a produtividade do milho e menor a produção de massa seca de papuã. Independente do manejo foi possível obter forragem para o pastejo ou colheita durante o vazio forrageiro de outono, apesar disso, a produção da forrageira foi influenciada pelos tipos e doses de herbicida. Mesotrione e Nicosulfuron resultaram nas maiores produtividades de milho. Atrazina e Simazina proporcionaram as maiores produções de massa seca de papuã. A associação de Atrazina + Mesotrione + Óleo na dose de 75% proporcionou, ao mesmo tempo, baixa interferência no desenvolvimento do milho, boa produtividade de grãos e boa produção de forragem de papuã destacando-se como um dos manejos que permitiu um bom balanço produtivo entre as espécies. / In the Southern Brazil, Crop Livestock systems shows a critic period of forage availability in the transition period between summer and winter seasons. Intercrop systems, using grain crops and forage plants are an alternative to avoid this forage deficit. Among the factors that could favor this system adoption, its highlighted the high spread of Alexandergrass (Brachiaria syn. Urochloa plantaginea) in the corn fields, a grass that present high forage production of good quality. However, to the intercropped system with corn plus Alexandergrass result in good productivity for both species, it is necessary to consider the reduction of forage plant initial development by spraying herbicides. It will ensure that the competition between the species do not reduce the corn production. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate herbicide managements and their influence over corn grain production and Alexandergrass dry mass production, in an intercropped system. The study was carried out from October 2011 to May 2012, at the Experimental Unit of IAPAR (Instituto Agronômico do Paraná), in Pato Branco – PR, Brazil. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design, with four replications. The studied factors were three herbicide associations, and an herbicide treatment: (1) Atrazine + Oil; (2) Atrazine + Simazine + Oil; (3) Atrazine + Nicosulfuron + Oil; (4) Atrazine + Mesotrione + Oil, and three levels of these herbicide associations: 100%, 75% and 50% of the recommended dose to the total control of Alexandergrass. It was evaluated a control treatment with the corn crop without Alexandergrass management. Forage plant establishment occurred by natural reseeding. Corn crop was sown by a no-till seed planter on October 4th, 2011. The herbicide was sprayed at October 18th, 2011. Results show that herbicide management was necessary to obtain good productions of booth intercropped species. At the control treatment, without herbicide application, corn grain yield was drastically reduced (67%). Corn yield increased as herbicide level increases, and Alexandergrass dry matter production decreased as herbicide levels increased. Despite de herbicide management, it was possible to obtain forage to graze or harvest during the deficit period between the summer and winter seasons. However, Alexandergrass dry mass production was influenced by the herbicide types and doses. Mesotrione plus Nicosulfuron resulted in the highest corn yields. Atrazine plus Simazine resulted in the higher Alexandergrass dry mass production. The association of Atrazine + Mesotrione + Oil at 75% of the recommended dose resulted in low interferences in corn development, good corn grain yield and forage production, highlighting as one of the best herbicide managements that allowed good productivity of both species at the same time.

Thesis (M. Sc. Agric.(Plant Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019 / Nightshade (Solanum retroflexum Dun.) is among the most important indigenous leafy vegetables in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province, South Africa, due to its high values of beta-carotene, vitamin E, folic acid, ascorbic acid, calcium, iron and protein. Vhembe District occurs in the tropical regions of Limpopo Province and the production of vegetables is dependent upon the availability of irrigation water. An Integrated Drip Irrigation System (IDIS) and a 3S planter were developed to save water by planting several plants/hole of drip irrigation system. The subsystems in IDIS allow for the production of different crops with different water requirements, whereas the 3S planter can be used for planting from one to nine plants/hole of drip irrigation system. Also, the subsystems could be used in assessing irrigation interval for crops under various planting densities. The interaction of irrigation interval and planting density of S. retroflexum had not been documented. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the interactive effects of irrigation interval and planting density on biomass yield and chemical nutrient elements (summer harvest only) of S. retroflexum under field conditions. The irrigation interval and planting density/hole were arranged in a split-plot experimental design, with eight replications. The main plot was irrigation interval and the subplot was the planting densities. Harvesting was done twice for both summer and winter experiments. The first harvest (H1) was done at 6 weeks after transplanting, with the second harvest (H2) being done at six weeks after the first harvest. Fresh shoots were oven-dried at 60°C for 72 h for the determination of dry matter. Mature leaves were powdered and analysed for mineral content (Ca, P, K, Mg, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) using the ICPE-9000. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using SAS software. In the summer experiment, the interaction was significant (P ≤ 0.05) for dry shoot mass at H1 and H2. However, the contribution of xv the interaction in the total treatment variation (TTV) of the variable was negligent and therefore, only single factors were reported. Irrigation interval and planting density had highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) effects on plant variables during H1 and H2 in summer and winter. However, irrigation interval effects for dry shoot mass were not significant for summer H2. Interaction effects were significant for Ca, P, K, Mg, Mn and Cu in leaf tissues during summer H1, but were not significant for Na, Fe and Zn. Also, irrigation interval was significant for Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu during summer H1, whereas planting density had no significant effects for all chemical nutrients except for Ca, P and K during summer H1. Dry shoot mass of S. retroflexum increased linearly with increasing irrigation interval and planting density. Results suggested that most nutrient elements increased with deficit irrigation water and higher planting density, whilst P decreased under high planting density. The study showed that there is a high potential for saving water through longer irrigation intervals and produce good high yields at a higher planting density. In conclusion, the use of IDIS and 3S planter to promote growth and accumulation of essential nutrient elements on S. retroflexum demonstrated that longer irrigation interval and higher plant density per drip irrigation hole could be suitable for cultivation of this indigenous vegetable. The recommendation of this study is that higher planting density and longer irrigation intervals are key determinants of higher biomass yield and water saving strategies for large-scale production of the crop. Further, the mineral composition of the crop was under the influence of higher planting density and irrigation intervals.

Thesis (M. A. (Agricultural Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Field experiments were conducted at two locations; University of Limpopo (Syferkuil) and University of Venda (Thohoyandou) during 2015 and 2016 winter cropping seasons. The objectives of this study were to determine; the effect of genotype (ACC# 1, 3, 4 and 7) and planting density (33, 25 and 20 plants/m2) on four chickpea genotypes having contrasting growth patterns and also to determine the effect genotype and planting density on water use and water use efficiency of four chickpea genotypes having contrasting growth patterns. The experimental design was randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Plant height, number of primary and secondary branches, grain yield and yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, Harvest Index and 100 seed weight [100-SW] and above ground biomass, and were determined at different growth stages. Data obtained was subjected to analyses of variance using the general linear model of Genstat 17th edition. Significant differences between the treatments means were compared using the standard error of difference (LSD) of the means at 5% level. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between parameters. Plant height varied with genotype from 41 cm (84 DAE) to 44 cm (118 cm) at Syferkuil and 41 (56 DAE) to 44 cm (63 DAE) at Thohoyandou. Primary branches was not significantly affected by genotype and planting density at both locations and seasons. Planting density had significant effect on number of secondary branches, greater number was recorded at low (32, 6) density at Syferkuil in 2016. Above ground biomass was significantly affected by planting density at Syferkuil during in 2015 (5344 kg ha-1) and 2016 (3701 kg ha-1) growing seasons. Genotype and planting density did not affect number of pods plant-1, number of seeds plant-1, 100 SW (100 seed weight), and Harvest index were not significant at both locations and seasons. Grain yield was significantly affected by planting density at Syferkuil in 2015 and Thohoyandou in 2016. Grain yield increased with the increase in planting density at both locations. Two field experiments were conducted at University of Venda (Thohoyandou) during 2015 and 2016 winter cropping seasons. This study aimed at assessing the effect of genotype v and planting density on water use efficiency of four chickpea genotypes with contrasting growth patterns. Crop water use (WU) was determined by monitoring soil water content at 7-day intervals using a neutron probe and, water use efficiency (WUE) was determined as a ratio of crop biomass and grain yield to WU. Genotype and planting density had no significant effect on WU in 2015 and 2016. Genotype and planting density had no significant effect on biomass production (WUEb) and grain yield production (WUEg) in 2015. In contrast, WUEb and WUEg was significantly affected by planting density in 2016. WUEb was 43.2% greater at high density compared to low density. Similarly, WUEg was 39.3% greater at high density compared to low density. WUEb and WUEg increased with the increase with planting density. Therefore, manipulation of management practices such as planting density may increase chickpea production. Keywords: Planting density, genotype, grain yield and yield components, water use efficiency. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and University of Venda Capacity Development

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1979 B85 / Master of Science

Published Article / A study involving two incubation experiments and a germination experiment in sandy soil was conducted to determine the influence of Multiplied Effective Micro-organisms (M-EM) that were exposed to different levels of irradiation and temperature fluctuation as well as prolonged storage, on the germination and seedling vigour of maize, sorghum and sunflower. Irrespective of poor handling and/or prolonged storage of M-EM, seed treatment with M-EM improved germination under optimal conditions for all crops compared to the control. Increased planting depths and cold stress were used to create conditions where seed treatment with M-EM may improve germination and seedling growth. Seed treatment with M-EM significantly improved germination and seedling vigour of the stress-tolerant maize cultivar following cold stress. Similar improved seedling vigour results were observed for the stress-tolerant sunflower cultivar at increased planting depth. It was concluded that the beneficial influence of M-EM as a seed treatment was remarkable, even after exposure of M-EM to unfavourable environmental conditions and prolonged storage before application. Further research under field conditions and in different cultivation systems are required before the large scale application of M-EM as seed treatment can be recommended.

In effort to breed for daylength-neutral (DNP) soybean germplasms (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), selected longday cultivars (LDP) from Maturity Group 00 were crossed to local adapted shortday cultivars (DP) from Maturity Group VI. In the segregating populations there were many new hybrid combinations, some of which flowered and set pod as early as the Group 00 parents, however, they were larger in size and matured normally. These lines were considered daylength-neutral plants (DNP), and were evaluated in the field nursery in biweekly date of planting experiments from early May to late July during 1978 and 1979. Selected LDP and local adapted SDP cultivars were utilized as check lines. It was observed that LDP cultivars flowered and set pods normally. However, they did not mature normally; the pods ripened and shattered while the stem and leaves remained green and these plants were short and unproductive. Local SDP were the most sensitive plants in response to the change in planting date and daylength. Number of days to flowering, pod setting, and maturity as well as plant heights had decreased sharply in response to the decrease in daylength of later planting dates. In contrast, DNP lines flowered, set pod and matured normally on large vigorous plants in approximately the same period of time regardless of planting date or the daylength during the growing season. To study the inheritance of the daylength-neutral trait in soybeans, crosses were made between DNP lines and local SDP cultivars. These were extremely wide crosses. Segregating populations from these crosses were tested under three light treatments of 12, 18 and 24 hours. Only DNP plants flowered and set pod normally under the long photoperiod treatments of 18 and 24 hours. The magnitude and continuous nature of the frequency distribution of the segregating populations as well as the low heritability estimates of each trait imply that this response is under polygenic control.

The Fall Armyworm is a serious pest of many crops throughout most of the Western Hemisphere particularly those belonging to the family Gramineae. This pest is usually controlled by insecticides which, however, cause many health and environmental problems. Although a rich bank of sorgum germplasm occurs in Yemen, no effort has been made to identify the Yemeni cultivars which might express resistance to armyworm attack. There is very little information to show at what time of the growing season and at what planting stage the sorghum cultivars are most susceptible to armyworms. Therefore, eight Yemeni and two American sorghum cultivars were planted in Tucson, Arizona, during 1983 and 1984. The experimental design was a randomized complete block arranged in split-split plots with four replications. The main plots were the varieties, and subplots were two planting dates and two infestation times. The plants were artificially infested with laboratory reared, first instar larvae. Infestation consisted of five larvae per plant in 1983 and ten in 1984. Results demonstrate the 'IBB' and 'TURBA' received the least leaf damage and 'SGIRL-MR1' and 'ALBAIDA' received the most in 1983. However, during 1984, 'TURBA' and 'HAIDRAN' showed the greatest degree of resistance and 'SGIRL-MR1', 'AMRAN', 'ALMAHWIT', and 'ALBAIDA' the least.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.