O feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) é uma importante espécie da família Fabaceae, que possui ampla distribuição mundial. A origem e a domesticação da espécie são apontadas no continente americano, no entanto, os locais exatos ainda não estão totalmente esclarecidos, devido à ampla distribuição e a escassez de populações silvestres. Além disso, a perda de germoplasma de feijão-fava em muitas áreas de distribuição natural, o que mostra a importância dos Bancos de Germoplasma, da caracterização da diversidade e dos estudos de domesticação da espécie. O estudo da diversidade genética a nível molecular vem sendo bastante realizado, os marcadores moleculares de microssatélites (SSR), se destacam. O feijão-fava conta com poucos estudos usando como ferramentas os SSRs, não possuindo locos específicos para a espécie, o que limita o conhecimento sobre sua genética. Assim, objetivou-se desenvolver locos microssatélites nucleares (ncSSR) específicos a espécie para estudar a diversidade genética, bem como, o processo de domesticação entre acessos silvestres e domesticados em diferentes países (Brasil, México, Peru, Colômbia e Argentina), por marcadores SSR cloroplastidiais (cpSSR), além de estudar a plasticidade fenotípica de acessos brasileiros. Estimou-se a plasticidade fenotípica de 12 acessos do Brasil em quatro ambientes com diferentes adubos (1 - controle sem adubação; 2 - adubação mineral NPK; 3 - adubação orgânica de esterco bovino; 4 - adubação mineral e orgânica). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Os caracteres avaliados foram: Número de Dias para Floração (NDF), Número de Dias para Maturação (NDM), Número de Vagens por Planta (NVP), Número de Sementes por Planta (NSP), Comprimento de vagem (CV), Largura da Vagem (LV), Número de Lóculos por Vagem (NLV), e Peso de Cem Sementes (P100S). Realizou-se a análise de variância e estimou-se o índice de Plasticidade Fenotípica (IPF) e a Correlação de Pearson entre os caracteres. Para a determinação da diversidade e estrutura genética foram usados marcadores microssatélites, sendo cinco locos cloroplastidiais (cpSSR) e três locos nucleares (ncSSR), em 44 acessos de feijão-fava. Foi possível detectar-se plasticidade fenotípica nos acessos de feijão-fava. Todos os caracteres, com exceção de NDF e NSV, apresentaram interação genótipo × ambiente significativa para os quatro ambientes avaliados. NVP e NSP tiveram os maiores IPF (0,82) e NDF o menor (0,06), sendo assim o mais e o menos plástico, respectivamente, nos quatro ambientes. A maior correlação positiva foi observada entre NVP x NSP, de modo que seus valores variam na mesma direção. NVP x P100S apresentaram a maior correlação negativa. A diversidade genética observada com marcadores microssatélites nucleares e cloroplastidiais mostrou-se maior em acessos do México (cpSSR = 0,163; ncSSR = 0,15), seguido do Brasil (cpSSR = 0,111; ncSSR = 0,00). Em nível de variedades, os acessos silvestres tiveram menor diversidade em cpSSR (0,16) e maior em ncSSR (0,14) do que os domesticados (cpSSR = 0,119; ncSSR = 0,02). Altos níveis de variação e diferenciação genética foram observadas entre países, com 94% da variação e Fst = 0,874 e entre variedades, com 87% e Fst = 0,944 em cpSSR. Já em ncSSR, variação e diferenciação maiores ocorreram entre acessos (61%; Fst = 0,771) e dentro de variedades (80%; Fst = 0,778). Essas diferenças podem estar relacionadas a diferenças no padrão de herança dos marcadores. Os SSR cloroplastidiais são mais conservados e tem herança maternal. Assim, os acessos de mesmo país conservam os mesmos haplótipos, apresentando baixa diferenciação entre eles. O contrário ocorre com os SSR nucleares, que possuem herança biparental e maior porcentagem de mutação. Apresentando assim, maior diferenciação entre os acessos, que é favorecida pelo sistema reprodutivo predominantemente autógamo. Os acessos domesticados brasileiros estão mais próximos geneticamente dos acessos silvestres mexicanos, podendo ter sido resultantes da domesticação de indivíduos silvestres do México. / Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is an important species of the Fabaceae family, which is distributed worldwide. The origin and domestication of the species is not fully understood due to the wide distribution and lack of wild accessions, as well as the loss of germplasm in many areas of its natural distribution, which indicates the importance of germplasm banks and the characterization of diversity and of domestication studies. The study of genetic diversity at the molecular level has been quite accomplished, the molecular markers od microsatellites (SSR), stand out. The lima bean has few studies using as tools the SSRs, not having specific loci for the species, which limits the knowledge about its genetics. Thus, the objective was to develop specific nuclear microsatellite loci (ncSSR) to study the genetic diversity, as well as the domestication process involving wild and domesticated accessions in different countries (Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Colombia and Argentina), by chloroplastids SSR markers (cpSSR), besides to study the phenotypic plasticity of Brazilian accessions. The phenotypic plasticity of 12 accessions from Brazil was estimated in four environments with different fertilizers (1 - control without fertilization, 2 - mineral fertilization with NPK, 3 - organic fertilization with bovine manure, 4 - mineral [NPK] and organic fertilization [manure]). The design was completely randomized with three replicates. The evaluated traits were: Number of Days for Flowering (NDF), Number of Days for Maturation (NDM), Number of Pods per Plant (NVP), Number of Seeds per Plant (NSP), Pod Length (CV), Pod Width (LV), Number of Locules per Pod (NLV), and Weight of One Hundred Seeds (P100S). The analysis of variance was performed, the index of Phenotypic Plasticity (IPF) and the Pearson Correlation between the characters were estimated. Microsatellite markers were used for the determination of genetic diversity and structure, with five chloroplastid (cpSSR) and three nuclear loci (ncSSR) in 44 accessions of lima bean. There was phenotypic plasticity in the accessions of lima bean. All characters except for NDF and NSV presentated genotype x environment interaction significant for the four environments evaluated. NVP and NSP had the highest (0.82) and NDF the lowest (0.06) IPF, thus being the most and the least plastic, respectively, in the four environments. The highest positive correlation was observed between NVP x NSP, so that their values vary in the same direction. NVP and P100S had the highest negative correlation. The genetic diversity observed with nuclear and chloroplast microsatellite markers was greater in accessions from Mexico (cpSSR = 0.163; ncSSR = 0.15), followed by Brazil (cpSSR = 0.111; ncSSR = 0.00). At the variety level, wild accessions had lower diversity with cpSSR (0.16) and higher diversity with ncSSR (0.14) than domestic (cpSSR = 0.119; ncSSR = 0.02). High levels of variation and genetic differentiation were observed among countries, with 94% of the variation and Fst = 0.874, and between varieties, with 87% and Fst = 0.944 with cpSSR. With ncSSR, greater variation and differentiation occurred between accessions (61%, Fst = 0.771) and within varieties (80%, Fst = 0.788). These differences may be related to differences in the inheritance pattern of the markers. Chloroplast SSRs are more conserved and have maternal inheritance. Thus, accessions from the same country retain the same haplotypes, presenting low differentiation between them. The opposite occurs with nuclear SSR, which has a biparental inheritance and a higher percentage of mutation. Thus, a greater differentiation exists between the accessions, which is favored by the predominantly autogamous reproductive system. Brazilian domesticated accessions are genetically closest to the Mexican wild accessions, and may have resulted from the domestication of wild individuals from Mexico.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKFSR_DISSERT.pdf: 1693292 bytes, checksum: 36d338aa920da9d3f5c142d94ecbf871 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The semi-arid region is extremely diverse from the point of view of their natural resources which vary according to factors such as location, soil types, lithology and climate. However, it is perceived fragility of the region under study with regard to human action, making it more susceptible site to degradation processes. Studies evaluating soil properties in Oeste Potiguar in the Rio Grande do Norte state are scarce, but its quantification in different uses and environments in an integrated manner is necessary for understanding and subsequent adoption of appropriate practices to local conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the physical and chemical properties in different agricultural uses, detecting the most sensitive in distinguishing environments. The survey was conducted in the cities of Pau dos Ferros, San Francisco West, Mossoro, Governador Dix-Sept Rosado. The areas under study have particular characteristics as to classification of soils and agricultural uses. physical fertility and analysis analyzes were performed as particle size, plasticity limits and liquidity, plasticity index and gravimetric moisture. The results were analyzed by means of multivariate analysis as the main tool, specifically factor analysis and clustering. There was a greater contribution TOC in Gleysol (favoring the increase in P, Ca 2+ and K +), favored by organic waste and poor drainage on the basis of the clay fraction. Soils showed eutrophic character (V> 50%), influenced by lithology, except Latossolo. In Gleysol and Cambisol occurred increase in liquidity limits and plasticity, due to the increase of the clay fraction and total organic carbon, increasing the gravimetric moisture to achieve crispness, with the exception of Planosol that showed low permeability on the horizon B, where the limits of plasticity and liquidity diverged, thus, greater plasticity index. In particle size analysis profiles showed changes in textural classes, especially the Gleysol with the highest silt fraction, and an indication of young soils with little weathering activity. We conclude that the physical attributes moisture, liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index clay, fine sand were the most sensitive in the environments distinction and pH chemicals, (H + Al), V, PST. The Planosol showed low permeability in the B horizon, thus having the greatest plasticity index distancing the limits between them. The areas studied showed acidity to alkalinity reactions with the presence of Al 3+ and (H + Al) and high salinity. The source material favored the increase in calcium, sodium, magnesium and potassium / A região semiárida é extremamente diversificada do ponto de vista de seus recursos naturais que variam de acordo com fatores como localização, tipos de solo, litologia e clima. No entanto, percebe-se fragilidade da região em estudo no que diz respeito à ação antrópica, tornando o local mais susceptível aos processos de degradação. Estudos avaliando atributos do solo na mesorregião do Oeste Potiguar no estado do Rio Grande do Norte são escassos, porém, sua quantificação em diferentes usos e ambientes, de forma integrada se faz necessária para o entendimento e consequente adoção de práticas adequadas às particularidades locais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os atributos físicos e químicos em diferentes usos agropecuários, detectando os mais sensíveis na distinção dos ambientes. A pesquisa foi realizada nos municípios de Pau dos Ferros, São Francisco do Oeste, Mossoró, Governador Dix-Sept Rosado. As áreas em estudo possuem características particulares quanto à classificação de seus solos e usos agropecuários. Foram realizadas análises de fertilidade e análises físicas como granulometria, limites de plasticidade e liquidez, índice de plasticidade e umidade gravimétrica. Os resultados foram interpretados por meio de técnicas de análise multivariada como ferramenta principal, especificamente a Análise Fatorial e agrupamento. Verificou-se um maior aporte de COT no Gleissolo (que favoreceu o aumento nos teores de P, Ca 2+ e K +), favorecido pelos resíduos orgânicos e má drenagem em função da fração argila. Os solos apresentaram caráter eutrófico (V> 50%), influenciados pela litologia, com exceção do Latossolo. No Gleissolo e Cambissolo ocorreram aumento nos limites de liquidez e plasticidade, em razão do aumento da fração argila e do carbono orgânico total, com aumento da umidade gravimétrica para atingir a friabilidade, com exceção, do Planossolo que apresentou baixa permeabilidade no horizonte B, onde os limites de plasticidade e liquidez se distanciaram, tendo assim, maior índice de plasticidade. Na análise granulométrica os perfis apresentaram variações nas classes texturais, com destaque para o Gleissolo que apresentou maior fração silte, sendo um indicativo de solos jovens com pouca atividade intempérica. Conclui-se que os atributos físicos umidade, limite de liquidez, limite de plasticidade, índice de plasticidade argila, areia fina foram os mais sensíveis na distinção dos ambientes e os químicos pH, (H+ Al ), V, PST. O Planossolo apresentou baixa permeabilidade no horizonte B, tendo assim o maior índice de plasticidade distanciando os limites entre si. As áreas estudadas apresentaram reações de acidez à alcalinidade com presença de Al3+ e (H + Al) e com elevada salinidade. O material de origem favoreceu o aumento nos teores de cálcio, sódio, magnésio e potássio / 2017-01-31

La Región San Martín cuenta, en su mayoría, con suelos correspondientes a la fracción fina. Es decir que están compuestos principalmente de arcillas. Para ello, se analizó muestras de las localidades de Saposoa, Moyobamba y Tarapoto. Razón por la cual, el objetivo de la presente tesis es determinar los porcentajes de arcillas en los distintos suelos finos de esta Región, mediante el método de análisis granulométrico por sedimentación. Generalmente en los ensayos de granulometría, se analizan las muestras de los suelos hasta la malla N°200. Para determinar las características de estos suelos finos, se debe conocer cuánto de este porcentaje corresponde a las arcillas. La relación entre el Índice de Plasticidad y el porcentaje de finos genera la actividad de la arcilla analizada. Asimismo, en el presente estudio: se analizó el contenido de la humedad de la muestra; luego, se halló los índices de plasticidad y se examinó por medio de la granulometría de sedimentación; para dar como resultado, su clasificación de suelos mediante los métodos SUCS y AASTHO. El proyecto estuvo enmarcado en el Diseño de Investigación Cuantitativa, siendo del tipo de Diseño No Experimental Transversal. Fue aplicado a las muestras de Saposoa, Moyobamba y Tarapoto. Mediante una serie de técnicas e instrumentos, se realizaron ensayos de laboratorios para obtener el porcentaje de arcilla de los suelos finos de esas localidades y, de esa forma, conocer su respectivo tipo. Finalmente, los resultados revelan que los porcentajes de arcillas de cada una de las muestras son: Saposoa 60%, Moyobamba 58% y Tarapoto 14%. Del mismo modo, se halla la Actividad de las Arcillas: Saposoa 0.56, Moyobamba 0.58 y Tarapoto 0.35.Se concluye que las muestras contienen arcilla del tipo caolinitas. Estas generan un bajo nivel de potencial de cambio de volumen las cuales no afectan de manera considerable al diseño. San Martin Region account, mostly, tiled corresponding to the fine fraction. It is said to consist mainly of clay. To do this, samples of the towns of Saposoa, Moyobamba and Tarapoto were analyzed. Because of that, the aim of this thesis is to determine the percentage of clay in different fine soils of this region, by the method of particle size analysis by sedimentation. Generally, in assays of granulometry, soil samples to the mesh No. 200 are analyzed. To determine the characteristics of these thin soils, one must know how much of this percentage corresponds to clays. The relationship between the plasticity index and the percentage of fines generated clay activity are Banalyzed. Also in this study: the moisture content of the sample was analyzed; then plasticity indices was found and examined by sedimentation particle size; to result, classification of soils by the USCS and AASHTO methods. The project was framed in the Design of Quantitative Research, being the type of Cross No Experimental Design. It was applied to samples of Saposoa, Moyobamba and Tarapoto. Through series of techniques and instruments, laboratory tests were conducted to obtain the percentage of fine clay soils of these locations and, thus, meet their respective type. Finally, the results show that the percentages of clays of each of the samples are: 60 % Saposoa, Moyobamba, Tarapoto 58 % and 14 %. Similarly, the activity of the clays is: Saposoa 0.56, Moyobamba 0.58 and Tarapoto 0.35.Se concluded that the samples containing kaolinite clay type. These produce a low level of volume change potential which do not affect significantly the design way.

La construcción de las obras viales han sido siempre un reto para la ingeniería, más aún en zonas donde las condiciones demográficas y el tipo de suelo no son los más convenientes para la ejecución de este tipo de proyectos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo primordial establecer la influencia que tiene la adición de ceniza de cáscara de arroz, como estabilizante, en la sub rasante de una carretera no pavimentada conformada por un suelo arcilloso, de baja resistencia, ubicado en el caserío de Callampampa, en Chota - Cajamarca. Durante las pruebas iniciales, se determinó que la arcilla es una CL, según clasificación SUCS, y además se obtuvo un valor de CBR (California Bearing Ratio - ASTM D 1883) de 4.30% para este suelo arcilloso. La ceniza de cáscara de arroz al ser un material de desecho y contaminante para el medio ambiente se considera como una alternativa económica y, a la vez, ecológica para una estabilización de un suelo. De este modo, se realizaron diferentes ensayos de laboratorio donde se pudo determinar que el valor del CBR incrementó de 4.30% a 20.70%, al añadir una dosis de 20% de cenizas de cáscara de arroz a la muestra; logrando alcanzar su valor óptimo para ser considerado una subrasante muy buena según el “Manual de diseño de carreteras no pavimentadas de bajo volumen de tránsito” del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones. Es así, que se puede determinar y concluir que la adición de ceniza de cáscara de arroz incrementa considerablemente las diversas propiedades mecánicas del suelo, convirtiendo un suelo deficiente en uno muy bueno. / The construction of road works in the world has always been a challenge for engineering, especially in areas where the conditions and types of soil are not adequate for the execution of this type of projects. The main objective of the present study is to establish the influence that has the rice husk ash (RHA) to stabilize the subgrade layer of a no pavemented road, composed of a low resistance clayey soil located in the Callampampa ​​hamlet, in Chota - Cajamarca. During the initial tests, it was determined that the clay is a CL, according to the SUCS classification, and also a CBR (California Bearing Ratio – ASTM D 1883) value of 4.30% was obtained for this clayey soil. RHA is a waste and pollutant material for the environment, is considered an economical and, at the same time, ecological alternative for stabilizing a soil. Thus, several tests were carried out where it determined the value of CBR increased from 4.30% to 20.70%, by adding a 20% RHA dosage, achieving its optimum value to be considered a very good subgrade according to the “Design Manual for unpaved roads with low traffic volume” of the Ministry of Transport and Communications. In this way, it can be concluded that the addition of RHA considerably increases the geotechnical properties of the soil, turning a poor soil into a very good one. / Tesis

Previous thread rolling methods for the plastic limit are shown to be inadequate and inaccurate. Alternative methods for the plastic limit are shown to be imprecise and unreliable. The strength-based concept and use of the fall-cone test to determine the plastic limit are shown to be flawed. An apparatus that replicates Atterberg’s rolling technique, devised and developed by the author, is described, referred to as the Barnes Apparatus. A thread of soil is rolled between two plates configured to permit extrusion and reduction of diameter with much less operator interference than with the standard test and judgement of the crumbling condition is eliminated. Using a loading device nominal stresses are derived and from dial gauge readings diametral strains are determined for each rolling traverse of the soil thread. Toughness has previously only been studied in an empirical or qualitative manner. From plots of nominal stress vs. strain the workability or toughness of the plastic soil is determined as the work/unit volume. The apparatus and test are appropriate to a wide range of soils. Threads are tested over a range of water contents from near the sticky limit to the brittle state. Good correlations between toughness and water content display an abrupt ductile-brittle transition and give an accurate definition of the plastic limit. From the correlations useful properties are obtained such as the maximum toughness at the plastic limit, the toughness limit, the water content at zero toughness, the stiffness transition, the toughness coefficients, the toughness index and the workability index. An investigation into the significance of the soil thread diameter of 3 mm in the standard plastic limit test has found that as the water content of a soil reduces it undergoes a transition from fully plastic, to cracked, to brittle, largely regardless of the diameter of the thread. It is recommended that the 3 mm diameter requirement is withdrawn from the standard test procedure as unnecessary and emphasis placed on observing the behaviour of the soil thread as it is rolled by hand. A review of the relationship between the clay matrix and the granular particles in a soil has found that the linear law of mixtures and activity index are appropriate only at high clay contents. The terms granular spacing ratio and matrix porosity are introduced to explain the effect of the granular particles on the toughness and plastic limit. An analysis confirms that with small diameter soil threads large granular particles affect the results disproportionately. An aggregation ratio term is introduced to explain the change in toughness in the clay matrix as its water content reduces towards the plastic limit. To assess the effect of granular particles in a clay matrix on the toughness and plastic limit the results of tests conducted on mixtures of a high plasticity clay and silt, and sand particles of two different sizes are discussed. Smaller particle sizes are found to have a greater effect on reducing the toughness and the plastic limit of the clay. In the ceramics industry mixing different clays together to obtain suitable properties is common. The toughness and plastic limits of two pairs of mixed clays do not follow the linear law of mixtures but are dependent on the total clay content and the content of a dominant clay mineral.