Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-02-05T23:04:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JacquelineFerreiraSantosMarques_DISSERT.pdf: 3556359 bytes, checksum: 513ccd80d1faa0aa4ab0703236b85dc4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-02-16T22:34:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JacquelineFerreiraSantosMarques_DISSERT.pdf: 3556359 bytes, checksum: 513ccd80d1faa0aa4ab0703236b85dc4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-16T22:34:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JacquelineFerreiraSantosMarques_DISSERT.pdf: 3556359 bytes, checksum: 513ccd80d1faa0aa4ab0703236b85dc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-09 / A cimenta??o ? uma das opera??es mais importantes executadas entre as fases de perfura??o de um po?o. Quando essa cimenta??o n?o ? bem realizada, h? o risco de ocorrer falhas e fraturas, tanto na forma??o quanto no pr?prio cimento. Quando os reservat?rios possuem uma baixa profundidade, eles tendem a fraturar mais facilmente, devido ao seu baixo gradiente de fratura, por isso, a densidade da pasta de cimento ? de suma import?ncia para equil?brio das press?es, evitando problemas de fraturas. ? ela que vai garantir a estabilidade das press?es atuantes entre o po?o e a forma??o. Tendo em vista que s?o necess?rias pastas mais leves para promover o isolamento, sem que haja esse faturamento, ? necess?rio formular sistemas cimentantes que reduzam a press?o hidrost?tica da coluna de cimento. Para isso, s?o adicionados, ?s pastas, materiais com fun??es de reduzir a densidade. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar formula??es de pastas de cimento de baixa densidade, contendo bentonita para aplica??o em po?os rasos e com baixo gradiente de fratura, como tamb?m comparar a efici?ncia do aditivo estendedor bentonita adicionado a estas pastas, atrav?s da varia??o das densidades e concentra??es e observa??o do comportamento das propriedades reol?gicas, estabilidade e resist?ncia ? compress?o. As pastas foram formuladas com os seguintes valores de densidades: 12,0 lb/gal; 12,5 lb/gal; 13,0 lb/gal e 13,5 lb/gal, com diferentes concentra??es de bentonita (1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 %) para cada composi??o. Os resultados obtidos atrav?s dos testes reol?gicos mostraram que o incremento da concentra??o de bentonita proporcionou o aumento das part?culas dispersas no meio, provocando o aumento dos par?metros reol?gicos para todas as densidades. Nos testes de estabilidade os melhores resultados obtidos foram para densidades mais elevadas, se tornando mais est?veis com concentra??es a partir de 3 %, n?o apresentando rebaixamento. Nos testes de resist?ncia ? compress?o, a pasta com densidade de 13,5 lb/gal com concentra??o de 4,0% de bentonita obteve uma maior resist?ncia mec?nica, por?m, muito viscosa, o que pode ser dificultoso para o bombeamento. Atrav?s das caracteriza??es de difra??o de raios-X (DRX) da bentonita pura foi observado a presen?a das fases montmonrilonita e quartzo, caracter?sticos dessa argila. No DRX das pastas de cimento de 13,5 lb/gal foi observado que houve a presen?a de Etringita, portlandita, silicato de c?lcio e quartzo. Observou-se tamb?m que nas imagens obtidas por microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV) a pasta de 13,5 lb/gal com 4 % de bentonita mostrou notoriamente a presen?a de agulhas de etringita, como tamb?m as fases de portlandita e silicato de c?lcio, produtos da hidrata??o do cimento. Por fim, pode-se considerar que as pastas que obtiveram melhores resultados, s?o as pastas com densidade de 13,5 lb/gal, com concentra??es de 2,0 % e 3,0 %, por serem mais est?veis e resistentes mecanicamente, comparadas com as demais com densidades menores. / The cementing is one of the most important operations executed between the stages of drilling a oil well. When the cementation isn?t well performed, there?s the risk of to occur failures and fractures, both in formation as in the cement itself. When the reservoirs have low depth, they tend to fracture more easily, due to his low gradient of fracture, therefore, the density of the cement slurry is of utmost importance to balance the pressures, avoiding fractures problems. It?ll ensure the stability of the pressures acting between the oil well and the formation. Having in mind that are necessary paste more lightweight to promote the insulation, without there being this billing, is necessary to formulate cementing systems to reduce the hydrostatic pressure of the cement column. Thereunto, are added to folders, materials with functions to reduce the density. Therefore, this study had as objective formulations optimize of a cement slurry of low density containing bentonite for application in shallow oil wells and with low gradient of fracture, as well as to compare the efficiency of the bentonite extender additive added to these pastes, by of variations of the density and concentrations and observing of behavior of the rheological properties, stability and resistance to compression. The pastes were formulated with the follows density values: 12,0 lb/gal; 12,5 lb/gal; 13,0 lb/gal to 13,5 lb/gal with different concentrations of bentonite (1,0; 2,0; 3,0 and 4,0 %) for each composition. The results obtained through the rheological tests showed that the increase in the bentonite concentration afforded the increase in particles dispersed in the middle, leading to an increased of rheological parameters for all densities. In the stability tests the best results were obtained at higher densities, becoming more stable with concentrations from 3 %, showing no relegation. In the compressive strength tests, the paste with a density of 13,5 lb/gal with concentration of 4,0 % of bentonite got a higher mechanical strength, but very viscous, which may hinder the pumping. Through the characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) of pure bentonite was observed the presence of montmonrilonita and quartz phases which are typical of clay. The XRD of the cement pastes of 13,5 lb/gal was observed that there was the presence of etringite, portlandite, calcium silicate and quartz. It was also observed that the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the paste of 13,5 lb/gal with 4 % bentonite showed notoriously the presence of ettringite needles, as well as the steps of portlandite and calcium silicate cement hydration products. Finally, it can be considered that the paste have worked best, are the pastes with a density of 13,5 lb/gal, with concentrations of 2,0 % and 3,0 %, because they are more stable and mechanically strong, compared with the other with lower densities.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-10T20:59:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelAugustoVentura_DISSERT.pdf: 2403506 bytes, checksum: 03833598c2b497f4e7cd05ae5e4c1bf1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-12T20:33:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelAugustoVentura_DISSERT.pdf: 2403506 bytes, checksum: 03833598c2b497f4e7cd05ae5e4c1bf1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-12T20:33:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RafaelAugustoVentura_DISSERT.pdf: 2403506 bytes, checksum: 03833598c2b497f4e7cd05ae5e4c1bf1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) / Em um po?o de petr?leo, a cimenta??o dos revestimentos tem grande import?ncia, pois ela garante a seguran?a do po?o, para que este n?o colapse, como tamb?m promove o isolamento das forma??es rochosas para que n?o ocorra comunica??o entre os fluidos adjacentes. Desta forma, ? importante que a matriz de cimento possua estabilidade estrutural e qu?mica. O di?xido de carbono tem sido um agente que tem comprometido essa estabilidade, pois em determinados campos petrol?feros, ele pode ser encontrado em grandes quantidades e em condi??es ideais para a carbonata??o e posterior degrada??o da matriz de cimento, de forma a comprometer o selo hidr?ulico entre as forma??es, podendo tamb?m formar caminhos preferenciais de sa?da de fluidos da forma??o para o espa?o anular do po?o de petr?leo. A s?lica flour tem sido utilizada com grande frequ?ncia em po?os que est?o sujeitos a altas temperaturas, sejam os de elevadas profundidades ou no caso daqueles onde s?o injetados vapor como alternativa para recupera??o avan?ada em reservat?rios de ?leo pesado. Com base no exposto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a influ?ncia de ambientes ricos em CO2 na estabilidade qu?mica da matriz do cimento contendo s?lica flour. Foram preparadas pastas contendo s?lica flour e curadas por 30 dias sob temperatura de 65?C e 3000psi de press?o. Ap?s a cura, parte das amostras foram analisadas quimicamente e outra parte submetida ? atmosfera de CO2 em uma autoclave, por 30 e 60 dias, e posteriormente analisadas ap?s este processo de carbonata??o. As amostras foram caracterizadas por difra??o de raios x (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR) e termogravimetria (TG). As pastas ciment?cias curadas por 60 dias foram as que apresentaram uma maior ?rea carbonatada. As amostras curadas em ambiente de CO2 saturado sofreram uma maior carbonata??o em rela??o as amostras curadas em ambiente supercr?tico, o que est? diretamente relacionado ? concentra??o de CO2 do meio. Os espectros de infravermelho apresentaram bandas caracter?sticas dos produtos de carbonata??o da matriz do cimento, com estiramento do grupo carbonato no comprimento de onda de 875cm-1, que ? caracter?stico da calcita. Nas imagens obtidas por MEV pode-se observar a presen?a de cristais de aragonita (CaCO3). O efeito da carbonata??o em po?os petrol?feros pode afetar consideravelmente a microestrutura da matriz de cimento podendo comprometer o selo hidr?ulico do po?o. / In oil well cementation casing is very important because in addition to ensuring the safety of the well so that it does not collapse, it also promotes the isolation of the rock formations so that there is communication between the adjacente fluids. Thus, it is important that the cement matrix has structural and chemical stability. Carbon dioxide has been an agent that this stability is compromised. In particular oil fields, it can be found in large quantities and in ideal conditions for carbonation and subsequent degradation of the cement matrix, in order to compromise the hydraulic seal between the formations, and may also form preferential paths of fluid to exit the formation the annular space of the oil well. The silica flour has been used frequently in wells that are subjected to high temperatures, be the case in very deep or those which are injected steam as an alternative for enhanced recovery of heavy oil reservoirs. Based on the above, this study aims to evaluate the influence of environments rich in CO2 in the chemical stability of the cement matrix containing silica flour. Pastes containing silica flour and cured for 30 days under temperature of 65?C and pressure of 3000psi (20,7MPa) were prepared. After curing, some of the samples were analyzed chemically and part subjected to CO2 atmosphere in an autoclave for 30 and 60 days and analyzed after this carbonation process. The samples were characterized by Xray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG). The cement pastes cured for 60 days showed the greater carbonated area. The samples cured in saturated CO2 environment suffered greater carbonation compared to samples cured in supercritical environment, which is directly related to CO2 concentration in the environment. Infrared spectra showed characteristic bands of carbonation products cement matrix, with stretch carbonate group at a wavelength of 875cm-1, which is characteristic of calcite. The images obtained by SEM it can be observed the presence of crystal of aragonite (CaCO3). The effect of carbonation in oil wells can greatly affect the microstructure of the cement matrix may compromise the hydraulic seal the well.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-05-30T20:51:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SheylaKarolinaJustinoMarques_TESE.pdf: 3208408 bytes, checksum: deb5c88ae07d8787c4800ec09fd2eee8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-01T00:25:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SheylaKarolinaJustinoMarques_TESE.pdf: 3208408 bytes, checksum: deb5c88ae07d8787c4800ec09fd2eee8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-01T00:25:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SheylaKarolinaJustinoMarques_TESE.pdf: 3208408 bytes, checksum: deb5c88ae07d8787c4800ec09fd2eee8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-22 / O presente trabalho consiste no estudo das caracter?sticas e propriedades tecnol?gicas de tijolos res?duo-cimento maci?os e vazados, formulados a partir de misturas bin?rias e tern?rias de cimento Portland, cascalho proveniente da perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo, com e sem adi??o de cinza do baga?o de cana-de-a?ucar que poder?o ser utilizados pela ind?stria, com o objetivo de melhorar seu desempenho, diminuir seu custo e aumentar sua vida ?til. Os tijolos de solo-cimento constituem uma das alternativas para a constru??o em alvenaria. Esses elementos, ap?s pequeno per?odo de cura, garantem resist?ncia ? compress?o simples similar ? dos tijolos maci?os e blocos cer?micos, sendo a resist?ncia tanto mais elevada quanto maior for ? quantidade de cimento empregada. Foi utilizado cimento CPIIZ-32, res?duo de cascalho de perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo proveniente da perfura??o de po?os Onshore, no munic?pio de Mossor?/RN, fornecido pela Petrobras e cinzas do baga?o de cana-de-a??car. Para a determina??o da mistura ?tima, estudou-se a inclus?o de teores de CBC (2%; 4%; 6%; e 8%) onde foram confeccionados 18 corpos-de-prova. A avalia??o dos tijolos confeccionados foi feita a partir de ensaios de compress?o simples, perda de massa por imers?o e absor??o de ?gua. Os resultados experimentais comprovaram a efici?ncia e o elevado potencial de utiliza??o do res?duo proveniente da perfura??o de po?os de petr?leo e cinza do baga?o de cana-de-a??car, tornando o tijolo res?duo-cimento com uma maior resist?ncia mec?nica e menor absor??o de ?gua. / In recent years the construction industry is a major world representation in the consumption of natural resources and generation of wastes which lead to a greater environmental impact. Thus, it is of fundamental importance to planning the consumption of non-renewable natural resources, in addition to waste management, reuse and incorporate them in the process of manufacturing new materials. The present work is the study of the characteristics and technological properties of solid waste-cement bricks and cast formulated from binary and ternary mixtures cement Portland, gravel from the oil well drilling, with and without addition of cane sugar ashes residue that can be used by industry, with the goal of improving performance, reducing cost and increasing its useful life. Was used CPIIZ-32 cement, drill cuttings residue of oil wells from drilling onshore wells in the municipality of Mossor? / RN, supplied by Petrobras and ashes of sugarcane bagasse. To determine the optimum mix was used to study the inclusion of gray levels (2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) where bodies were prepared 18-specimens for each formulation. The evaluation was made of bricks made from simple compression tests, weight loss by immersion and water absorption. The experimental results have proved the efficiency and the high potential for use of drill cuttings and ash cane bagasse, making the brick-cement residue with a higher strength and lower water absorption. The best result in terms of mechanical strength and water absorption, both for the binary and ternary blend formulation was 86% gravel, 12% cement and 2% ash.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-10T19:20:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaLimeiraAzevedoGomes_TESE.pdf: 3568027 bytes, checksum: 5b81da1eba84c90799bbf4cc69a3c6c1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-13T20:36:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaLimeiraAzevedoGomes_TESE.pdf: 3568027 bytes, checksum: 5b81da1eba84c90799bbf4cc69a3c6c1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T20:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaLimeiraAzevedoGomes_TESE.pdf: 3568027 bytes, checksum: 5b81da1eba84c90799bbf4cc69a3c6c1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-20 / Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo - ANP / A inje??o de ?gua em reservat?rios de petr?leo ? uma t?cnica de recupera??o amplamente utilizada para a recupera??o de ?leo. No entanto, a ?gua injetada cont?m part?culas suspensas que podem ser retidas, causando dano ? forma??o e perda de injetividade. Nesses casos, ? necess?rio estimular a forma??o danificada com o intuito de restaurar a injetividade dos po?os injetores. A perda de injetividade causa um grande impacto negativo ? economia de produ??o de petr?leo e, por isso, prever a injetividade ? importante para o gerenciamento de projetos de inje??o de ?gua. Modelos matem?ticos para perda de injetividade permitem estudar o efeito da qualidade da ?gua injetada bem como das caracter?sticas do po?o e da forma??o. Dessa forma, foi desenvolvido um modelo matem?tico da perda de injetividade para po?os injetores canhoneados. A novidade cient?fica deste trabalho refere-se ? modelagem e previs?o da perda de injetividade em po?os canhoneados injetores, considerando a filtra??o profunda e forma??o do reboco externo em canhoneados esferoidais. A modelagem cl?ssica para a filtra??o profunda foi reescrita em coordenadas esferoidais. A solu??o para a concentra??o de part?culas em suspens?o foi obtida analiticamente e a concentra??o de part?culas retidas, que causam dano ? forma??o, foi resolvida numericamente. Considerando uma vaz?o injetada constante e utilizando a lei de Darcy modificada, estimamos a imped?ncia, definida como sendo o inverso da injetividade normalizada pelo inverso da injetividade inicial. Finalmente, foram realizados testes de injetividade cl?ssicos para fluxo linear, em amostras de Arenito Berea, e tamb?m em amostras "canhoneadas". Os par?metros do modelo, coeficientes de filtra??o e de dano ? forma??o, obtidos a partir do tratamento dos dados, foram utilizados para a verifica??o da modelagem proposta. As simula??es mostraram um bom ajuste aos dados experimentais, sendo observado que a raz?o entre o tamanho das part?culas e dos poros tem grande influ?ncia no comportamento da perda de injetividade. / Water injection in oil reservoirs is a recovery technique widely used for oil recovery. However, the injected water contains suspended particles that can be trapped, causing formation damage and injectivity decline. In such cases, it is necessary to stimulate the damaged formation looking forward to restore the injectivity of the injection wells. Injectivity decline causes a major negative impact to the economy of oil production, which is why, it is important to foresee the injectivity behavior for a good waterflooding management project. Mathematical models for injectivity losses allow studying the effect of the injected water quality, also the well and formation characteristics. Therefore, a mathematical model of injectivity losses for perforated injection wells was developed. The scientific novelty of this work relates to the modeling and prediction of injectivity decline in perforated injection wells, considering deep filtration and the formation of external cake in spheroidal perforations. The classic modeling for deep filtration was rewritten using spheroidal coordinates. The solution to the concentration of suspended particles was obtained analytically and the concentration of the retained particles, which cause formation damage, was solved numerically. The acquisition of the solution to impedance assumed a constant injection rate and the modified Darcy?s Law, defined as being the inverse of the normalized injectivity by the inverse of the initial injectivity. Finally, classic linear flow injectivity tests were performed within Berea sandstone samples, and within perforated samples. The parameters of the model, filtration and formation damage coefficients, obtained from the data, were used to verify the proposed modeling. The simulations showed a good fit to the experimental data, it was observed that the ratio between the particle size and pore has a large influence on the behavior of injectivity decline.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-25T19:35:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NadjaCruzFerraz_DISSERT.pdf: 13420036 bytes, checksum: 48407aa7c5a58850e36ef79776b6b80c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-29T20:32:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NadjaCruzFerraz_DISSERT.pdf: 13420036 bytes, checksum: 48407aa7c5a58850e36ef79776b6b80c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T20:32:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NadjaCruzFerraz_DISSERT.pdf: 13420036 bytes, checksum: 48407aa7c5a58850e36ef79776b6b80c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / A Sequ?ncia Mesodevoniana-Eocarbon?fera da Bacia do Parna?ba, litoestratigraficamente definida como Grupo Canind?, foi reinterpretada empregando-se o modelo b?sico da estratigrafia de sequ?ncias. Para tanto, foram analisados perfis litol?gicos e de raios gama de po?os e linhas s?smicas da regi?o central da bacia, elaborando-se a partir da? diagramas 1D, mapas de is?coras e uma se??o estratigr?fica. Como resultados deste trabalho, foram definidos dois ciclos deposicionais de segunda ordem, referidos como Sequ?ncia Deposicional 1 (SEQ1) e Sequ?ncia Deposicional 2 (SEQ2). A SEQ1, com cerca de 37 Ma, ? limitada abaixo pela Discord?ncia Eodevoniana e equivale ?s forma??es Itaim, Pimenteiras e Cabe?as. A SEQ1 se inicia com o Trato de Sistemas de N?vel Baixo, constitu?do por conjuntos de parassequ?ncias progradacionais em que a parte basal, predominantemente pel?tica, depositou-se em um contexto de prodelta sob influ?ncia de tempestades e a superior ? composta por arenitos de frente deltaica, tendo como limite superior a superf?cie regressiva m?xima. O Trato de Sistemas Transgressivo, depositado acima, ? caracterizado por conjuntos de parassequ?ncias retrogradacionais, compostos predominantemente por pelitos de plataforma rasa, depositados sob a??o de tempestades. A superf?cie transgressiva m?xima, limite superior deste trato, ? posicionada em um n?vel de folhelho cuja radiatividade no perfil de raios gama ? pr?xima a 150 API. O Trato de Sistemas de N?vel Alto apresenta conjuntos de parassequ?ncias progradacionais, compostos por pelitos e arenitos depositados em ambientes plataformal, fl?vio-estuarino e periglacial, tendo como limite superior a Discord?ncia Neodevoniana. A SEQ2, que se segue, compreende um intervalo de cerca de 15 Ma e equivale ? Forma??o Long?. A mesma foi depositada em ambiente plataformal, iniciando com o Trato de Sistemas de N?vel Baixo, caracterizado por um conjunto de parassequ?ncias progradacional, seguido do Trato de Sistemas Transgressivo, de car?ter retrogradacional. O limite superior deste trato corresponde ? superf?cie transgressiva m?xima ou ainda, a fus?o desta superf?cie com o limite de sequ?ncia, que constitui a Discord?ncia Eocarbon?fera, onde a se??o sobreposta foi erodida. Tal se??o, que corresponde ao Trato de Sistemas de N?vel Alto, ? restrita ?s por??es em que a eros?o que originou a Discord?ncia Eocarbon?fera foi menos efetiva, preservando os registros desta unidade. / The Middle Devonian-Early Carboniferous sequence of the Parna?ba Basin, lithostratigraphically defined as Canind? Group, has been reinterpreted using the basic model of sequence stratigraphy. Therefore, lithology and gamma ray well-logs and seismic lines of central portion of the basin were analyzed, producing up from there diagrams 1D, isochore maps and stratigraphic sections. As results of this study, were defined two depositional cycles of second order, referred as Depositional Sequence 1 (SEQ1) and the Depositional Sequence 2 (SEQ2). The SEQ1, with interval about 37 Ma, is limited below by Early Devonian Unconformity and is equivalent to the formations Itaim, Pimenteiras and Cabe?as. The SEQ2, which follows, comprises a range of about 15 Ma and is equivalent to the Long? Formation The SEQ1 starts with the lowstand systems tract, consisting of progradational parasequence set in the basal part, predominantly pelitic, deposited on a prodelta under influence of storms and the upper part consists in sandstones of deltaic front, with the maximum regressive surface on the upper limit. The transgressive systems tract, deposited above, is characterized by retrogradacional parasequence set composed of shallow shelf mudstones, deposited under storm conditions. The maximum flooding surface, upper limit of this tract, is positioned in a shale level whose radioactivity in gammaray well-log is close to 150 API. The highstand systems tract presents progradational parasequence set, comprising mudstones and sandstones deposited in shelf, fluvial-estuarine or deltaic and periglacial environments, with the upper limit the Late Devonian Unconformity. The SEQ2 was deposited in shelf environment, starting with the lowstand systems tract, that is characterized by a progradational parasequence set, followed by the transgressive systems tract, with retrogradational character. The upper limit of the tract corresponding to the fusion between maximum flooding surface with the upper limit of this sequence, which is the Early Carboniferous Unconformity, where the overlapping section was eroded. This section, which corresponds the highstand systems tract is restricted to portions at which the erosion that generate the Early-Carboniferous Unconformity was less effective, preserving the records of this unit.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JairJF_TESE.pdf: 2222193 bytes, checksum: b572697498429b717de3a15791bc4a09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-21 / Thermal recovery methods, especially steam injection, have been used to produce heavy oils. However, these methods imply that the metallic casing-cement sheath interface is submitted to thermal cycling. As a consequence, cracking may develop due to the thermal expansion mismatch of such materials, which allows the flow of oil and gas through the cement sheath, with environmental and economical consequences. It is therefore important to anticipate interfacial discontinuities that may arise upon Thermal recovery. The present study reports a simple alternative method to measure the shear strength of casing-sheath interfaces using pushthrough geometry, applied to polymer-containing hardened cement slurries. Polyurethane and recycled tire rubber were added to Portland-bases slurries to improve the fracture energy of intrinsically brittle cement. Samples consisting of metallic casing sections surrounded by hardened polymer-cement composites were prepared and mechanically tested. The effect of thermal cycles was investigated to simulate temperature conditions encountered in steam injection recovery. The results showed that the addition of polyurethane significantly improved the shear strength of the casing-sheath interface. The strength values obtained adding 10% BWOC of polyurethane to a Portland-base slurry more than doubled with respect to that of polyurethane-free slurries. Therefore, the use of polyurethane significantly contributes to reduce the damage caused by thermal cycling to cement sheath, improving the safety conditions of oil wells and the recovery of heavy oils / Atualmente, os m?todos com maior ?ndice de sucesso de recupera??o de ?leos pesados s?o os t?rmicos, principalmente a inje??o de vapor. Este m?todo de recupera??o coloca a interface entre o revestimento met?lico e a bainha de cimento em ciclagem t?rmica, que devido ? diferen?a de coeficientes de expans?o entre os dois materiais pode provocar o surgimento de trincas, possibilitando a passagem de fluidos pela bainha de cimento. Isto ocasiona s?rios riscos s?cio-econ?micos e ambientais. Para minimizar este problema, foi realizado um estudo que consiste em mensurar a resist?ncia ao cisalhamento entre um tubo de a?o e uma bainha de cimento. Ao material cimentante foram adicionados pol?meros, como poliuretana e borracha reciclada triturada de pneus. A adi??o de pol?meros visa melhorar a plasticidade do material cimentante e, assim, aumentar a ader?ncia da pasta endurecida sobre o revestimento, bem como a energia de ruptura do conjunto. Diante disso, a meta principal desse estudo foi avaliar a ader?ncia de comp?sitos cimentantes para po?os de petr?leo com revestimentos met?licos ap?s ciclagens t?rmicas, simulando as condi??es de varia??o de temperatura a que po?os de petr?leo s?o submetidos durante a recupera??o de ?leos pesados por m?todos t?rmicos. Observou-se que com a adi??o de poliuretana houve uma melhoria significativa da ader?ncia da interface revestimento met?lica - bainha de cimento com rela??o ? pasta padr?o, sem pol?meros. Os melhores resultados obtidos foram com pastas contendo 10% de poliuretana, que apresentaram aumento de mais de 100% na resist?ncia ao cisalhamento, em rela??o ? pasta padr?o. A adi??o de poliuretana ? pasta de cimento contribui de forma significativa para reduzir o dano causado pela ciclagem t?rmica a bainhas de cimento, melhorando a seguran?a e as condi??es de produ??o de po?os de petr?leo sujeitos ? recupera??o secund?ria por m?todos t?rmicos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscaSHTP_TESE.pdf: 2918129 bytes, checksum: e712b711537d456c1dd4eaa0f003f3af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-01 / The construction of wells is one of the most important activities of the oil industry. The drilling process is the set of activities and operations to design, program and perform the opening thereof. During this process, the cuttings are removed by the drilling fluid, or mud, and carted to the surface. This fluid is injected into the drill string and returns to the surface through the annular space between the well walls and the drill string. After the descent of the column casing, the annular space between the casing string and the walls of the borehole is filled with cement so as to secure the spine and prevent any migration of fluids between the various permeable zones traversed by the well behind of the coating. To ensure the good quality of the cementation scrubbers are used mattresses which are pumped ahead of the cement slurry so as to avoid contamination of the drilling fluid paste, or vice versa, and assist in the removal of plaster, formed by drilling fluid of the borehole walls, thus enabling a better cement bond to the well. Within this context, this work aims to evaluate the efficiency of mattresses scrubbers, the basis of ionic and nonionic surfactants, on the removal of nonaqueous drilling fluid, based on n-paraffin in oil wells, and the compatibility between the Mattress relations washer / drilling fluid bed scrubber / cement paste mattress washer / cement slurry / drilling fluid and the drilling fluid / cement slurry using laboratory tests rheology, thickening time and compressive strength. Also technique was performed X-ray diffraction (XRD) for a more detailed analysis of these mixtures with hydrated cement paste. In compatibility tests the conditions of temperature and pressure used in the same laboratory procedure simulating the conditions of oil wells, the well is considered the depth of 800 m. The results showed that the compositions of the mattress washer nonionic, KMS obtained a 100% efficient in removing the non-aqueous drilling fluid, and the best formulation showed good results with respect to compliance testing / A constru??o de po?os ? uma das atividades mais importantes da ind?stria do petr?leo. O processo de perfura??o de po?os ? o conjunto de atividades e opera??es destinadas a projetar, programar e realizar a abertura dos mesmos. Durante este processo, os cascalhos s?o removidos pelo fluido de perfura??o, ou lama, e carreados at? a superf?cie. Este fluido ? injetado no interior da coluna de perfura??o e retorna ? superf?cie atrav?s do espa?o anular entre as paredes do po?o e a coluna de perfura??o. Ap?s a descida da coluna de revestimento, o espa?o anular entre a coluna de revestimento e as paredes do po?o ? preenchido com cimento, de modo a fixar a coluna e evitar que haja migra??o de fluidos entre as diversas zonas perme?veis atravessadas pelo po?o, por tr?s do revestimento. Para garantir a boa qualidade da cimenta??o, s?o utilizados os colch?es lavadores, que s?o bombeados ? frente da pasta de cimento, de modo a evitar a contamina??o da pasta pelo fluido de perfura??o, ou vice-versa, al?m de auxiliar na remo??o do reboco, formado pelo fluido de perfura??o, das paredes do po?o, possibilitando assim uma melhor ader?ncia do cimento ao po?o. Dentro deste contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a efici?ncia de colch?es lavadores, a base de tensoativos i?nico e n?o i?nico, na remo??o do fluido de perfura??o n?o aquoso, ? base de n-parafina, em po?os de petr?leo, e a compatibilidade entre as rela??es colch?o lavador/fluido de perfura??o, colch?o lavador /pasta de cimento, colch?o lavador /pasta de cimento/fluido de perfura??o e fluido de perfura??o/pasta de cimento utilizando os ensaios laboratoriais de reologia, tempo de espessamento e resist?ncia ? compress?o. Tamb?m foi realizada a t?cnica difra??o de raios X (DRX) para uma an?lise mais detalhada dessas misturas com a pasta hidratada de cimento. Nos ensaios de compatibilidade as condi??es de temperatura e press?o utilizadas nos procedimentos laboratoriais simularam as mesmas condi??es dos po?os de petr?leo, sendo a profundidade do po?o considerada de 800 m. Os resultados mostraram que as composi??es do colch?o lavador n?o i?nico, o KMS, obtiveram uma efici?ncia de 100% na remo??o do fluido de perfura??o n?o aquoso e a sua melhor formula??o apresentou resultados satisfat?rios em rela??o aos testes de compatibilidade

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AbimaelLM.pdf: 1998740 bytes, checksum: 3bd1ad1da777ebc532ac1fcc9b0a96f4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-20 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The low tenacity presented by the Portland cement pastes used in the oil wells cementation has been motivating several researches with attention focused on alternative materials. Additives have been developed to generate flexible pastes with mechanical resistance capable to support the expansions and retractions of the metallic covering of the wells that submit to the steam injection, technique very used to increase the recovery factor in oil reservoirs with high viscosity. A fresh paste with inadequate rheological behavior may commit the cementation process seriously, involving flaws that affect the performance of the paste substantially in the hardened state. This work proposes the elaboration and the rheological analysis of Portland cement pastes with addition of residues of rubber tire in several proportions, with the aim of minimizing the damages provoked in the hem cementing of these wells. By thermogravimetric analysis, the particles of eraser that go by the sieve of 0,5mm (35 mesh) opening and treated superficially with NaOH solution of 1 mol/L presented appropriate thermal resistance for wells that submit to thermal cyclic. The evaluation of the study based on the results of the rheological analysis of the pastes, complemented by the mechanical analysis, thickening, stability, tenor of free water and filtrate loss, being used as parameter a paste reference, without rubber addition. The results showed satisfactory rheology, passive of few corrections; considerable loss of mechanical resistance (traction and compression), compensated by earnings of tenacity, however with established limits for its application in oil wells; satisfactory stability, free water and thickening time / A baixa tenacidade apresentada pelas pastas de cimentos Portland utilizadas na cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo tem motivado v?rias pesquisas voltadas para materiais alternativos. Aditivos t?m sido desenvolvidos para gerar pastas flex?veis e com resist?ncia mec?nica capaz de suportar as expans?es e retra??es do revestimento met?lico dos po?os que se sujeitam ? inje??o de vapor, t?cnica muito utilizada para aumentar o fator de recupera??o em reservat?rios de ?leo com alta viscosidade. Uma pasta fresca com comportamento reol?gico inadequado pode comprometer seriamente o processo de cimenta??o, implicando em falhas que afetam substancialmente o desempenho da pasta no estado endurecido. Este trabalho prop?e a elabora??o e a an?lise reol?gica de pastas de cimento Portland com adi??o de res?duos de borracha de pneu em diversas propor??es, com o objetivo de minimizar os estragos provocados na bainha cimentante destes po?os. Por an?lise termogravim?trica, as part?culas de borracha passantes na peneira de abertura 0,5 mm (35 mesh) e tratadas superficialmente com solu??o 1 mol/L de NaOH, apresentaram resist?ncia t?rmica adequada para po?os sujeitos ? ciclagem t?rmica. A avalia??o do estudo baseou-se nos resultados da an?lise reol?gica das pastas, complementadas pela an?lise mec?nica, espessamento, estabilidade, teor de ?gua livre e perda de filtrado, utilizando-se como par?metro uma pasta refer?ncia, sem adi??o de borracha. Os resultados mostraram reologia satisfat?ria, passiva de poucas corre??es; consider?vel perda de resist?ncia mec?nica (tra??o e compress?o), compensada por ganho de tenacidade, por?m dentro dos limites estabelecidos para sua aplica??o em po?os de petr?leo; satisfat?ria estabilidade, ?gua livre e tempo de espessamento

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarinaGMM_DISSERT.pdf: 2881294 bytes, checksum: 3b5fb2cb077e76e3477ec04b95724ee5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / One of the major current challenges for oilwell companies is the extraction of oil from evaporitic zones, also known as pre-salt basins. Deep reservoirs are found under thick salt layers formed from the evaporation of sea water. Salt layers seal the flow of oil from underneath rock formations, which store hydrocarbons and increase the probability of success in oil and gas exploration. Oilwells are cemented using Portland-based slurries to promote mechanical stability and zonal isolation. For pre-salt oilwells, NaCl must be added to saturate the cement slurries, however, the presence of salt in the composition of slurries affects their overall behavior. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of 5 to 25% NaCl on selected properties of Portland-based slurries. A series of tests were carried out to assess the rheological behavior, thickening time, free water and ultrassonic compressive strength. In addition, the slurries were also characterized by thermal analysis, X ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of NaCl affected the thickening time of the slurries. NaCl contents up to 10% shortened the thickening time of the slurries. On the other hand, concentrations in excess of 20% not only extended the thickening time, but also reduced the strength of hardened slurries. The addition of NaCl resulted in the formation of a different crystalline phase called Friedel?s salt, where free chlorine is bonded to tricalcium aluminate / Atualmente, um dos grandes desafios para as empresas petrol?feras ? a explora??o de petr?leo em bacias dominadas por estruturas salinas, mais conhecidas por zonas evapor?ticas. A camada de sal ? formada pela evapora??o da ?gua do mar, cuja composi??o qu?mica inclui altas concentra??es de cloreto de s?dio (NaCl). Reservat?rios profundos s?o encontrados abaixo de espessas camadas de sal que vedam o fluxo de ?leo para fora da rocha, aprisionando hidrocarbonetos e aumentando, assim, a probabilidade de sucesso na prospec??o de ?leo e g?s. Atendendo ?s condi??es de po?o, s?o utilizadas pastas de cimento do tipo Portland para isolar, promover resist?ncia mec?nica ao po?o e impedir a intercomunica??o zonal das forma??es rochosas produtoras. Deste modo, as pastas de cimento devem atender ?s necessidades do sal, pois este se encontra na natureza com distintas caracter?sticas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento de sistemas de pastas saturadas com NaCl, em concentra??es de 5% a 25%, frente as propriedades f?sicas e qu?micas das mesmas. Tais propriedades foram analisadas atrav?s de ensaios laboratoriais de reologia, tempo de espessamento, ?gua livre e resist?ncia ? compress?o (UCA), bem como com o uso de t?cnicas de caracteriza??o t?rmica, difra??o de raios X e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram que a presen?a do NaCl, quando em pequenas concentra??es (at? 10%) atua como acelerador de pega. J? quando em altas concentra??es (a partir de 20%), n?o s? apresenta efeito oposto em rela??o ? pega, retardando-a, bem como atua deleteriamente na resist?ncia ? compress?o. Foi observada, tamb?m, a forma??o de uma nova fase denominada sal de Friedel, resultado da liga??o dos cloretos livres ao aluminato tric?lcico, incorporado ?s fases s?lidas do cimento hidratado

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:06:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaCeciliaVN.pdf: 4627476 bytes, checksum: 03aa7ea0e615f64c7e42bf3a39bdd226 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Portland-polymers composites are promising candidates to be used as cementing material in Northeastern oil wells of Brazil containing heavy oils submitted to steam injection. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate its degradation in the commonly acidizind agents. In addition, to identify how aggressive are the different hostile environments it is an important contribution on the decision of the acidic systems to be used in. It was investigated the performance of the Portland-polymer composites using powdered polyurethane, aqueous polyurethane, rubber tire residues and a biopolymer, those were reinforced with polished carbon steel SAE 1045 to make the electrochemical measurements. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) and HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % were used as degrading environment and electrolytes. The more aggressive acid solution to the plain Portland hardened cement paste was the regular mud acid, that showed loss of weight around 23.0 %, followed by the soft mud acid, the showed 11.0 %, 15.0 % HCl with 7,0 % and, at last the 10.0 % HAc plus HF 1.5 % with just 1.0 %. The powdered polyurethane-composite and the aqueous polyurethane one showed larger durability, with reduction around 87.0 % on the loss of weight in regular mud acid. The acid attack is superficial and it occurs as an action layer, where the degraded layer is responsible for the decrease on the kinetic of the degrading process. This behavior can be seen mainly on the Portland- aqueous polyurethane composite, because the degraded layer is impregnated with chemically modified polymer. The fact of the acid attack does not have influence on the compressive strength or fratography of the samples, in a general way, confirms that theory. The mechanism of the efficiency of the Portland-polymers composites subjected to acid attack is due to decreased porosity and permeability related with the plain Portland paste, minor quantity of Ca+2, element preferentially leached to the acidic solution, wave effect and to substitute part of the degrading bulk for the polymeric one. The electrolyte HAc 10 % + HF 1,5 % was the least aggressive one to the external corrosion of the casing, showing open circuit potentials around +250 mV compared to -130 mV to the simulated pore solution to the first 24 hours immersion. This behavior has been performed for two months at least. Similar corrosion rates were showed between both of the electrolytes, around 0.01 μA.cm-2. Total impedance values, insipient arcs and big polarization resistance capacitive arcs on the Nyquist plots, indicating passivity process, confirm its efficiency. In this way, Portlandpolymers composites are possible solutions to be succeed applied to oilwell cementing concomitant submitted to steam injection and acidizing operation and the HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % is the less aggressive solution to the external corrosion of the casing / Comp?sitos Portland-pol?meros s?o promissores candidatos ? cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo contendo ?leos pesados submetidos ? inje??o de vapor nos campos do Nordeste do Brasil. Assim, faz-se necess?rio avaliar sua degrada??o frente aos ?cidos comumente utilizados em opera??es de acidifica??o. Al?m disso, identificar a agressividade dos diferentes meios hostis ? corros?o externa do revestimento constitui uma importante contribui??o na decis?o dos sistemas ?cidos a serem utilizados. Foram avaliados comp?sitos adicionados de poliuretana em p?, poliuretana em solu??o aquosa, borracha de pneu mo?da e um biopol?mero atrav?s das API Spec. 10, sendo refor?ados com a?o carbono polido SAE 1045 para os ensaios eletroqu?micos. HCl 15,0 %, HCl 6,0 % + HF 1,5 % (soft mud acid), HCl 12,0 % + HF 3,0 % (regular mud acid) e HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % foram aplicadas como meios degradantes e eletr?litos. A solu??o ?cida mais agressiva ? pasta de cimento Portland convencional ? a regular mud acid, que apresenta perda de massa em torno de de 23,0 %, seguida da soft mud acid, com perda de massa de 11,0 % e da solu??o HCl 15,0 %, em torno de 7,0 %. As menores perdas de massa, no entanto, s?o relativas ao meio agressivo HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 %, com perdas no patamar de 1,0 %. Os comp?sitos com poliuretana em p? e poliuretana em solu??o aquosa apresentaram maior durabilidade, com redu??o em torno de 87,0 % na perda de massa frente ao regular mud acid. O ataque ?cido ? superficial e ocorre como uma frente de a??o, sendo a camada degradada respons?vel pela minimiza??o da cin?tica do processo de degrada??o, principalmente no comp?sito Portland-poliuretana em dispers?o aquosa, por ser impregnada por pol?mero quimicamente modificado. O fato de n?o haver, de uma forma geral, influ?ncia do ataque ?cido na resist?ncia ? compress?o e fratografia das amostras, ap?s ataque ?cido, ratifica essa teoria. O mecanismo da maior efici?ncia dos comp?sitos Portland-pol?meros frente ao ataque ?cido ? regido por menores porosidades e permeabilidades que a pasta de cimento convencional, menor quantidade de Ca+2, elemento prioritariamente lixiviado para a solu??o ?cida, efeito tortuosidade e substitui??o de massa degrad?vel por massa polim?rica. O eletr?lito HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % foi o menos agressivo ? corros?o externa do revestimento, com potenciais de circuito aberto superiores ? solu??o simuladora dos poros como eletr?lito, +250 mV frente a -130 mV para as primeiras 24 horas de imers?o, mantendo esse comportamento ao longo de, pelo menos, 2 meses de imers?o. Correntes de corros?o semelhantes entre esses dois eletr?litos, em torno de 0,01 μA.cm-2, e valores de imped?ncia total, arcos incipientes e grandes arcos capacitivos de resist?ncia de polariza??o, indicadores de passiva??o nos diagramas de Nyquist, confirmam sua efici?ncia. Assim, comp?sitos Portland-pol?meros s?o solu??es poss?veis de serem empregadas em cimenta??o de po?os de petr?leo submetidos concomitantemente ? inje??o de vapor e opera??es de acidifica??o, sendo a solu??o HAc 10,0 % + HF 1,5 % menos agressiva ? corros?o externa do revestimento ap?s opera??es de acidifica??o