The object of this paper is to compare the Tennessee green pod pole bean with other beans as to chemical composition and food value.

Le présent travail concerne l'étude du décollement de coin de compresseurs par des investigations expérimentaux sur le banc d'essai subsonique grille d'aubes situé au LMFA (Re = 3.8 x 105, M = 0,12, profil NACA 65-009). Habituellement, cette particulière séparation tridimensionnelle a lieu dans le coin entre l'aubage et la paroi du moyeu des rangées d'aubes, également dans les stators et les rotors.Les performances de l’étage sont ainsi dégradées à cause des pertes de charge et du blocage conséquent à la séparation de l’écoulement. Bien que les caractéristiques stationnaires sont bien connues par la littérature, uniquement des récentes études expérimentales avancées combinées aux améliorations de simulations numériques, telles que URANS et LES, ont permis de découvrir le comportement très instable du décollement de coin. Des études préalables sur le même banc d'essai ont rapporté un comportement intermittent du décollement, appelé comportement bimodal. Dans la présente thèse de doctorat, il est montré que le comportement bimodal correspond à deux états spécifiques du champ fluide: une séparation fermée, presque supprimée, et une séparation ouverte caractérisée par un blocage massif. Il est clair que cette commutation bimodale du décollement de coin apparaissant dans une machine réelle pourrait avoir un impact fortement déstabilisant. En utilisant la méthode de mesure PIV haute vitesse couplée à des mesures de pression résolues en temps sur la surface de l'aubage, l'écoulement d'un canal inter-aube a été étudié pour deux différentes incidences. Les mesures PIV fournissent pour la première fois des visualisations résolues en temps et étendues à toute la section de l'aubage de la variation bimodale du décollement. L'interaction des grandes structures aléatoires de la couche limite à l'amont avec le bord d'attaque de l'aubage déstabilise le front du décollement et agrandit la région de recirculation. Une séparation ainsi massive persiste jusqu'à ce que le blocage dans le canal inter-aube provoque la rupture des plus grandes structures constituant la zone de recirculation. Successivement le débit recommence à accélérer et la séparation est presque supprimée. Cette dynamique coïncide avec le régime d'écoulement hautement instationnaire et apériodique des diffuseurs, appelé large transitory stall, caractérisé par des grandes amplitudes d'énergie dans la gamme des basses fréquences du spectre. Des moyennes conditionnelles de pression et la décomposition orthogonale modale (POD) des champs de vitesse ont été appliquées pour montrer l'effet rétroactif du blocage induit par la séparation ouverte sur l'angle local au bord d'attaque. Ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse d'une instabilité auto-entretenue causée par la diffusion imposée dans le stator. En fin, des mesures de pression totale résolues en temps ont été effectuées en utilisant des capteurs à haute réponse en fréquence, situés à la même position dans les différents canaux adjacents. La cohérence et la linéarité de l'angle de phase trouvée entre les capteurs confirment que l'instabilité du décollement peut se propager d'un canal a l'autre, en analogie avec les perturbations tournantes (rotating instabilities) apparaissant dans les bancs d'essai annulaires. Ceci montre pour la première fois que, même dans une grille d'aubes linéaire de compresseur, l'instabilité intrinsèque du décollement de coin peut déclencher la propagation d'instabilités. / The present work focuses on the study of the corner separation phenomenon in compressors carried out by experimental investigations on a subsonic linear cascade test rig (Re=3.8x105, M=0.12, blade profile NACA 65-009). Usually, this particular three-dimensional separation takes place in the corner between the blade and the endwall of compressor rows, mostly at hub, both in stators and rotors.Its main features are high total pressure losses and blockage of the flow, with consequent impacts on the efficiency. Whereas time averaged characteristics are well known from the past, only recent advanced experimental studies and improvements of numerical simulations, such as URANS and LES, have permitted to uncover the highly unsteady behavior of corner separation in compressors. Precedent studies on the same test rig have reported an intermittent unsteady behavior of corner separation, called bimodal behavior. In the present thesis it is shown that the bimodal behavior corresponds to two specific states of the flow: a closed separation, almost suppressed, and an open separation characterized by massive blockage and losses. Clearly hub-separation bimodal switches appearing in a real machine could have a first order detrimental effect on the stability of the flow in the compressor. By using high speed PIV coupled with unsteady pressure measurements on the surface of the blade the flow in a single blade passage has been investigated for different incidences. The PIV measurements provide, for the first time, time-resolved flow visualizations of the size switch of the separation with an extended field of view covering the entire blade section. The interaction of random large structures of the incoming boundary layer with the blade is found to be a predominant element that destabilizes the separation boundary and enlarges the recirculation region. Such a massive separation persists until the blockage in the passage causes the breakdown of the largest structures in the aft part of the blade, reestablishing the closed separation state. Such dynamics coincide with the aperiodic intermittent flow regime of diffusers, called transitory stall regime, and the associated Fourier spectra show the largest energy amplitudes in the low frequency range. Conditional ensemble averages of pressure and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) of velocity fields have been applied to show the feedback effect of the blockage of the separation on the flow angle around the blade leading edge. These results draw the picture of a self-sustained instability caused by the diffusion imposed by the inter-blade passage. To answer the question about the interaction between adjacent corner separations, time-resolved total pressure measurements have been carried out by using high frequency response sensors positioned in bimodal points of multiple passages. The coherent propagation velocity and the linearity of the phase angle found between the signals confirm that the unsteadiness of the separation can propagate in pitch-wise direction. It is interesting to underline that equivalent elements characterize rotating disturbances appearing in annular test rigs. This finally shows that, even in an isolated stator blade row, the intrinsic unsteadiness of corner separation can start the propagation of instabilities. It is the first time that such a propagation effect is observed in a linear compressor cascade.

O constante aumento da demanda de energia elétrica sobre as redes e a necessidade de interligação de sistemas através de longas linhas de transmissão, culminaram em problemas relacionados à estabilidade do sistema de potência multimáquinas. Tais problemas envolvem oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência classicadas como modos interáreas. Os modos interáreas são caracterizados por oscilações de frequências de até 1Hz e representam oscilações de um grupo de geradores de uma área contra grupos de geradores de outras áreas. Umavezqueoempregodeestabilizadoresdesistemasdepotência(ESP)possanãosersucienteparagarantirumamortecimentoadequadoaessesmodos,osdispositivosFACTSsurgem como uma alternativa ecaz para o amortecimento de oscilações de baixa frequência. Para este m, o Capacitor Série Controlado por Tiristor (TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) é um dispositivo FACTS comumente empregado e quando utilizado juntamente com um controlador suplementar para amortecimento de oscilações de potência (POD - Power Oscillation Damping) garante ao sistema de potência estabilidade e amortecimento adequado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é realizar o projeto coordenado de controladores ESP e TCSC-POD efetuando um ajuste incremental dos parâmetros dos controladores através da formulação do problema por otimização e programação quadrática. Tal técnica foi utilizada anteriormente somente para o projeto de ESPs. No caso deste trabalho será feita uma adaptação para estender a possibilidade de aplicação da metodologia para casos com dispositivos FACTS presentes. / The increasing demand for electricity over networks and the need for systems interconnection through long transmission lines, resulted in problems related to the multi-machine power systemstability. Theseproblemsinvolvelowfrequencyoscillationsclassiedasinterareasmodes. These modes are characterized by oscillations in frequencies up to 1 Hz, and represent a group of generators from one area oscillating against generator groups from other areas. Once the use of power system stabilyzers (PSS) controllers may not be sucient to ensure adequate damping to these modes, the FACTS devices emerge as an ecient alternative to damping low frequency oscillations. For this purpose, the TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)isacommonlyusedFACTSdeviceandwhenitisusedtogetherwithasupplementary controller POD (Power Oscillation Damping), ensures stability to power system and adequate damping. These controllers have the same structure as the PSS controllers. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out the coordinated design of PSS and TCSC-POD controllers, performing an incremental adjustment of the controllers parameters by formulating the problem as an optimization problem using quadratic programming. This method was previously used only for PSS design. In the case of this work, it is made an adaptation to extend the applicability of the methodology for cases in which there are FACTS devices present.

Este trabalho aborda as oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência, relativas a modos interáreas, pouco amortecidos, avaliando o seu impacto no desempenho de redes elétricas multi-máquinas com o objetivo de elevar o amortecimento destes modos com equipamentos TCSC. Os locais apropriados para instalação destes equipamentos são escolhidos com a análise dos resíduos de funções de transferência e o ajuste de parâmetros, para o projeto coordenado de controladores, utiliza o método de imposição de polos. O sistema não linear de equações, obtido com a aplicação do método de imposição de polos, supondo coeficientes de amortecimento pré-estabelecidos, é resolvido utilizando-se o método de Newton Raphson. Adicionalmente, avalia-se a possibilidade do método auxiliar na análise de interações entre controladores e identificação de acoplamentos, por meio da análise dos termos que compõem as equações de imposição de polos. / This work deals with low frequency oscillations related to inter-area modes, evaluating their impact on the performance of multi-machine electrical networks with the aim to increase the damping of these modes using TCSC. The best places to install these devices are chosen with the analysis of the residues of transfer functions and the parameter fitting for coordinated application of stabilizers is performed with the pole placement method. The nonlinear system of equations, obtained with the pole placement method, assuming specified damping factors, is solved with the Newton-Raphson method. The method is also used in the analysis of control interaction among stabilizers through the evaluation of individual parcels of the pole placement equations, as an additional feature of the approach.

O constante aumento da demanda de energia elétrica sobre as redes e a necessidade de interligação de sistemas através de longas linhas de transmissão, culminaram em problemas relacionados à estabilidade do sistema de potência multimáquinas. Tais problemas envolvem oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência classicadas como modos interáreas. Os modos interáreas são caracterizados por oscilações de frequências de até 1Hz e representam oscilações de um grupo de geradores de uma área contra grupos de geradores de outras áreas. Umavezqueoempregodeestabilizadoresdesistemasdepotência(ESP)possanãosersucienteparagarantirumamortecimentoadequadoaessesmodos,osdispositivosFACTSsurgem como uma alternativa ecaz para o amortecimento de oscilações de baixa frequência. Para este m, o Capacitor Série Controlado por Tiristor (TCSC - Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor) é um dispositivo FACTS comumente empregado e quando utilizado juntamente com um controlador suplementar para amortecimento de oscilações de potência (POD - Power Oscillation Damping) garante ao sistema de potência estabilidade e amortecimento adequado. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é realizar o projeto coordenado de controladores ESP e TCSC-POD efetuando um ajuste incremental dos parâmetros dos controladores através da formulação do problema por otimização e programação quadrática. Tal técnica foi utilizada anteriormente somente para o projeto de ESPs. No caso deste trabalho será feita uma adaptação para estender a possibilidade de aplicação da metodologia para casos com dispositivos FACTS presentes. / The increasing demand for electricity over networks and the need for systems interconnection through long transmission lines, resulted in problems related to the multi-machine power systemstability. Theseproblemsinvolvelowfrequencyoscillationsclassiedasinterareasmodes. These modes are characterized by oscillations in frequencies up to 1 Hz, and represent a group of generators from one area oscillating against generator groups from other areas. Once the use of power system stabilyzers (PSS) controllers may not be sucient to ensure adequate damping to these modes, the FACTS devices emerge as an ecient alternative to damping low frequency oscillations. For this purpose, the TCSC (Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor)isacommonlyusedFACTSdeviceandwhenitisusedtogetherwithasupplementary controller POD (Power Oscillation Damping), ensures stability to power system and adequate damping. These controllers have the same structure as the PSS controllers. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out the coordinated design of PSS and TCSC-POD controllers, performing an incremental adjustment of the controllers parameters by formulating the problem as an optimization problem using quadratic programming. This method was previously used only for PSS design. In the case of this work, it is made an adaptation to extend the applicability of the methodology for cases in which there are FACTS devices present.

Este trabalho aborda as oscilações eletromecânicas de baixa frequência, relativas a modos interáreas, pouco amortecidos, avaliando o seu impacto no desempenho de redes elétricas multi-máquinas com o objetivo de elevar o amortecimento destes modos com equipamentos TCSC. Os locais apropriados para instalação destes equipamentos são escolhidos com a análise dos resíduos de funções de transferência e o ajuste de parâmetros, para o projeto coordenado de controladores, utiliza o método de imposição de polos. O sistema não linear de equações, obtido com a aplicação do método de imposição de polos, supondo coeficientes de amortecimento pré-estabelecidos, é resolvido utilizando-se o método de Newton Raphson. Adicionalmente, avalia-se a possibilidade do método auxiliar na análise de interações entre controladores e identificação de acoplamentos, por meio da análise dos termos que compõem as equações de imposição de polos. / This work deals with low frequency oscillations related to inter-area modes, evaluating their impact on the performance of multi-machine electrical networks with the aim to increase the damping of these modes using TCSC. The best places to install these devices are chosen with the analysis of the residues of transfer functions and the parameter fitting for coordinated application of stabilizers is performed with the pole placement method. The nonlinear system of equations, obtained with the pole placement method, assuming specified damping factors, is solved with the Newton-Raphson method. The method is also used in the analysis of control interaction among stabilizers through the evaluation of individual parcels of the pole placement equations, as an additional feature of the approach.

La résolution des problèmes de contrôle optimal nécessite des temps de calcul et des capacités de stockage très élevés. Pour s’affranchir de ces contraintes, il est possible d’utiliser les méthodes de réduction de modèles comme la POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition). L’inconvénient de cette approche est que la base POD n’est valable que pour des paramètres situés dans un voisinage proche des paramètres pour lesquels elle a été construite. Par conséquent, en contrôle optimal, cette base peut ne pas être représentative de tous les paramètres qui seront proposés par l’algorithme de contrôle. Pour s’affranchir de cet handicap, une méthodologie de contrôle optimal utilisant des modèles réduits adaptatifs a été proposée dans ce manuscrit. Les bases réduites adaptées sont obtenues à l’aide de la méthode d’interpolation ITSGM (Interpolation on Tangent Subspace of Grassman Manifold) ou de la méthode d’enrichissement PGD (Proper Generalized Decomposition). La robustesse de cette approche en termes de précision et de temps de calcul a été démontrée pour le contrôle optimal (basé sur les équations adjointes) des équations 2D de réaction-diffusion et de Burgers. L’approche basée sur l’interpolation ITSGM a également été appliquée avec succès pour contrôler l’écoulement autour d’un cylindre 2D. Deux méthodes de réduction non intrusives, ne nécessitant pas la connaissance des équations du modèle étudié, ont également été proposées. Ces méthodes appelées NIMR (Non Intrusive Model Reduction) et HNIMR (Hyper Non Intrusive Model Reduction) ont été couplées à un algorithme génétique pour résoudre rapidement un problème de contrôle optimal. Le problème du contrôle optimal de l’écoulement autour d’un cylindre 2D a été étudié et les résultats ont montré l’efficacité de cette approche. En effet, l’algorithme génétique couplé avec la méthode HNIMR a permis d’obtenir les solutions avec une bonne précision en moins de 40 secondes. / The numerical resolution of adjoint based optimal control problems requires high computational time and storage capacities. In order to get over these high requirement, it is possible to use model reduction techniques such as POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition). The disadvantage of this approach is that the POD basis is valid only for parameters located in a small neighborhood to the parameters for which it was built. Therefore, this basis may not be representative for all parameters in the optimizer’s path eventually suggested by the optimal control loop. To overcome this issue, a reduced optimal control methodology using adaptive reduced order models obtained by the ITSGM (Interpolation on a Tangent Subspace of the Grassman Manifold) method or by the PGD (Proper Generalized Decomposition) method, has been proposed in this work. The robustness of this approach in terms of precision and computation time has been demonstrated for the optimal control (based on adjoint equations) of the 2D reaction-diffusion and Burgers equations. The interpolation method ITSGM has also been validated in the control of flow around a 2D cylinder. In the context of non intrusive model reduction, two non intrusive reduction methods, which do not require knowledge of the equations of the studied model, have also been proposed. These methods called NIMR (Non-Intrusive Model Reduction) and HNIMR (Hyper Non-Intrusive Model Reduction) were developed and then coupled to a genetic algorithm in order to solve an optimal control problem in quasi-real time. The problem of optimal control of the flow around a 2D cylinder has been studied and the results have shown the effectiveness of this approach. Indeed, the genetic algorithm coupled with the HNIMR method allowed to obtain the solutions with a good accuracy in less than 40 seconds.

Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone / The mesquite-harvesting project at the University of Arizona was in practice from 2011-2013. During the development of the project, students, faculty, and staff were engaged in harvesting, designing harvesting methods, milling, baking, researching, and selling mesquite flour at the campus. After discovering a common toxin in mesquite-pods, a strict harvesting method was obtained and followed throughout the seasons. However, because of the high-maintenance process of harvesting, the mesquite-harvesting project at the University of Arizona could not economically sustain on campus, and therefore, had to come to an end. This document explains the process of harvesting, the research of aflatoxin, best practices, and other events that happened during the UA mesquite-harvesting project.

Une méthode innovante pour simuler des interactions fluide-structure complexes tout en gardant un bon compromis temps de calcul/précision est présenté.Pour réduire le temps de simulation des modèles d’ordre réduits sont utilisés au lieu des modèles complets aussi bien pour les modèles structuraux que pour les modèles aérodynamiques. Un des challenges de base était d'utiliser des modèles industrielles hautes fidélités. La technique de condensation dynamique est utilisée pour réduire la taille du modèle éléments finis structures et la décomposition aux valeurs propres est utilisé sur une base de données aérodynamiques construite à partir de simulations CFD.Les non-linéarités structurelles sont réintroduites à posteriori.Une comparaison poussée des méthodes classique d'interpolation comme des méthodes de spline, d’interpolation sur des Manifold de Grassmann avec des méthodes innovantes d'apprentissage statistiques a été amené.Afin de valider complètement la méthodologie développée, une maquette expérimentale visant à imiter le comportement du carénage au sol avant le décollage a été conçue.Ce cas a pu être assimilé à une plaque avec des raideurs de liaisons dans une couche de mélange.La validation de cette méthode est réalisée en comparant les résultats des simulations numériques avec les données enregistrées pendant des essaies en soufflerie. On pourra ainsi comparer aussi bien des champs que des mesures locales. L'ensemble des essais a permis d'améliorer la compréhension de ce phénomène vibratoire qui mène à des problèmes récurrents de fatigue dans cette sous structures.Cette méthode est enfin appliquée à une structure aéronautique: les carénages de volet hypersustentateur / An innovative method for numerical simulating complex problems of fluid structure interaction, such as non-linear transients, characterized by good performances and high precision is presented in this manuscript. To cut down the simulation time, reduced order models are used for both the aerodynamic and structural modules. High fidelity industrial models have been used. A technique of dynamic condensation is employed to reduce the size of the finite element model while the technique of Proper Orthogonal Decomposition is used on a database of aerodynamic pressures built from CFD simulations. Structural non-linearities are reintroduced a posteriori. Different interpolation techniques such as the classic spline interpolation, interpolation on a Grassmann Manifold with more innovative methods of statistical learning have been compared. In order to validate the developed methodology a test campaign has been designed to reproduce a simplified mechanism of interaction inspired by a flap track fairing in take-off configuration. A plate whose stiffness depends on the springs at its attachment to the wind tunnel test section floor is immersed in a mixing layer. In parallel to the test activities a numerical model of the test rig has been developed. The validation of the methodology of fluid structure interaction is done through direct comparison between test data and simulation results. The testing activities have granted a deeper comprehension of the vibratory phenomenon that has led to recurrent fatigue problems on the impacted structures. The methodology is ultimately applied to an industrial problem: the load prediction on flap track fairings excited by engine exhaust.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the elaboration of the documentation proposal land adjustments in the chosen locality. The chosen locality for this work is the cadastral area of Brloh pod Kletí. The first part of the thesis consists of literary research, which deals with the topic of work in general. Further, the basic characteristics of the territory are described, the land improvement scheme is determined. Based on a field survey of this territory, the problems that were addressed with the analysis were analyzed of the draft measure in the plan of common facilities. The main part of the work was to draw up a list of claims for three selected owners. These claims form the basis for designing a new land arrangements.