Esta tesis, titulada El sujeto y su doble: Asedios al héroe fantástico, tiene como objetivo principal analizar e interpretar la figura del doble en tres relatos fantásticos: William Wilson (Poe), El Horla (Maupassant), y El retrato de Dorian Gray (Wilde). A través de ellos se busca esclarecer las dimensiones, variaciones e incidencias que estos Doppelgänger tienen en relación con el héroe, quien es acosado como presencia fantasmal por el Otro creando un vínculo especular que deriva en su aniquilación. La función interna de la imaginación motiva interacciones “aparentes” entre los actores de la obra. Surge así la figura del Otro como alteridad radical.En los tres relatos, el doble cumple funciones distintas y constituye una representación del sujeto ante sí mismo, una proyección que evidencia su despersonalización y un cuestionamiento acerca de su propia constitución como tal, que se vuelve inestable. Lo anterior se lleva a cabo a partir de un análisis que contempla las teorías acerca de lo fantástico, la narratología y el psicoanálisis, principalmente.

Este trabalho revisita a teoria do escopo formulada por Katharina Reiß e Hans Vermeer em Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (1984) a fim de investigar como os conceitos de “tradução comunicativa” e “tradução equivalente” podem ser aplicados a uma nova tradução do criptograma presente em “The Gold-Bug” (1843), de Edgar Allan Poe. Embora o conto tenha mais de vinte traduções diferentes para o português brasileiro, a necessidade de uma nova tradução justifica-se pela insuficiência de todas aquelas existentes no que diz respeito ao tratamento literário dos problemas especiais suscitados pelo criptograma e pela decifração deste no interior da narrativa. A importância da criptologia na gênese, na recepção e na posterior influência de “The Gold- Bug” é demonstrada através de exemplos e argumentos, e a seguir uma nova tradução do criptograma é proposta com o objetivo de produzir em português brasileiro um texto dotado das mesmas qualidades literárias e raciocinativas que resultaram na imensa popularidade do conto e na elevação de Poe ao status de gênio ainda no século XIX. / This paper presents a brief summary of the Skopostheorie proposed by Katharina Reiß and Hans Vermeer in Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie (1984) in order to assess the way in which the concepts of “communicative translation” and “equivalent translation” could be applied to a new translation of the cryptogram found in Edgar Allan Poe’s short-story, “The Gold-Bug” (1843). There are over twenty translations of the story into Brazilian Portuguese, but a new effort is nonetheless in order in view of the insufficiency of all existing translations with regard to the literary treatment of the special problems posed by the cipher and Legrand’s decipherment. The important role played by cryptology in the genesis, reception and later influence of “The Gold-Bug” is demonstrated by means of examples and arguments, and finally a new translation of the cryptogram is proposed with the aim of producing, in Brazilian Portuguese, a text with the same literary and ratiocinative qualities which eventually led to the tale’s immense popularity and Poe’s rise to the status of “genius” still in the 19th century.

“Missing Homes” examines three nineteenth-century authors whose experiences of displacement from home, professions and/or class influenced their literary innovations. Displacement is not a new theme to scholars of nineteenth-century literature, who have established it as a defining experience of an era characterized by financial crises, industrial development, migration and empire. However, scholarship on displacement has often focused on how novels train readers to manage the experience of displacement and has depicted the emotions like nostalgia that arise from it as potentially compensatory or reconciliatory to the dynamics of capitalism. “Missing Homes” departs from these narratives to explore authors who found displacement anything but manageable or liberating and whose works illustrate a more unstable spectrum of emotional responses to displacement and its dire long-term consequences. Attention to these authors, I argue, offers a parallel theory of nostalgia in which the unsettled longing for a place to call home registers political discontent with the relationship between the individual and the collective rather than reconciles the individual to displacement. Departing from critics who have focused primarily on the work performed by metaphors and figures of the domestic, “Missing Homes” engages in biographical readings of the lives, economic circumstances and fiction of Edgar Allan Poe, Charlotte Brontë and Charles Dickens to show how they pursued fantasies of securing homes that could remove them from undesirable personal, economic and political conditions. The failures of these fantasies reveal how conventional narratives describing how individuals might attain security often fail in the face of collective economic conditions in which attaining objects like a home is both economically challenging and often emotionally unfulfilling. Although the variables of their lives were different, I suggest that these authors’ stories of displacement fail to perform therapeutic or intervening work, because the problem of displacement is rooted in material conditions that narrative innovation alone cannot resolve. Instead, readers should derive from these texts and their failures the need for more collective forms of security.

Ce mémoire analyse les différentes formes d'anglophilie que l'on retrouve chez Stéphane Mallarmé. Edgar Poe est grandement responsable de l'attachement du poète français pour la langue anglaise. En effet, celui-ci affirme dans sa correspondance avoir appris cette langue afin de "mieux lire Poe". Cette étude le mène à devenir professeur d'anglais à Tournon où il connaît en 1866 sa "crise". À ce moment-là, le poète voit sa conception de la poésie se transformer radicalement. Durant la décennie suivante, il entreprend des travaux philologiques ainsi que des traductions. La "décennie anglaise" voit Mallarmé se doter d'outils scientifiques afin de résoudre la crise déclenchée quelques années plus tôt. Cette démarche participe à l'œuvre poétique qu'il produira par la suite puisqu'elle replie le langage sur lui-même, séparant ainsi le signifiant de son référant. L'effacement langagier, qu'il met alors sur pied, permet au poète de préserver l'Idéal du grand Œuvre tout en admettant l'impossibilité de sa réalisation. Notre travail étudie d'abord les textes que Mallarmé consacre à Poe. Le sonnet "Tombeau d'Edgar Poe" écrit en 1877, le texte en prose paru dans Divagations en 1897 et les quelques références qui apparaissent dans les Vers de circonstance, publication posthume, dessinent une image héroïque du poète tout en redéfinissant son rôle. Synthèse des mythes grecs et chrétiens, le poète conçu par Mallarmé lutte avec son verbe contre les effets du temps. Les traductions que Mallarmé fait des poèmes de Poe entre 1862 et 1889 permettent à l'auteur français de manipuler la matière sonore d'une façon nouvelle. Sacrifiant le critère de fidélité au profit de la mélodie, le poète essuiera les reproches de critiques du XIXe et du XXe siècle avant de trouver des appuis chez certains traducteurs de poésie dont Yves Bonnefoy. Les ouvrages philologiques de Mallarmé, quant à eux, étudient la langue anglaise comme une langue étrangère. À partir de ces textes, le poète développera le mythe d'une langue autre qui donnerait accès à un monde jusqu'ici inaccessible. De plus, le travail de réécriture qui se fait dans ces ouvrages annonce la "disparition élocutoire du poète" que nous retrouverons plus tard dans "Crise de ver". Finalement, la lecture que Mallarmé fait de Poe l'aide à concevoir l'Œuvre pure ainsi que l'effacement langagier. En mettant la mort au centre de son œuvre, le poète américain prépare la voie à l'écriture hermétique de Mallarmé.

O trabalho tem por objetivo verificar de que forma os avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade influenciaram a obra de Edgar Allan Poe e de Machado de Assis. A análise propõe revelar o olhar desses escritores acerca das novas possibilidades que eram oferecidas à sociedade com o intuito maior de evidenciar o papel da literatura nesse processo, uma vez que o homem é capaz de enxergar todo o comportamento de uma época e, conseqüentemente, a si mesmo, através da obra literária. Essa atitude de “olhar para trás” e para “dentro de si mesmo”, acredita-se, permite que o homem avance ainda mais. Para realizar a análise proposta, a pesquisa utiliza-se de conceitos como o de intertextualidade e interdisciplinaridade, muito caros à Literatura Comparada, com o fim de promover relações entre as diferentes áreas do saber – Literatura e Ciência –, entre os diferentes escritores e, por fim, entre os diversos gêneros literários que constituem o corpus do presente estudo. Após um breve panorama da história do desenvolvimento dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade, procede-se às análises dos textos selecionados, procurando apontar e relacionar o pensamento dos escritores, provando que idéias sobre os avanços científicos e tecnológicos estão presentes na produção literária de cada um. Por fim, após o confronto estabelecido durante todo o trabalho entre o pensamento e o posicionamento dos escritores, discutese o papel da literatura no desenvolvimento e avanço da humanidade. / The paper aims to verify how the writings of Edgar Allan Poe and Machado de Assis had been influenced by the humanity' scientific and technological advances. The analysis proposes to reveal the sight of these two writers over the new possibilities that had been offered to the society, with the main objective of emphasizing the literature role in this process, considering that the human being is able to see the behavior of an entire period of time and consequently to himself through the literary work. This action of “looking back” and of “looking inside”, believes this research, allows him advance still more. In order to do that, the research takes some concepts as intertextuality and interdisciplinarity, extremely valued to the Comparative Literature, with the main objective of promoting relations between the different areas of knowledge – Literature and Science –, between the two different writers and, in the end, among the various literary genres that take part of the corpus of this study. After a brief view of the humanity history of scientific and technological advances development, the analysis of the selected texts is performed, endeavoring to emphasize and make the relation between the ways of thinking of these writers, proving that specific ideas about science and its advances really are in the literary production of each other. In the end, after the confrontation established during all over the research between the thinking and the position of the writers, the literature role in the humanity’s development and advance is discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-05-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:31Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 paula_br_me_arafcl.pdf: 689530 bytes, checksum: 788100750962c1221dfb3eb58a79be2c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O espaço e o tempo são elementos estruturais de fundamental importância na narrativa literária, podendo assumir funções diversas. Os métodos e os recursos narrativos de que o escritor dispõe são variados. A sua instauração gera uma relação entre ambos de valores estéticos e narrativos muitas vezes diferentes para cada obra. Cada escritor projeta-os segundo a sua concepção estético-literária e ao seu estilo. Partindo deste axioma, que é a existência do espaço e do tempo como categorias narrativas, analisamos duas obras literárias específicas: o conto “O gato preto”, de Edgar Allan Poe, e o romance O Processo, de Franz Kafka. A partir da análise das respectivas obras, verificamos como ambas as categorias narrativas se apresentam em um conto e em um romance e como elas auxiliam na obtenção de efeitos pré-definidos, como, por exemplo, os efeitos elencados na filosofia da composição e no realismo fantástico, respectivamente. Objetivamos ressaltar as especificidades de como Poe e Kafka retratam o espaço e o tempo em ambas narrativas. Pretendemos estudar, desta forma, os principais aspectos narrativos do conto e do romance em questão de modo a ressaltar as suas especificidades, elencando as suas funções narrativas, para tanto trabalhamos com os conceitos de espaço tópico e descrito, além dos aspectos do tempo a partir do nível narrativo e do nível diegético / Space and Time are structural elements of fundamental importance in literary narrative, and may take several functions. The methods and narrative procedures the writer arranges are diverse. Their establishment generate a relationship between them which aesthetic and narrative values are often different for each work. Each writer designs them according to their style, as well as their aesthetic-literary conceptions. From this axiom, which is the existence of space and time as narrative categories, we analyze two specific literary works: the short story called The Black Cat by Edgar Allan Poe, and the novel The Judgment by Franz Kafka. Drawing on the analysis of their works, we see how both categories are presented in a short story and in a novel and how they assist in achieving predefined effects, such as the ones listed in “The Philosophy of Composition” and in the Fantastic Realism, respectively. Our aim is to highlight the specificities of how Poe and Kafka portray Space and Time in both narratives. By doing so, we intend to study the main narrative aspects of the short story and the novel in question so as to highlight their specific features, listing their narrative functions. Therefore, the concepts of topic and described Space, in addition to the aspects of Time from the narrative and diegetic levels are focused

O trabalho tem por objetivo verificar de que forma os avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade influenciaram a obra de Edgar Allan Poe e de Machado de Assis. A análise propõe revelar o olhar desses escritores acerca das novas possibilidades que eram oferecidas à sociedade com o intuito maior de evidenciar o papel da literatura nesse processo, uma vez que o homem é capaz de enxergar todo o comportamento de uma época e, conseqüentemente, a si mesmo, através da obra literária. Essa atitude de “olhar para trás” e para “dentro de si mesmo”, acredita-se, permite que o homem avance ainda mais. Para realizar a análise proposta, a pesquisa utiliza-se de conceitos como o de intertextualidade e interdisciplinaridade, muito caros à Literatura Comparada, com o fim de promover relações entre as diferentes áreas do saber – Literatura e Ciência –, entre os diferentes escritores e, por fim, entre os diversos gêneros literários que constituem o corpus do presente estudo. Após um breve panorama da história do desenvolvimento dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade, procede-se às análises dos textos selecionados, procurando apontar e relacionar o pensamento dos escritores, provando que idéias sobre os avanços científicos e tecnológicos estão presentes na produção literária de cada um. Por fim, após o confronto estabelecido durante todo o trabalho entre o pensamento e o posicionamento dos escritores, discutese o papel da literatura no desenvolvimento e avanço da humanidade. / The paper aims to verify how the writings of Edgar Allan Poe and Machado de Assis had been influenced by the humanity' scientific and technological advances. The analysis proposes to reveal the sight of these two writers over the new possibilities that had been offered to the society, with the main objective of emphasizing the literature role in this process, considering that the human being is able to see the behavior of an entire period of time and consequently to himself through the literary work. This action of “looking back” and of “looking inside”, believes this research, allows him advance still more. In order to do that, the research takes some concepts as intertextuality and interdisciplinarity, extremely valued to the Comparative Literature, with the main objective of promoting relations between the different areas of knowledge – Literature and Science –, between the two different writers and, in the end, among the various literary genres that take part of the corpus of this study. After a brief view of the humanity history of scientific and technological advances development, the analysis of the selected texts is performed, endeavoring to emphasize and make the relation between the ways of thinking of these writers, proving that specific ideas about science and its advances really are in the literary production of each other. In the end, after the confrontation established during all over the research between the thinking and the position of the writers, the literature role in the humanity’s development and advance is discussed.

O trabalho tem por objetivo verificar de que forma os avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade influenciaram a obra de Edgar Allan Poe e de Machado de Assis. A análise propõe revelar o olhar desses escritores acerca das novas possibilidades que eram oferecidas à sociedade com o intuito maior de evidenciar o papel da literatura nesse processo, uma vez que o homem é capaz de enxergar todo o comportamento de uma época e, conseqüentemente, a si mesmo, através da obra literária. Essa atitude de “olhar para trás” e para “dentro de si mesmo”, acredita-se, permite que o homem avance ainda mais. Para realizar a análise proposta, a pesquisa utiliza-se de conceitos como o de intertextualidade e interdisciplinaridade, muito caros à Literatura Comparada, com o fim de promover relações entre as diferentes áreas do saber – Literatura e Ciência –, entre os diferentes escritores e, por fim, entre os diversos gêneros literários que constituem o corpus do presente estudo. Após um breve panorama da história do desenvolvimento dos avanços científicos e tecnológicos da humanidade, procede-se às análises dos textos selecionados, procurando apontar e relacionar o pensamento dos escritores, provando que idéias sobre os avanços científicos e tecnológicos estão presentes na produção literária de cada um. Por fim, após o confronto estabelecido durante todo o trabalho entre o pensamento e o posicionamento dos escritores, discutese o papel da literatura no desenvolvimento e avanço da humanidade. / The paper aims to verify how the writings of Edgar Allan Poe and Machado de Assis had been influenced by the humanity' scientific and technological advances. The analysis proposes to reveal the sight of these two writers over the new possibilities that had been offered to the society, with the main objective of emphasizing the literature role in this process, considering that the human being is able to see the behavior of an entire period of time and consequently to himself through the literary work. This action of “looking back” and of “looking inside”, believes this research, allows him advance still more. In order to do that, the research takes some concepts as intertextuality and interdisciplinarity, extremely valued to the Comparative Literature, with the main objective of promoting relations between the different areas of knowledge – Literature and Science –, between the two different writers and, in the end, among the various literary genres that take part of the corpus of this study. After a brief view of the humanity history of scientific and technological advances development, the analysis of the selected texts is performed, endeavoring to emphasize and make the relation between the ways of thinking of these writers, proving that specific ideas about science and its advances really are in the literary production of each other. In the end, after the confrontation established during all over the research between the thinking and the position of the writers, the literature role in the humanity’s development and advance is discussed.

This dissertation tracks the literary afterlife of natural history in American literature, long past its term of relevance for scientific experts, and examines how natural history persists as idiom, cultural metaphor, and discursive framework in nineteenth-century literature in a way that informs poetic production. At the juncture of literary and cultural history, history of science, and environmental studies, I reconstruct the enduring literary rapport between poetry and natural history in US culture, showing how the aesthetic innovations of a wide current of poetic experimentalism variously draw upon natural history as a resource. I therefore push against major received narratives about natural history’s disappearance after the eighteenth century and the development of American poetry as a filiation of European Romanticism. As I read the texts of familiar literary figures such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, Frances Watkins Harper, and Herman Melville, I recontextualize these figures into a shared poetic strain that reflexively develops upon natural history as a mode of thinking about the New World as a biophysical, social, and cultural habitat. My chapters analyze these writers’ accounts of poetry and their various experiments with not only the capacities of poetic genres—such as epic or elegy—but also the material production of their poems as objects in the world. In the process, I also show how the different poets of my dissertation confront the violent historical and social repercussions of scientific modernity, colonialism, enslavement and racism, mass extermination, or war, as they advance poetry as the fit vehicle for rethinking the grids of normativity and possibility in modern America.