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La présente thèse se donne pour objectif d'observer le contact des langues en Algérie tel qu’il est actualisé dans la chanson populaire algérienne. Nous nous intéressons plus spécialement à la chanson contemporaine algérienne, représentée par une nouvelle vague de chanteurs, et à leur tête les groupe de jeunes chanteurs tels El Dey, Djmawi Africa, Freeklane, Labess, Index et Harmonica, sans oublier les chanteurs ayant choisi une carrière solo, à savoir Fikka Ganja, Akil D. ou encore Ali Amrane qui font partie de notre corpus.Nous avons débuté par une analyse sociolinguistique de la répartition des langues, dans 36 chansons, pour saisir à la fois le statut et les fonctions, tant sociolinguistiques que littéraires, des différentes langues utilisées.Onze langues sont juxtaposées dans notre corpus, dont les plus importantes, en termes d’usage, sont l’arabe algérien, le kabyle, le français, l’arabe moderne, l’espagnol, le portugais et l’anglais. L’usage de ces langues conjointement aboutit le plus souvent à l’apparition des phénomènes transcodiques et, à leur tête, les alternances codiques, les emprunts, le code mixing et les interférences. Ceux-ci témoignent également de la variation que subit leur langage. En effet, les énoncés produits subissent quelquefois des variations qui affectent les langues cibles sur le plan grammatical. Cette variation grammaticale n’est pas pour autant dénuée de sens ni d’effets stylistiques et poétiques.Ces effets permettent aux artistes de traiter des sujets sensibles avec plus ou moins de recul énonciatif. Autrement dit, ils font appel à des structures linguistiques chargées de contenu ironique et humoristique pour exprimer leur dépit de la situation, aussi bien économique que sociopolitique, de l’Algérie. Cela n’exclut pas aussi une posture frontale de leur part pour haranguer les responsables de ce chaos que connaît l’Algérie.Ces langues leur permettent ainsi de prendre position non seulement pour dénoncer les dérives du pouvoir, mais également pour affirmer leur identité qui se perçoit à travers ce métissage linguistique. Nous voulons, pour finir, révéler les raisons, tant linguistiques que littéraires, de l’usage alterné des langues dans la chanson contemporaine algérienne.Ce contact de langues n’est pas exempt en effet de contenu imaginaire, lié spécialement au désir ardent de ces jeunes de s’exprimer, allant ainsi à l’encontre des tabous dressés par la société. Il est considéré comme une échappatoire que prennent ces chanteurs pour traiter des problématiques sociétales. / The present thesis aims to observe the contact of languages in Algeria as it is updated in the Algerian folk song. We are especially interested in Algerian contemporary song, represented by a new wave of singers, and at their head the group of young singers such as El Dey, Djmawi Africa, Freeklane, Labess, Index and Harmonica, without forgetting the singers who chose a solo career, namely Fikka Ganja, Akil D. or Ali Amrane who are part of our corpus.We began with a sociolinguistic analysis of the distribution of languages, in 36 songs, to capture both the status and the functions, both sociolinguistic and literary, of the different languages used.Eleven languages are juxtaposed in our corpus, the most important of which, in terms of use, are algerian language, kabyle language, french, modern arabic, spanish, portuguese and english. The use of these languages together usually leads to the appearance of transcodic phenomena and, at their head, code switching, borrowing, code mixing and interference. These also testify to the variation that their language undergoes. Indeed, the statements produced sometimes undergo variations that affect the target languages grammatically. This grammatical variation is not without meaning or stylistic and poetic effects.These effects can be treated with artists or with less enunciative hindsight. In other words, it uses linguistic structures, but also the economy of the situation, both economic and socio-political, of Algeria. This does not exclude also a frontal posture on their part to harangue those responsible for the chaos that Algeria is experiencing.These languages allow them to take a stand not only to denounce the excesses of power, but also to assert their identity which is perceived through this linguistic miscegenation. We want, finally, to reveal the reasons, that the languages than the literary ones, of the alternative use of the languages in the Algerian contemporary song.This contact of languages is not exempt from the imaginary content, especially related to the desire of these young people to express themselves, thus going against the taboos set by society. It is considered a loophole that these singers to deal with societal issues.

As operações da memória, a introspecção e a auto-representação são alguns tópicos da chamada escrita intimista, que vem desempenhando papel importante na poesia portuguesa, desde meados do século XIX. A partir de um grupo de poetas precursores, entre os quais se incluem Cesário Verde (1855/1886) e António Nobre (1867/1900), o estilo da poesia intimista continuou nos novecentos através de nomes como os de Camilo Pessanha (1867/1926), Fernando Pessoa (1888/1935), Mário de Sá Carneiro (1890/1926). Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (Porto, 1919/ Lisboa, 2004), foi uma das três mais importantes vozes poéticas portuguesas da segunda metade do século XX, ao lado de Jorge de Sena (1919/1978) e de Eugénio de Andrade (1923/2005). Ela sempre apresentou recorrentes, em seus 14 livros de poesia, (o primeiro, Poesia I, de 1944), muitos dos temas caros ao intimismo: o choque entre o mundo exterior e o eu poético, a rememoração como mergulho interior, a solidão, o sofrimento provocado quando o sujeito recolhe-se dentro de si mesmo. Além disso, ela privilegia, num estilo muito particular, determinados espaços ligados à intimidade, como a casa e, em especial, o quarto. Nossa dissertação divide-se em três capítulos - O Quarto e o Silêncio, O Quarto, a Noite e o Vazio, O Quarto Como Prisão - que enfocam o aspecto intimista da obra poética de Sophia. A discussão é centrada no sujeito poético, analisando sua posição frente ao mundo e à vida, no contexto fragmentado do pós II Guerra. Sempre na perspectiva humana de nossa finitude, frente ao horizonte da eternidade. / The so-called Intimate Poetry School flourished in Portugal by the middle of the 19th Century, throught a group of very particular poets, like Cesário Verde (1855/1886) or António Nobre (1867/1900). Due to other outstanding poets, Camilo Pessanha (1867/1926), Fernando Pessoa (1888/1935) and Mário de Sá Carneiro (1890/1926), among others, intimate style continued on its way through the 20th century. Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004) is recognized as one of the three most important Portuguese poets of 20th Century\'s last half, the other two being Jorge de Sena (1919/1978) and Eugénio de Andrade (1923/2005). She wrote 14 poetry books since her first one, Poesia I, published in 1944. In most of her poems, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen dealed with some of the innermost aspects of the poetic self, such as solitude, the remembrance of past experiences, or the aggressiveness from the outside world. She described, in several poems, the sleepingroom, this space that is a typical intimate retreat for the self. Her poetry is always related to the human condition, in the sense that her poems encompass the joys, the sufferings and all the emotions related to our state of being human, that is, being finite and mortal, when compared to a horizon of eternity. Also, she achieved a very intimate way of describing the self\'s fortunate past experiences, as related to his deceptive present life. Our Master\'s research, The room used as a symbol of intimate questions, in Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen\'s poetry, deals mainly with three Intimate Poetry aspects that the room may present in her poems: The Room and the Silence; The Room, the Night and the Void; The Room as a Prison.

Sophia de Mello Breyner Andersen, Porto 1919 Lisboa, 2004, importante poeta portuguesa do século XX, absorveu, em sua obra, uma influência muito intensa da cultura clássica grega. Em seus livros de poesia, apresentou um constante e intenso diálogo com alguns mitos da Grécia Antiga. Esta dissertação parte da constatação de que o mito de Thânatos, nas suas mais variadas figurações, dialoga intensamente com a poesia de Sophia Andresen, criando uma atmosfera melancólica e nostálgica. O presente trabalho divide-se em três capítulos: Thânatos: O Tempo e a Memória, Thânatos: Noite e Thânatos: do Minotauro as Fúrias. / Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Porto, 1919 Lisboa 2004 was an important Portuguese poet from the 20th Century. She absorbed a very intense influence from the classic Greek culture in her work. In her poetry books she presents us a constant and intense dialog with some myths from the Ancient Greece. This dissertation begins from the findings that the myth of Thanatos, in its most various pictures, maintains an internal dialog with Sophia Andresens poetry, building up a nostalgic and melancholic atmosphere. This paper is divided in three chapters Thanatos: Time and Memory, Thanatos: Night and Thanatos: Minotaur and the Furies.

As operações da memória, a introspecção e a auto-representação são alguns tópicos da chamada escrita intimista, que vem desempenhando papel importante na poesia portuguesa, desde meados do século XIX. A partir de um grupo de poetas precursores, entre os quais se incluem Cesário Verde (1855/1886) e António Nobre (1867/1900), o estilo da poesia intimista continuou nos novecentos através de nomes como os de Camilo Pessanha (1867/1926), Fernando Pessoa (1888/1935), Mário de Sá Carneiro (1890/1926). Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (Porto, 1919/ Lisboa, 2004), foi uma das três mais importantes vozes poéticas portuguesas da segunda metade do século XX, ao lado de Jorge de Sena (1919/1978) e de Eugénio de Andrade (1923/2005). Ela sempre apresentou recorrentes, em seus 14 livros de poesia, (o primeiro, Poesia I, de 1944), muitos dos temas caros ao intimismo: o choque entre o mundo exterior e o eu poético, a rememoração como mergulho interior, a solidão, o sofrimento provocado quando o sujeito recolhe-se dentro de si mesmo. Além disso, ela privilegia, num estilo muito particular, determinados espaços ligados à intimidade, como a casa e, em especial, o quarto. Nossa dissertação divide-se em três capítulos - O Quarto e o Silêncio, O Quarto, a Noite e o Vazio, O Quarto Como Prisão - que enfocam o aspecto intimista da obra poética de Sophia. A discussão é centrada no sujeito poético, analisando sua posição frente ao mundo e à vida, no contexto fragmentado do pós II Guerra. Sempre na perspectiva humana de nossa finitude, frente ao horizonte da eternidade. / The so-called Intimate Poetry School flourished in Portugal by the middle of the 19th Century, throught a group of very particular poets, like Cesário Verde (1855/1886) or António Nobre (1867/1900). Due to other outstanding poets, Camilo Pessanha (1867/1926), Fernando Pessoa (1888/1935) and Mário de Sá Carneiro (1890/1926), among others, intimate style continued on its way through the 20th century. Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen (1919-2004) is recognized as one of the three most important Portuguese poets of 20th Century\'s last half, the other two being Jorge de Sena (1919/1978) and Eugénio de Andrade (1923/2005). She wrote 14 poetry books since her first one, Poesia I, published in 1944. In most of her poems, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen dealed with some of the innermost aspects of the poetic self, such as solitude, the remembrance of past experiences, or the aggressiveness from the outside world. She described, in several poems, the sleepingroom, this space that is a typical intimate retreat for the self. Her poetry is always related to the human condition, in the sense that her poems encompass the joys, the sufferings and all the emotions related to our state of being human, that is, being finite and mortal, when compared to a horizon of eternity. Also, she achieved a very intimate way of describing the self\'s fortunate past experiences, as related to his deceptive present life. Our Master\'s research, The room used as a symbol of intimate questions, in Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen\'s poetry, deals mainly with three Intimate Poetry aspects that the room may present in her poems: The Room and the Silence; The Room, the Night and the Void; The Room as a Prison.

Sophia de Mello Breyner Andersen, Porto 1919 Lisboa, 2004, importante poeta portuguesa do século XX, absorveu, em sua obra, uma influência muito intensa da cultura clássica grega. Em seus livros de poesia, apresentou um constante e intenso diálogo com alguns mitos da Grécia Antiga. Esta dissertação parte da constatação de que o mito de Thânatos, nas suas mais variadas figurações, dialoga intensamente com a poesia de Sophia Andresen, criando uma atmosfera melancólica e nostálgica. O presente trabalho divide-se em três capítulos: Thânatos: O Tempo e a Memória, Thânatos: Noite e Thânatos: do Minotauro as Fúrias. / Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, Porto, 1919 Lisboa 2004 was an important Portuguese poet from the 20th Century. She absorbed a very intense influence from the classic Greek culture in her work. In her poetry books she presents us a constant and intense dialog with some myths from the Ancient Greece. This dissertation begins from the findings that the myth of Thanatos, in its most various pictures, maintains an internal dialog with Sophia Andresens poetry, building up a nostalgic and melancholic atmosphere. This paper is divided in three chapters Thanatos: Time and Memory, Thanatos: Night and Thanatos: Minotaur and the Furies.

Although there is quite a difference in time between the writing of the Hebrew Bible and the carving of the Ugaritic texts, researchers are still discovering similarities between the two text corpuses (for example new word pairs, literary phrases and a common cultural background). In this dissertation Psalm 82 was examined together with the Kirtu story. O’Callaghan (1953) and Van Zijl (1972) pointed out similarities between the two texts, previously. Yet these similarities were not investigated in a structured way and there existed the possibility that more similarities (and also dissimilarities) existed between the texts. Psalm 82 and selected sections of the Kirtu story are analysed using the text immanent method. The known similarities are reaffirmed and new ones identified. To avoid analysing the whole Kirtu story, it is first summarised. Thereafter the writer analyses the following passages in depth: CTA 15 ii 1-iii 19; CTA 16 i 1-23; CTA 16 ii 96-iii 17; CTA 16 v 1-52 and CTA 16 vi 25-58. After the respective analyses, similarities on the linguistic and conceptual levels are recorded. Attention is also drawn to the respective environments in which the two texts originated. Consequently, possible elements, consisting of similar cultural goods, are given prominence. On linguistic level various words, which occur in both texts, are recorded. Accordingly it is concluded that the two texts have the following ideas in common: the council of the gods; the immortality of a god; a god’s sense of duty; the connection between the two previously named concepts; the cosmic consequences when rulers neglect their duties and the relationship between the chief god and the other gods. This study reaffirmed the common Near Eastern background of the Kirtu story and Psalm 82. The question arose what the implication of a similar milieu between the two texts would entail. The writer concluded that the Kirtu story assisted with the understanding of the word µyhil¿aÔ in Psalm 82: 1c and 6a. There was sufficient evidence from the two texts that µyhil¿aÔ should be translated with ‘gods.’ For the poet and his audience the µyhil¿aÔ were true gods and not heavenly beings or people or both. Psalm 82 and the Kirtu story both originated against the backdrop of pending disaster. Through the general themes of ‘righteousness’ and ‘God’s / the gods’ upholding thereof,’ the poets attempted to give sense in their respective situations. New possibilities to interpret Psalm 82 had been discovered after similarities between this psalm and the Kirtu Story were identified and discussed. The Kirtu story aided the reader in his / her understanding of Psalm 82. / Dissertation (MA (Semitic Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Ancient Languages / unrestricted

By asking the question “How do young, urban, professional Kenyans make connections between tribal identity, colonialism, and the lived experience of nationhood?,” the researcher engages with eight participants in exploring their relationships with their tribal groups. From this juncture the researcher, through a co-constructed process with participants, interrogates the idea of nationhood by querying their interpretations of the concepts of power and resistance within their multi-ethnic societies. The utility of KuPiga Hadithi as a cultural responsive methodology for data collection along with poetic analysis as part of the qualitative tools of examination allowed the researcher to identify five emergent and iterative themes: (1) colonial wounds, (2) power inequities, (3) tensions, (4) intersection, and (5) hope. Participant discussion of these themes suggests an impenetrable link between tribal identity and nationhood. Schooling, as first a colonial and then national construct, works to mediate that link. Therefore, there is the need for a re-conceptualization of the term ‘nation’ in the post-Independence era.