Spelling suggestions: "subject:"polarity"" "subject:"molarity""
281 |
Deciding Polarity of Opinions over Multi-Aspect Customer ReviewsKayaalp, Naime F. January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
|
282 |
Fine-tuning the orientation of cell polarization by a GTPase activating protein in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>Lee, Mid Eum 15 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
|
283 |
The role of Cdc42 and Rac1 GTPases in mammalian forebrain developmentChen, Lei January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
|
284 |
Using systematic image transformations to reveal invariant properties in the multidimensional perceptual representation of facesWilbraham, Danelle Alexis 15 September 2010 (has links)
No description available.
|
285 |
Revisionism och stormaktsambitioner. En studie av Rysslands internationella agerandeSvensson Griparic, Janne January 2007 (has links)
Ryssland har efter det Kalla krigets slut fört en undanskymd roll på den internationella arenan.Efter Sovjetunionens kollaps var Ryssland för svagt för att överta dess roll som globalstormakt. Det bipolära världssystemet ersattes av ett unipolärt system med USA som ensamglobal stormakt. På senare tid har dock Ryssland börjat visa alltmer självförtroende i sittinternationella agerande. Frågan uppstår då om landet har en ambition att åter bli en globalstormakt. Studien syftar till att undersöka om Ryssland har dessa ambitioner. Studien har sinteoretiska grund i den politiska realismen och utgår från hypotesen att Ryssland har klaraambitioner att åter bli en global stormakt och att dessa ambitioner kommer att visa sig ilandets ageranden inom de militära, politiska och ekonomiska sektorerna. Genom att förstdefiniera revisionism och stormakt analyseras därefter Rysslands internationella agerandeinom dessa sektorer. I analysen visar Ryssland tydliga ambitioner att återta en roll som globalstormakt helt i linje med hypotesen. / Russia has after the end of the Cold war played a hidden role at the international arena. Afterthe collapse of the Soviet union Russia was to week to takeover its role as a global greatpower. The bipolar world system was replaced by a unipolar system with the USA as singleglobal great power. Lately however Russia has started to show more self confidence in itsinternational acting. The question then arises if the country has the ambition to once againbecome a global great power. This study aims to examine if Russia has these ambitions. Thestudy has its theoretical base in the political realism and assumes from the hypothesis thatRussia has clear ambitions to once again become a global great power and that theseambitions will be shown in the country’s acting within the military, political and economicsectors. By first define revisionism and great power Russia’s international acting is thenanalyzed within these sectors. In the analysis Russia shows clear ambitions to recapture a roleas a global great power in according to the hypothesis.
|
286 |
WASP restricts active Rac to maintain cells' front-rear polarizationAmato, C., Thomason, P.A., Davidson, A.J., Swaminathan, Karthic, Ismail, S., Machesky, L.M., Insall, R.H. 28 February 2020 (has links)
Yes / Efficient motility requires polarized cells, with pseudopods at the front and a retracting rear. Polarization is maintained by restricting the pseudopod catalyst, active Rac, to the front. Here, we show that the actin nucleation-promoting factor Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) contributes to maintenance of front-rear polarity by controlling localization and cellular levels of active Rac. Dictyostelium cells lacking WASP inappropriately activate Rac at the rear, which affects their polarity and speed. WASP’s Cdc42 and Rac interacting binding (“CRIB”) motif has been thought to be essential for its activation. However, we show that the CRIB motif’s biological role is unexpectedly complex. WASP CRIB mutants are no longer able to restrict Rac activity to the front, and cannot generate new pseudopods when SCAR/WAVE is absent. Overall levels of Rac activity also increase when WASP is unable to bind to Rac. However, WASP without a functional CRIB domain localizes normally at clathrin pits during endocytosis, and activates Arp2/3 complex. Similarly, chemical inhibition of Rac does not affect WASP localization or activation at sites of endocytosis. Thus, the interaction between small GTPases and WASP is more complex than previously thought—Rac regulates a subset of WASP functions, but WASP reciprocally restricts active Rac through its CRIB motif. / Cancer Research UK grants A15672, A24450, and multidisciplinary grant A20017.
|
287 |
GFAP Polarity and Primary Cilia in Astrocytes of Mouse BrainElliott, Jonathan David 05 1900 (has links)
Often in front-back, left-right, and top-bottom, cell polarity is a basic property of tissues and organs and essential for the development of multicellular organisms. In the central nervous system, neurons are a paragon of polarity, receiving action potentials in their apically located dendrites and propagating them down a single axon extending from the basal pole of neuronal somas, ultimately ending in basally situated axon termini. In contrast, astrocytes are often considered relatively unpolarized, in keeping with the meaning of their name, "star cells." However, astrocytes do exhibit polarity in the distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the location of the primary cilium. These features may be polarized beginning with the birth of astrocytes, when newly born pairs of daughter cells are mirror images of each other with the most distant somatic poles having both the primary cilium and the highest concentration of GFAP. The present study is a systematic analysis which addresses these aspects of astrocyte polarity: heterogeneity across brain regions and ages; influence of cilium deficiency; and orientation with respect to brain architecture and migration.
|
288 |
Epithelial properties of Second Heart Field cardiac progenitor cellsFrancou, Alexandre 22 October 2015 (has links)
Une partie du cœur est formée à partir des cellules progénitrices du second champ cardiaque, qui permettent une élongation rapide du tube cardiaque. Des défauts dans le développement de ces cellules entrainent des malformations cardiaques congénitales. Ces cellules sont localisées dans le péricarde dorsal au sein du mésoderme pharyngé. Mon travail de thèse a permis de démontrer pour la première fois que ces cellules sont épithéliales et polarisées, et qu’elles forment des filopodes dynamiques du côté basal. La délétion du facteur de transcription Tbx1 perturbe la polarité des cellules et la formation des filopodes, et augmente le niveau de la protéine apicale aPKCζ. Le traitement avec un activateur de aPKCζ montre le lien entre l’intégrité épithéliale, la polarité et la formation des filopodes, et l’état progéniteur des cellules. J’ai également analysé la polarité planaire dans l’épithélium, et montrais que les cellules sont anisotropiques, étirées et allongées en direction du pole artériel. Cet étirement crée une tension orientée, révélée par une accumulation polarisée d’actomyosine, jouant le rôle de rétrocontrôle négatif. En absence d‘élongation du tube cardiaque cette tension orientée est absente. Nous avons identifié une région postérieure de l’épithélium où se trouvent une tension et une prolifération élevées, ainsi qu’une forte activité YAP/TAZ qui jouerait le rôle de relai entre tension et prolifération. La tension orientée oriente les divisions cellulaires et oriente ainsi la croissance du tissu, promouvant l’addition des cellules au pole artériel. La biomécanique des cellules du second champ cardiaque semble ainsi un moteur important pour l’élongation du cœur. / A major part of the heart is formed by progenitor cells called the second heart field, that contribute to rapid elongation of the heart tube. Defects in second heart field development leads to congenital heart malformations. Second heart field cells are localised in pharyngeal mesoderm in the dorsal pericardial wall. This study focuses on the epithelial properties of second heart field cells and first shows that these progenitors in the dorsal pericardial wall are epithelial and polarised, and form dynamic basal filopodia. Deletion of the transcription factor Tbx1 perturbs epithelial polarity and filopodia formation and upregulates the apical determinant aPKCζ. Treatment with an activator of aPKCζ reveals that epithelial integrity, polarity and basal filopodia are coupled to the progenitor status of second heart field cells. Next we evaluated planar polarity of second heart field cells in the dorsal pericardial wall. Cells are anisotropic, being stretched and elongated on an axis directed towards the arterial pole. This stretch results in oriented epithelial tension revealed by polarised actomyosin accumulation through a negative feedback loop. In the absence of cell addition to the cardiac poles oriented tension is absent. We identified a posterior region in the epithelium with high tension, elevated proliferation and a high level of active YAP/TAZ that may act as relay between tension and proliferation. Oriented tension orients the axis of cell division and the growth of the tissue on an axis toward the arterial pole, further promoting addition of the tissue to the pole. Biomechanical feedback may thus be an important driver of heart tube elongation.
|
289 |
Analysis of the role of the atypical cadherin Fat2 during tissue elongation in the developing ovary of Drosophila melanogaster / Analyse der Rolle des atypischen Cadherins Fat2 bei der Gewebestreckung während der Ovarentwicklung von Drosophila melanogasterAurich, Franziska 29 May 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Tissue elongation is an important requirement for proper tissue morphogenesis during animal development. The Drosophila egg chamber is an excellent model to study the molecular processes underlying tissue elongation. An egg chamber is composed of germline cells that are enveloped by a somatic follicle epithelium. While the egg chamber matures, the drastic increase of the egg chamber’s volume is accompanied by a shape change from round to oval. Egg chamber elongation coincides with a circumferential alignment of F-actin filaments, microtubules, and fibrils of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Additionally, egg chambers rotate around their future long axis. It has been proposed that this rotation aligns F-actin filaments and ECM fibrils. The circumferentially aligned F-actin and ECM fibrils form a molecular corset that promotes egg chamber elongation. The atypical cadherin Fat2 is required for egg chamber rotation, the circumferential alignment of F-actin, microtubules, and ECM fibrils and for egg chamber elongation. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Fat2 influences egg chamber elongation remain unknown.
In my thesis I performed a structure-function analysis of Fat2. I generated a Fat2 version that lacks the intracellular region and a second version, which lacks both intracellular region and the transmembrane domain and tested their ability to compensate for Fat2 functions in fat2-/- mutant egg chambers. My results reveal that the intracellular region is required for the microtubule alignment, and for egg chamber rotation. In contrast, the intracellular region is not required for F-actin and ECM alignment, and for egg chamber elongation.
Hence, my findings for the first time demonstrate that egg chamber rotation is not required for F-actin and ECM fibril alignment and that egg chamber elongation can occur independently from egg chamber rotation. My work uncouples some of the parallel processes that take place during oogenesis and changes the view on the mechanisms that drive tissue elongation in this important model system. / Das Strecken von Geweben ist ein wichtiger Prozess bei der Gestaltbildung während der Entwicklung von Organismen. Die Eikammer von Drosophila ist ein hervorragendes Modellsystem, um die Gewebestreckung zu untersuchen. Eine Eikammer besteht aus Keimbahnzellen und einem einschichtigen Follikelepithel, das die Keimbahn umschließt. Während die Eikammer heranwächst durchläuft sie eine drastische Gestaltveränderung von rund nach oval. Zeitgleich zur Streckung der Eikammer weist das Follikelepithel parallel angeordnete F-actin−Filamente, Mikrotubuli und Fasern der extrazellulären Matrix (ECM) auf, welche die Eikammer ringsum umlaufen. Zudem rotieren die Eikammern um ihre zukünftige Längsachse. Bisher nahm man an, die Rotation würde für die Ausrichtung der F-actin−Filamente, Microtubuli und ECM-Fasern gebraucht werden. Die Anordnung der F-actin−Filamente und ECM-Fasern bilden dann ein molekulares Korsett, das die Gewebestreckung fördert.
Das atypische Cadherin Fat2 wird für die Rotation der Eikammern, die umlaufende Anordnung der F-actin–Filamente, Microtubuli und ECM-Fasern sowie für die Streckung der Eikammern benötigt. Die Mechanismen, mit denen Fat2 die Gewebestreckung beeinflusst, sind allerdings unbekannt. In meinem Projekt führte ich eine Struktur-Funktions-Analyse von Fat2 durch.
Ich generierte eine Version von Fat2 mit einer Deletion der kompletten intrazellulären Region und eine zweite, die weder die intrazelluläre Region noch die Transmembran-Domäne besitzt und testete, ob diese Versionen die Funktionen von Fat2 in fat2-/- mutanten Eikammern kompensieren können. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die intrazelluläre Region für die Anordnung der Mikrotubuli und für die Rotation der Eikammern gebraucht wird. Die intrazelluläre Region wird jedoch weder für die Anordnung von F-actin–Filamenten und den ECM-Fasern noch für die Streckung der Eikammer benötigt. Meine Erkenntnisse zeigen erstmalig, dass die Streckung der Eikammern ohne Rotation stattfinden kann. Meine Arbeit entkoppelt damit mehrere parallel stattfindende Prozesse während der Entwicklung der Eikammer und eröffnet einen neuen Einblick in die Mechanismen der Gewebestreckung in diesem wichtigen Modellsystem.
|
290 |
Paměťová buňka založená na magnetických vortexech / Magnetic vortex based memory deviceDhankhar, Meena January 2021 (has links)
Magnetické vortexy jsou charakterizovány směrem stáčení magnetizace a polarizací vortexového jádra, přičemž každá z těchto veličin nabývá dvojice stavů. Ve výsledku jsou tak k dispozici čtyři možné stabilní konfigurace, čehož může být využito v multibitových paměťových zařízeních. Tato dizertační práce se zabývá selektivním zápisem stavů magnetického vortexu v magnetickém disku pulzem elektrického proudu stejně jako jejich následným elektrickým čtením. Před samotnou realizací elektrických měření byla provedena statická měření přepínání stavů vortexu pomocí různých proudových pulzů v kombinaci s technikami MFM a následně MTXM. Následně byl realizován dynamický odečet stavu vortexu kompletně založený na elektrických měřeních. Ovládání cirkulace vortexu je založeno na geometrické asymetrii vytvořené oříznutím magnetického disku a vytvořením fazety. Plochý okraj disku definuje preferenční smysl stáčení cirkulace během procesu nukleace vortexu. Řízení polarity se obvykle provádí ve dvou krocích. V prvním kroku, homogenně magnetizovaná vrstva s kolmou magnetickou anizotropií umístěná na dně disku definuje výchozí polaritu vortexu v době nukleace. V druhém kroku, je-li to nutné, je polarita vortexu přepnuta pomocí rychlého proudového pulzu. Proto je možné nastavit požadovaný stav cirkulace vysláním nanosekundového pulsu s nízkou amplitudou, následované nastavením polarity pikosekundovým pulsem s vysokou amplitudou. Stavy vortexů jsou pak detekovány elektrickou spektroskopií prostřednictvím anizotropní magnetorezistence. Vzorky pro všechna statická a dynamická měření byly připraveny pomocí elektronové litografie v kombinaci s lift-off procesem.
|
Page generated in 0.0546 seconds