Police authority is an extremely huge institution within the administrative organization. How to establish a complete and sound promotion system to enable police officers to be promoted in a fair and reasonable method and by which to inspire their morale and reinforce police efficiency is exactly the essential mechanism to fulfill permanent service of police personnel and achieve the goal of administrative reformation. However, those who with outstanding performance don¡¦t necessarily get promoted accordingly owing to numerous restrictions imposed on police officers¡¦ promotion system. Consequently, the efficiency is failed to be improved and the situation of bad money driving out good occurs within the agency and result in adverse selection. Therefore, establishing a sound and complete promotion system can not only facilitate organizers to get promotion based on accomplishments and contributions individually by placing them in the right positions according to their professional specialties but also can inspire their morale to bring talents into full play and therefore increase working proficiency out of great loyalty. The establishment theory of police officers¡¦ promotion system takes ¡§theory¡¨ as the ¡§basis¡¨ and ¡§law¡¨ as the ¡§application.¡¨ The decrees and regulations it acts pursuant to and applies to are divided into law, order, and slip law. Police officers¡¦ promotion methods, standards, and operation principles are proclaimed in detail in the existing ¡§Civil Service Employment Act,¡¨ ¡§The Statute For Personnel Affairs Involving Police Staff,¡¨ ¡§Police Officers¡¦ Promotion Measures,¡¨ and ¡§Regulation Governing the Extended Authorization of Personnel Affairs of National Police Agency, Ministry of the Interior.¡¨ Nevertheless, police officers¡¦ promotion frequency is relatively higher compared to general civil service staff. Though it¡¦s the outcome of considering the specialty of duty and business, police officers¡¦ positions are adjusted easily owing to punishment and therefore they have to adapt to new environment all the time. Whether it will result in adverse influence on social security preservation requires further exploration. Police officers¡¦ promotion legal system is hereby taken as the main research subject, supported with further explanation of other associated administrative regulations and basic principles of administrative law, the five major frameworks including ¡§Administrative Principles, Administrative Organization, Limitation of Administrative Power, Administrative Relief, and Administrative Supervision¡¨ serve as the research approaches to examine police officers¡¦ promotion system of the Republic of China.

The motivation for this study is to understand the factors affecting police officers’ willingness to exert extra effort for providing better service through knowledge sharing in different working environments such as riots. Since managers’ leadership styles may be important factors affecting subordinates’ willingness to exert extra effort, this study investigates which of the leadership styles -- transformational, transactional or laissezfaire leadership -- will have a positive effect on officers’ willingness to exert extra effort. In addition, the current study also examines the effect of the mentioned leadership styles on knowledge sharing, which, in turn, affects the officers’ willingness to exert extra effort in the riot unit of the Turkish National Police (TNP) in Ankara, Turkey. The sworn line police officers working in the riot unit in Ankara, Turkey, were the participants in this study. Three questionnaires --a Multifactor Leadership (MLQ), knowledge sharing, and demographic questionnaire -- were arranged as a booklet to be distributed to the respondents. The results of the study indicate that police supervisors' perceived transformational leadership behavior has a positive effect on officers' willingness to exert extra effort. In addition, the findings also reveal that although both officers' years of service in TNP and police supervisors' perceived transactional leadership behavior has no direct effect on officers' willingness to exert extra effort, they have an indirect positive effect through officers' knowledge sharing. On the other hand, police supervisors' perceive that laissez-fair leadership behavior has no effect on riot officers' willingness to exert extra effort. The findings also indicate that officers’ knowledge sharing is positively related to both their supervisors’ perceived transformational and transactional leadership behaviors. However, police supervisors’ perceived laissez-fair leadership behavior has no effect on officers’ knowledge sharing activities. This research study will provide police administrations with the data necessary to adopt the most appropriate leadership styles for increasing police officers' knowledge sharing and extra effort. The findings will also serve as guidance for police managers commanding line police officers working in different environments, such as social movements, demonstrations, and riots. In that they will be aware of how important it is to create a knowledge sharing environment in riot units to provide better security in all legal and illegal demonstrations and riots. Finally, the findings will be a valuable resource not only for Turkish National Police, but also for future research studies and various police organizations in other countries.

Police officer and community relations tensions have heightened with increases in publicized deadly use-of-force incidents on social media platforms. Though some deadly force encounters have been justified because officers stated they feared for their lives, little is known about the impact fear has on police officers' actions. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the impact fear plays when officers implement use-of-force continuum practices during encounters with civilians. Schacter and Singers' two-factor theory of emotion was used as the conceptual framework for this study. The key research question examined the influence of police officer fear as a factor in decision making during use-of-force incidents. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 9 active police officers. Colaizzi's descriptive phenomenological method was used for data analysis. The four emergent themes were: (a) wall of blue, characterized by police culture, (b) being brave not invincible, characterized by civilians expecting police officers to not be human, (c) policing has evolved for the worse, characterized by policing practices to be good in theory but not realistic in practice, and (d) wearing body-worn cameras are a great tool. The key findings of this study were fear of the unknown and fight-or-flight actions are common amongst police officers when they are engaged in use-of-force incidents, and body-worn cameras are a contributing factor in how officers respond. The positive social change implications stemming from this study include recommendations for police leaders where they achieve their mission of partnership with the community and impartially enforce the law by enhancing community relations.

A STUDY OF PUBLIC IMAGERY OF POLICE WORK FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF GENDER: THE CASE OF ANKARA Demir, Murat Cem Ph.D., Department of Sociology Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Kayhan Mutlu February 2010, 245 pages Police &ndash / public relations and image of the police are fields of study that are dealt with more and more recently in the disciplines of criminology and sociology. These subjects are also partially the matter of this study. The purpose of our study is to find out how the image of the police is influenced by the gender / that is what kind of a role the gender plays in the police &ndash / society relations. In brief, this study seeks answers for the questions such as whether the level of relationship that the people establishes with the female police officers and male officers is the same / whether the perception of the public changes towards female and male police officers / and the role of the gender in the formation of such relation, in other words, whether men and women have a different perception of the police officers in general terms and whether they perceive the female and male police officers in different way in specific terms by means of surveys and questionnaires. When the data from the questionnaire conducted with 313 respondents in the sample of Ankara and the information obtained from the interview data carried out with 16 people in this study are interpreted, it has been found out that the police and public relationship is never static and routine and uniform / on the contrary this relationship is rather dynamic and heterogeneous. In short, the police &ndash / public relation is fit on a complex equation rather than a simple one. One of the most notable reasons of this complexity lies at the identities of the actors / that means the heterogeneity of the identities. Gender is a significant variable determining (elaborating) the relation of the police &ndash / public and constitutes an important part of the identity. In this study, the gender has the role and task of both independent variable, and dependent variable representing the perception of female and male police officer since when we have a look with the gender axis, we happen to see the cross equation in the police &ndash / public relation: male police officer &ndash / female police officer, male citizens &ndash / female citizens. A considerable contribution of this study is its investigation of the above mentioned cross relation along with the public dimension. Keywords: Gender, Police Image, Female Police Officer, Male Police Officer

The purpose of this study was to expand current literature regarding police officers’ perceptions on false accusations of sexual assault; specifically, focusing on perceptions of the frequency of false accusations, rape myths and behavior displayed by women reporting sexual assault. Police officers’ perceptions on false accusations of sexual assault were examined by administering a 21-question survey consisting of close-ended and open-ended questions. The survey included questions about police perceptions, false accusations, rape myths, training, and behaviors of women reporting sexual assault. The sample consisted of 40 sworn law enforcement officers from different municipal police departments in Tennessee. The results showed that, despite empirical evidence, police officers were more likely to perceive high rates of false accusations of sexual assault, as well as endorse certain rape myths. Findings also showed a number of police officers perceived different behaviors of women making a false report than those not making a false report.

Vår kropp är utrustad med alarmsystem som hindrar människan från skada, rädslan får oss uppmärksammad på faran och agerar därefter. Poliser befinner sig många gånger i utsatta situationer som kan bidra till känslomässigt svåra upplevelser, samtidigt uppfattas poliser som starka och många gånger odödliga. Forskning visar att det finns lite utrymme och acceptans till känsloyttringar inom den polisiära kulturen. Åtta poliser varav tre kvinnor intervjuades med fokus på deras upplevelse och hantering av rädsla i arbetet. Data som analyserades utifrån meningskoncentrering, visade att rädsla uppstår hos poliser i deras arbete, men att rädsla inte alltid uttalas. Rädsla tar sig olika uttryck och då främst i sättet att hantera den. Studien visade även att det finns attityder till rädsla bland poliser som bland annat innebär oro för negativa effekter av uttalad rädsla. I likhet med en studie av Christianson och Karlssons (2003) visade även denna studie att intervjupersonerna valde att tala om incidenter som inträffat under deras första år som polis. Om detta beror på habituering eller om intervjupersonerna lärt sig under sin karriär som polis att trycka undan känslor som inte går i linje med den polisiära kulturen låter författaren vara osagt.

Every five (5) years a small-embroidered star is carefully stitched onto the left sleeve of a Red Serge, proudly indicating an accumulation of service in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.). Breaking the wash of scarlet with a flash of gold, that first star means so much to an officer. No longer a rookie with a junior ranking, it signifies a passage, a movement, a real commitment to devote oneself to a career in the Force. Perhaps this point may seem relatively minor but it is not the weight of the information presented that draws people in. It is more the creation of a perspective into a paramilitary organization known for its secrecy that makes such a fact appealing. I am almost certain, and perhaps even a bit hopeful that the next time you are at a public event where a typical ‘Mountie’ is present, your eyes will fall upon the red sleeves, looking for a star and upon finding one or two or none, by quietly pleased by the little secret you know. In my previous career as a Police Officer in the R.C.M.P., I often delighted in the sharing of the finer points that played a part in defining what it was to be an officer, especially with people I had known in my ‘civilian’ life or with those I had befriended while in the Force and now in my civilian capacity. When faced with the opportunity to enlighten people on aspects of the R.C.M.P., or the world of policing for that matter, I have always felt compelled to share my experiences and perspectives. With an education in Landscape Architecture, I now also enjoy sharing my experiences in the analysis of space and design when presented with that same opportunity. My research was already under way for a thesis/practicum on R.C.M.P. Detachment Design Guidelines in March 2005 when I first learned of the deaths of four R.C.M.P. officers in Northern Alberta. During the execution of a search warrant they had been ambushed and killed by the suspect who lay in wait for them. After participating in the massive memorial service that followed in Edmonton, AB., it soon became obvious to me that the focus of my research would change dramatically. Armed with the new skills I had gained from a Masters program in Landscape Architecture, I was faced with the educational opportunity to not only combine my two passions of policing and design, but also to honor the four R.C.M.P. officers in my own way.

Every five (5) years a small-embroidered star is carefully stitched onto the left sleeve of a Red Serge, proudly indicating an accumulation of service in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (R.C.M.P.). Breaking the wash of scarlet with a flash of gold, that first star means so much to an officer. No longer a rookie with a junior ranking, it signifies a passage, a movement, a real commitment to devote oneself to a career in the Force. Perhaps this point may seem relatively minor but it is not the weight of the information presented that draws people in. It is more the creation of a perspective into a paramilitary organization known for its secrecy that makes such a fact appealing. I am almost certain, and perhaps even a bit hopeful that the next time you are at a public event where a typical ‘Mountie’ is present, your eyes will fall upon the red sleeves, looking for a star and upon finding one or two or none, by quietly pleased by the little secret you know. In my previous career as a Police Officer in the R.C.M.P., I often delighted in the sharing of the finer points that played a part in defining what it was to be an officer, especially with people I had known in my ‘civilian’ life or with those I had befriended while in the Force and now in my civilian capacity. When faced with the opportunity to enlighten people on aspects of the R.C.M.P., or the world of policing for that matter, I have always felt compelled to share my experiences and perspectives. With an education in Landscape Architecture, I now also enjoy sharing my experiences in the analysis of space and design when presented with that same opportunity. My research was already under way for a thesis/practicum on R.C.M.P. Detachment Design Guidelines in March 2005 when I first learned of the deaths of four R.C.M.P. officers in Northern Alberta. During the execution of a search warrant they had been ambushed and killed by the suspect who lay in wait for them. After participating in the massive memorial service that followed in Edmonton, AB., it soon became obvious to me that the focus of my research would change dramatically. Armed with the new skills I had gained from a Masters program in Landscape Architecture, I was faced with the educational opportunity to not only combine my two passions of policing and design, but also to honor the four R.C.M.P. officers in my own way.

Illegal drug use is perceived as immoral, criminogenic, and an unhealthy practice for decades under the discourse sustaining drug prohibition. Those who apply prohibition laws on the front lines are narcotic police officers, particularly the ones who work in narcotic squads. Based on the specific context in which these individuals work in, perceptions and meanings on drug prohibition and illegal drug use will emerge. This project will explore drug enforcement officer’s perceptions on Canadian drug legislation and illegal drug use through the mobilization of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s interpretation of phenomenology and social problems theory.

A current trend that has emerged as a result of the information age is information-seeking behavior. From individuals to large social institutions, information-seeking behavior is utilized to attain a wide variety of goals. This body of work investigates the information-seeking behaviors of police officers who work in police stations in the Turkish National Police force. The study utilizes Leckie et al.’s (1996) model of information-seeking behavior of professionals. The findings indicated that police officers initially consulted their personal knowledge and experience. Next, officers rely upon their colleagues and then official documents. These information sources were consulted in the context of both conducting tasks and staying current. However, contrary to expectation, they rarely consulted informants. In addition police officers rarely consulted printed journals, libraries, books and attendance at conferences as information sources. The results of this study show that there were significant differences in the information sources used by police officers based on their gender in the context of staying current. On the other hand, there were no significant differences in the context of conducting police station tasks, by gender. Surprisingly, there were no significant differences in the information sources used by police officers based on their educational level. There were significant differences in the use of information sources by age, service years in police stations and service years in policing in the context of conducting police station tasks. Lastly, the results of this study indicated that service years in policing and the roles in police station were significantly correlated with the information sources used by police officers regarding staying current. This body of work offers insight into the factors that guide the information-seeking behaviors of police officers.